My thesis focuses on the analysis of the investment climate in Vietnam. It includes seven chapters: legal environment of investment, institutional frame of investment, investment incentives and subsidies, procedures for the issue of investment certificate in Vietnam, foreign direct investment in Vietnam, efficiency of investment policy in Vietnam. My thesis is treated using descripvive and analytical method. The aim of my thesis is analyzing the investment climate in Vietnam completely. Its benefits lie on the evaluation of the efficiency of the vietnamese investment climate.

Diploma thesis concerns with business environment in Belize, with analysis of particular components of the environment and with specification of business particularities. Chapters are divided according to the PEST analysis and they deal with economic, political, legal, social and cultural environment in Beize. Corporate environments in Belize and in Czech Republic are also confronted in diploma thesis and in the end, the mutal relation of these two countries is mentioned.

Diploma theses analyses the job satisfaction problem of employees of the company XY including the social climate aspects. On the basis of questionnaire method the factors which are affecting job satisfaction in positive way, as well as the factors which originate job dissatisfaction have been specified. The information obtained from these questionnaires have been analysed and explicated at the same time. The author has proposed some measures to remedy the situation in the workplace as well to increase the factor of job satisfaction, motivation and social climate in the workplace.

This work is devoted to the definition of the system of investment incentives in the Russian Federation. The aim of this work is objective description and analysis of the existing system of investment incentives at the federal and regional levels. The effectiveness of investment incentives is assessed from the perspective of the investment climate in the Russian Federation. The introductory part is devoted to the definition of the investment climate in Russia in terms of current economic development and foreign investments. The final section assesses the effect of the incentive system in terms of its influence on the development of regional GDP and investment flows with the example of Lipeck region.

The climate variability over the North Atlantic region is described in the 10-50 year band, using a 500-year integration of the Hamburg ECHAMl/LSG coupled general circulation model. In order to isolate nearly periodic components of the atmosphere and the ocean, the multichannel version of the singular spectrum analysis (MSSA) is applied to 11 components of the climate system. In doing so the main focus is on the turbulent exchange between the two subsystems. One interdecadal oscillation of the system ocean and atmosphere is detected with a period of about 18 years. The associated anomalies of sea level pressure (SLP) are situated east of Newfoundland while these of the geopotential height at 500 hPa are slightly shifted to the East. Both the fields undergo a primarily standing oscillation. The sea surface temperature (SST) and the sub surface temperature anomalies have a large extension along the 40° N latitude circle with most of their variability south of Newfoundland. lt is found that the SST anomaly is primarily generated by the temperature advection in the upper ocean layer which is coupled to the Subpolar Gyre strength and Ekman pumping vertical velocity. Both the processes are forced by the atmosphere. In a further analysis applied only to the SST and the Geopotential height at 500 hPa over the whole Northern Hemisphere this 18 year mode was also isolated. The modes obtained by the local and hemispheric analyses are well correlated both in time and space, suggesting a more active role of atmosphere than of the ocean, in addition a strong modulation of the amplitude of the oscillation due to local processes over the North Atlantic was detected. / Die Klimavariabilität über dem Nordatlantik wird anhand einer 500 Jahre Integration des Hamburger gekoppelten Klimamodels ECHAMl/LSG untersucht. Um periodische Komponenten in Ozean und Atmosphäre zu isolieren, wird die MSSA ("multichannel singular spectrum analysis") auf 11 Komponenten des Klimasystems angewandt. Bei den Analysen wird besonderes Augenmerk auf den turbulenten Austausch zwischen beiden Subsystemen gelegt. Es kann eine Oszillation des gekoppelten Systems mit einer Periode von etwa 18 Jahren detektiert werden. Die Anomalie des Bodendrucks weist ihre maximale Amplitude östlich von Neufundland auf, während die Anomalie des 500 hPa Geopotentials leicht östlich dazu verschoben ist. Die Anomalie der SST zeigt ihre größte Variabilität südlich von Neufundland. Diese wird im wesentlichen durch die Temperaturadvektion in der oberen Ozeanschicht generiert, welche im wesentlichen an den subpolaren ozeanischen Wirbel sowie an das "Ekman pumping" gekoppelt ist. Beide Prozesse werden durch die Atmosphäre angetrieben. In einer weiteren Analyse, in der die MSSA auf die SST und das 500 hPa Geopotential der gesamten nördlichen Hemisphäre angewandt wird, kann ebenfalls ein Oszillation von 18 Jahren detektiert werden. Diese Mode korreliert räumlich und zeitlich gut mit dem der lokalen Analyse über dem Nordatlantik, welches auf ein aktivere Rolle der Atmosphäre hinweist. Die starken Unterschiede der Amplitudenmodulation könnten durch lokale Prozesse bedingt sein.

Alles, was wir alltäglich zu erledigen haben, wird zunehmend digital abgewickelt - sei es das Leeren des Postfachs, die Pflege von Freundschaften oder sogar der Gang zur Behörde. Das hinterlässt Spuren: Laut dem Freiburger Öko-Institut ist der CO2- Fußabdruck der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie weltweit so groß wie der des Flugverkehrs. Das Internet verursacht zwei Prozent der weltweiten CO2-Emissionen und liegt damit sogar noch vor dem Flugverkehr. Die Digitalisierung beeinflusst unser Klima also mindestens genau so sehr, wie die in diesem Kontext viel diskutierten Flüge. Das Gerät, welches am häufigsten für den Internetzgang genutzt wird, ist das Smartphone mit seiner aus Apps bestehenden Nutzeroberfläche, welche zum großen Teil dem einfachen Zugriff auf soziale Medien dient. Der Essay widmet sich der Frage, wie die nachhaltigen sozialen Medien der Zukunft aussehen müssen. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, werden zunächst die Themen- und Problemfelder diskutiert, die den ökologischen Fußabdruck eines sozialen Mediums beeinflussen. Im Anschluss daran wird abgeleitet, wie ein nachhaltiges soziales Medium gestaltet sein muss. Weiterhin wird diskutiert, wo die Probleme und Chancen der sozialen Medien aus Gesichtspunkten der Nachhaltigkeit liegen. Dafür werden zunächst drei Problemfelder genauer betrachtet - der Energie- und Ressourcenverbrauch, die Effizienzsteigerung und damit einhergehende Rebound-Effekte sowie der Datenschutz. Zuletzt werden die Chancen beleuchtet, die sich durch soziale Medien ergeben.

We present a method for deriving the radiative effects of absorbing aerosols in cloudy scenes from satellite retrievals only. We use data of 2005–2007 from various passive sensors aboard satellites of the “A-Train” constellation. The study area is restricted to the tropical- and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. To identify the dependence of the local planetary albedo in cloudy scenes on cloud liquid water path and aerosol optical depth (AOD), we perform a multiple linear regression. The OMI UV-Aerosolindex serves as an indicator for absorbing-aerosol presence. In our method, the aerosol influences the local planetary albedo through direct- (scattering and absorption) and indirect (Twomey) aerosol effects. We find an increase of the local planetary albedo (LPA) with increasing AOD of mostly scattering aerosol and a decrease of the LPA with increasing AOD of mostly absorbing aerosol. These results allow us to derive the direct aerosol effect of absorbing aerosols in cloudy scenes, with the effect of cloudy-scene aerosol absorption in the tropical- and subtropical Atlantic contributing (+21.2±11.1)×10−3 Wm−2 to the global top of the atmosphere radiative forcing.

An evaluation of a statistical cloud scheme taking into account subgrid-scale variability for water vapour and cloud condensate in the ECHAM5 general circulation model of the atmosphere is presented. Three-dimensional modelled water vapour, cloud liquid water and cloud ice were distributed stochastically into subcolumns of each grid box and vertically integrated to total water path (TWP). Thus the lower atmosphere is emphasized in the evaluation of TWP due to its exponential profile. The edited model dataset was compared with the globally analyzed distribution of TWP measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite instrument. The results show that the mean TWP and mean cloud cover are on average relatively well simulated. However, large deficiencies are revealed by the evaluation of both variance and skewness of the probability density function (PDF). Systematically negative deviations of variance are found for almost all regions of the globe. Skewness of theTWPis overestimated in the Tropics and underestimated at high latitudes. Moreover, sensitivity experiments were performed to reveal the deficiencies in the parametrization leading to the observed deviations of variance and skewness of TWP. It was found that the positive bias in skewness in the Tropics can be reduced by modifying the influence of convection on the PDF.

An increasing trend in surface solar radiation (solar brightening) has been observed over Europe since the 1990s, linked to economic developments and air pollution regulations and their direct as well as cloud-mediated effects on radiation. Here, we find that the all-sky solar brightening trend (1990–2005) over Europe from seven out of eight models (historical simulations in the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) scales well with the regional and global mean effective forcing by anthropogenic aerosols (idealized “present-day” minus “preindustrial” runs). The reason for this relationship is that models that simulate stronger forcing efficiencies and stronger radiative effects by aerosol-cloud interactions show both a stronger aerosol forcing and a stronger solar brightening. The all-sky solar brightening is the observable from measurements (4.06 ± 0.60Wm−2 decade−1), which then allows to infer a global mean total aerosol effective forcing at about −1.30Wm−2 with standard deviation ±0.40Wm−2.

Large uncertainties exist in estimations of aerosol direct radiative forcing and indirect radiative forcing, and the values derived from globalmodeling differ substantially with satellite-based calculations. Following the approach of Quaas et al. (2008; hereafter named Quaas2008),we reassess satellite-based clear- and cloudy-sky radiative forcings and their seasonal variations by employing updated satellite products from 2004 to 2011 in combination with the anthropogenic aerosol optical depth (AOD) fraction obtained frommodel simulations using the Goddard Earth Observing System-Chemistry-Advanced ParticleMicrophysics (GEOS-Chem-APM). Our derived annual mean aerosol clear-sky forcing (-0.59 W m-2) is lower, while the cloudy-sky forcing (-0.34 W m-2) is higher than the corresponding results (-0.9Wm-2 and -0.2W m-2, respectively) reported in Quaas2008. Our study indicates that the derived forcings are sensitive to the anthropogenic AOD fraction and its spatial distribution but insensitive to the temporal resolution used to obtain the regression coefficients, i.e.,monthly or seasonal based. The forcing efficiency (i.e., the magnitude per anthropogenic AOD) for the clear-sky forcing based on this study is 19.9Wm-2, which is about 5% smaller than Quaas2008’s value of 21.1Wm-2. In contrast, the efficiency for the cloudy-sky forcing of this study (11 W m-2) is more than a factor of 2 larger than Quaas2008’s value of 4.7 W m-2. Uncertainties tests indicate that anthropogenic fraction of AOD strongly affects the computed forcings while using aerosol index instead of AOD from satellite data as aerosol proxy does not appear to cause any significant differences in regression slopes and derived forcings.