Amorphous manganese oxide has been already successfully tested as an efficient amendment for limiting the mobile fraction of risk elements in soil. However, its application is accompanied with an unsolicited phenomenon of increased dissolution of this agent related to oxidation of soil organic matter. For that reason, surface modification of the studied Mn oxide with the layer of MnCO3 has been proposed (Sm-AMO). The subject of this thesis is to assess the effectiveness of chemical stabilization of two contaminated soils using Sm-AMO with a focus on Zn and to verify the stability Sm-AMO based on laboratory experiments. The results of preliminary stability testing of both materials in demineralized water confirmed that Sm-AMO is less soluble than the original AMO. However, this fact was not confirmed by the results of testing of AMO and Sm-AMO performed using pH-static leaching experiments, when no differences were observed between AMO and Sm-AMO stability based statistical analysis, except for the natural pH (6.03) in the Litavka soil (soil L). Both sorbents yielded greater stability with increasing pH. Adsorption kinetics of Pb, Zn, Cd and As, which are present in the tested soils, onto AMO and Sm-AMO was studied to compare the adsorption properties of both materials. Affinity of these metals was generally higher towards AMO, but the recorded equilibrium time was similar for both sorbents. The results of adsorption kinetics for both materials tested showed the highest sorption rate and the highest adsorbed amount for Pb and the lowest for Zn. Similar results were also observed at pH-static leaching experiment. Stabilization effectiveness of Sm-AMO compared to AMO was mainly demonstrated for Pb and As under natural pH conditions (pH 6,03 and 6,43) of Litavka and Smolotely soils. Considering the stabilization of Zn statistically significant stabilizing effect of AMO/Sm-AMO was observed only at pH 8, when the AMO showed to be more effective. The effectiveness of Sm-AMO for the immobilization of Zn was not as significant as expected, but compared with other immobilization amendments Sm-AMO is an effective sorbent for Zn stabilization.

The dissertation focuses on topic of using risk elements contamination as a stratigraphic marker in palaeoenvironmental research. The contamination is not studied only as itself, but is viewed as a way to analyse and interpret the sedimentary record of historical events. The contamination carries the information about its original place, its original activity, about development of the landscape. The Kutná Hora region (central Bohemia; 49°57'0.170"N, 15°15'59.877"E) is a region of important historic mining and smelting activity. The mining started in 13th century and lasted until half of 16th century. Then only sporadic attempts of renewal were made. Spatially limited mining was renewed in second half of the 20th century. Therefore, it is highly probable to find here the contaminants in the role of stratigraphic markers. In the research were used mainly As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, V and Zn as these are the most analysed in contamination studies performed in the region. The aims of the dissertation were to answer these questions: To characterize the contamination - Are some risk elements typical for the contamination originating from the mining and smelting? - If so, is their environmental (spatial, sedimentary) manifestation diversified? - Is possible diversity spatially related to particular landscape features or areas? - Is possible diversity connected to particular activities? To use the answers in analysis of particular sites - Is it possible to use the risk elements contamination as stratigraphic marker in fluvial sediments? - How is the interpretation of particular site influenced by the whole context of regional contamination? The core of the research is the metaanalysis of contamination data coming from region (the data obtained by our research and also from other studies). The results have brought not only basic characteristics of contamination, mainly concentrations. The crucial result was the structure of studied elemental complex. Only As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are connected to contamination originating in mining and smelting. Other elements - their concentrations and spatial distributions - are uninfluenced by mining and smelting activities. More, the information about connection of As and Cd to mining and Cu, Pb and Zn to smelting was revealed. Both groups recorded with different spatial distributions. Also comparison of results by different approaches has shown that some statistical processing (clr-transformation) of such dataset was much better for interpretation than analyses of only concentrations values. We studied also the area of confluence of two rivers - Klejnárka (main river draining contaminated region), which is tributary to Labe (Elbe) river. The contamination is still recognizable here, but the diversity between contamination elements is not. The confluence of rivers strongly dilutes the contaminated material. The concentrations decrease. Also here clr-transformation of data enabled to analyse structures of contaminants spatial distribution unrecognizable by concentrations values. We performed also two vertical profiles analyses. It was shown, that it is highly risky to interpret data of such origin without the complex information about regional contamination context. It was revealed by contextual interpretation of data from one of the profiles, that there is a mixing of geochemical data coming from different statistical populations. The contamination works there as only one of the factors influencing sedimentary record. The site is therefore suitable for statistical testing of two populations mixing, outliers` detection and the like.

Within the presented work, several approaches of biomonitoring were studied. A well-established method for human health risk assessment was applied to evaluate the quality of fish from open waters in the Czech Republic. As this work is targeted on sport fishermen, who frequently consume their own catches, besides the publication in scientific journal, a brochure with results of this study was distributed via the Czech Fishing Union. Health risks for consumers related to the consumption of wild fish were found strongly species and locality dependent. As there is no risks related with the consumption of carp (Cyprinus carpio) at all investigated sites, frequent consumption of predatory fish should be avoided at some fishing grounds. The use of passive samplers has become more and more attractive in the last two decades. As these devices are able to mimic the biological uptake of chemicals, their potential for replacing fish as bioindicators in routine biomonitoring programmes is evident. In our study, the comparison between analysis of fish tissues and POCIS extracts from selected sampling sites confirms this idea about interchangeability of these indicators in the case of PFASs as target pollutants. Moreover, no metabolic transformation of contaminants present in water take place in passive samplers contrary to living organisms, thus these reflect the actual contamination at the locality more precisely. The use of passive samplers completely fulfils the internationally accepted principles of Replacement, Reduction, Refinement (the three R´s). Another promising approach using YOY fish as bioindicators was evaluated within the present study. Multispecies samples of YOY fish homogenate was found as a better indicator for wide range of pollutants than muscle tissue of adult fish within one species from the same locality. As all inner organs and tissues are presented in analysed samples, more target pollutants in higher concentrations are detected compared to the muscle of adults. Besides the higher sensitivity in pollutants detection and quantification, practical and economic benefits are of concern in the case of the YOY fish approach. The YOY fish approach also particularly fulfil the three R´s strategy, as sampling of this age group of fish has a smaller impact on the environment than the sampling of adults. In case of mercury, that was found as a limiting contaminant for the consumption of fish from open waters in the Czech Republic, a nonlethal method of finclips sampling can be used for the monitoring of this compound in aquatic environments. Besides the monitoring, our optimised method for the estimation of muscle tissue concentrations could be used for human health risk assessment as well. The difference between real muscle concentrations and concentrations estimated using our method differs less than 10% in most of the investigated localities. Benthic organisms are an important part of the food web in aquatic environments, but insufficient information about its contamination is available. In another study included in this thesis, first evidence about bioaccumulation of certain pharmaceuticals in benthic organisms was described. Although, pharmaceuticals are generally considered to be not accumulative in organisms, our study proved that certain pharmaceuticals have bioaccumulation potential. From this finding, it is evident that not only the concentrations of pharmaceutical dissolved in water but also the diet represents an important exposure pathway of contamination by these compounds for organisms (fish) inhabiting aquatic environments.

Caesium-137 is one of the major artificial radioactive elements, whose sources are atmospheric nuclear tests carried out in the 20th century and nuclear power plant incidents such as Chernobyl. Because of uneven precipitation, there were significant differences in radioactive fallout levels in different areas of the Czech Republic during the passage of the radioactive cloud from Chernobyl. Due to the high solubility of Caesium-137 in water and easy distribution in the environment, there is contamination of the lower soil levels where the plant root systems are located. The aim of this work is to collect soil samples from selected localities, where in 1986 significant contamination was detected as originating from Chernobyl, determination of their Caesium-137 content by gamma semiconductor spectrometry and comparison depending on the type of soil. The research question was set as: Does Caesium-137 content differ in different soil types? As part of this study, samples of uncultivated agricultural land and forest land were collected from layers 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm in Kvilda, Zadov and Churanov. For comparison, results were also collected from a locality where the radioactive fallout was not so significant. This locality is around the village Straz nad Nezarkou, which is found on the protected nature reserves of Trebon. From the results of measuring the soil it was found that even after thirty years since the Chernobyl disaster occurred, Caesium-137 is still found in the upper layers of soils, specifically to depths of 5 cm. The highest specific activity of Caesium-137 was measured in the forest soils in Zadov at depths of 0-5 cm (364 Bq.kg-1) from the total range of all samples, 2,24 Bq.kg-1 to 364 Bq.kg-1. The highest specific activity of potassium K-40 was measured in uncultivated agricultural land in the locality of Kvilda at depths of 0-5 cm (883 Bq.kg-1).

The theoretical part of the thesis is divided in the five main chapters. First chapter generally defines the term ?contamination?, which is closely related to the decontamination. Second chapter is focused on the microbial contamination, defines infectious agents, the mechanisms of its spread and points out microbes most likely to be misused as a biological weapon. Third chapter of the theoretical part addresses the decontamination itself. It defines the decontamination in general aiming for microbial decontamination, i.e. the biological agent surface and environment removal. Two basic groups of decontamination e.g. physical and chemical procedures are mentioned in this chapter. Fourth chapter presents valid standards describing various types of examinations for the desinfecting preparations efficacy evaluation. The last chapter of the theoretical part covers large-scale facilities, defines them and describes experimental facilities at the Department of large-scale testing in the National institute for nuclear, chemical and biological protection in Kamenna. The aim of the thesis is to create own methodology of the disinfactant efficiency testing with emphasis on the real condition simulation. The decontamination was carried out by means of following methods: aerosol generator method, decontamination by evaporation, manual sprayer and engine sprayer respectively. For the analysis we chose these disinfactants: Chirosan? Plus, Incidin OxyDes, Kohrsolin? FF, Korsolex? basic, Persteril? 36 and Sanosil? Super 25 Ag. The disinfectant efficiency was tested in 30, 60 and 120 m3 facilities. The tested B-agents were: Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus atrophaeus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. For the decontamination efficiency verification we used a modified surface assay, a modified suspension assay and an agarose assay. The following issues were of concern: We found out that, based on the analysis of different techniques of decontamination, the large-scale facility decontamination is feasible. The most effective method of decontamination appears the manual and engine spraying with the latter more convenient for spaces over the 30 m3 in the matter of time. The decontamination by evaporation was inefficient for the large-scale facility decontamination. Experiments revealed that method based on aerosol distribution is convenient for large-scale facility decontamination. However, the nature of decontaminating preparation has to be considered. All disinfactants tested have shown good bactericidal activity. Nevertheless, only Korsolex? basic a Persteril? 36 have shown sufficient sporicidal activity with equal effect. The disadvantage of the preparation Persteril? 36 is its significant corrosive activity, on the other hand is inexpensive. The preparation Korsolex? basic contains anticorrosive compounds, but is more expensive than Persteril? 36. Our results demonstrated that the most convenient method for the decomtamination of facilities up to the 30 m3 is the manual aerosol sprayer. For facilities of larger volume the engine sprayer decontamination is more convenient. From the preparations tested, only Korsolex? basic a Persteril? 36 are, with respect to advantages and disadvantages, usable in the Department of large-scale testing in the National institute for nuclear, chemical and biological protection in Kamenna.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the total viable count and detects each microorganism by the use of mass spectroscopy. In the period of June to December 2017 35 samples of pasteurized milk from two vending machines (Hodkovice, Suchdol) were tested. For comparison samples were divided to warmer season (June-Septemeber) and colder season (October-December) sampling. The total amount of microorganism was determined in each sample of milk and total viable count was estimated by the use of mass spectroscopy MALDI-TOF. The total viable count in the tested pasteurized milk were from 3,27 log KTJ/ml up to 7,35 log KTJ/ml. The mass spectroscopy detected 210 microorganisms belonging to 20 families of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and one species of eukaryot organism. The most often identified species belong the Enterobacteriaceae family.

This thesis is devoted to the behavior of heavy metals in gettering multilayers made of polysilicon and silicon oxide.

The diploma thesis compares the effectiveness of disinfectants on the content of the lactic acid. The disinfectants used for the experimental part are formalin and BetaStab®. The content of glucose and lactic acid was observed and compared after processing conventional beet and bio-beet. Based on the analysis of the measured data, it was found that the highest disinfecting effect on the lactic acid content had formalin, the avearge lactic acid value was 275 mg/l. In experiment with BetaStab® disinfection the average value of the lactic acid was 350 mg/l. When the beet was processed without the use of disinfection, this average lactic acid was 371 mg/l and in the untreated treatment of the bio-beet, the lactic acid content was 467 mg/l. The glucose content of formalin disinfection diffusion juice reached an average of 573 mg/l. When BetaStab® disinfection was applied, the average glucose content was 348 mg/l and a similar value was measured for the bio-beet treatment (328 mg/l). The highest glucose content had untreated conventional beet, where an average value of 690 mg/l was reached.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to investigate the removability of microplastsic particles with different shapes (fragments, sphers, fibers) by standard water treatment process, such as coagulation, filtration and sedimentation. For the experimental purpose in this study, polyvinyl chloride with a size ≤ 50 μm and a density of 1.38 g/cm3 , was used as a representative of microplastics. The coagulation has been provided by ferric sulphate in pH range 5, 6, 7 and 8 and at a diferent dose of coagulant 20, 40, and 60 mg/l. The study results has shown, that the coagulation efficiency of polyvinyl chloride particles were affected by pH. The optimal value of pH has been 7 at the coagulant dose of 20, 40 and 60 mg/l. The presence of polyvinyl chloride shown a positive effect on coagulation. It has been reflected in a reduction of the residuals of iron concentration after coagulation, at pH 5-7. Solution with polyvinyl chloride contained 1,2 mg/l dissolved organic carbon. After fitlration the concentration decreased up to 70 % at pH 7 at dose of coagulant 40 and 60 mg/l. Experiments have shown that polyvinyl chloride particles are capable of faster sedimentation after coagulation. The flocs formed during coagulation interacted effectively with the polyvinyl chloride particles and facilitate their removal...

This master's thesis is focused on remediation of groundwater polluted by chlorinated ethenes with a use of nanoiron particles. Three injections of different types of nanoiron were carried out in the contaminated area of Spolchemie a.s. company in Ústí nad Labem. The main aim of the thesis was to compare effectiveness of those three applications. The remediation of groundwater was done by direct- push injection of suspension of nanoscale zero-valent iron. After that a monitoring of groundwater level and physicochemical parameters was performed. Samples of groundwater were collected during the monitoring and were analysed for contaminants and products of dechlorination. It was discovered that NANOFER STAR nanoiron had the strongest influence on reductive dechlorination. This was reflected by concentration decrease of TCE by 84 %, VC by 60 % and total concentration of CHC by 39 % in the period three months after the injection and the increase of degradation products of chlorinated ethenes. Injections of conservative tracers potassium bromide and lithium chloride served as a criterion for differentiation between the process of dechlorination and simple dilution effect. The effectiveness of NZVI-C3 nanoiron and NANOFER STAR with CMC nanoiron were notably lower than the bare NANOFER STAR nanoiron. In...