This study was basically concerned with the effect of occupation on the folklore of the people of Graford, Texas. The people interviewed in that area of North Central Texas were divided into three major occupational groups: ranchers, farmers, and farmer-laborers. At least two members from each of the occupational groups were interviewed; and these interviews revealed that their folklore included folktales, superstitions-remedies, songs, and customs, The customs included household, recreation, school, and church customs. Each informant's folklore was recorded directly as it was related. Then the information was placed in the appropriate categories of folklore. Finally, an analysis of the folklore from the standpoint of the informants occupation was completed. The findings indicated that the various occupations did influence each informant's folklore.

L'économie chinoise a connu une croissance économique importante depuis 30 ans, mais celle-ci n'a pas bénéficié aux travailleurs chinois, qui supportent toujours des conditions de travail très éprouvantes, avec un niveau de protection très insuffisant. Pourquoi les travailleurs chinois ne profitent-ils pas de ce développement économique ? Les causes sont multiples : outre le facteur démographique, la recherche prioritaire des intérêts économiques constitue la raison principale. Pourquoi faut-il améliorer la protection des travailleurs en Chine ? Et par quels moyens cette amélioration peut-elle se produire ? La thèse montre, d'une part, l'évolution et les mouvements de la classe ouvrière dans l'histoire chinoise, en comparant sa situation avant et après 1949, et les raisons, historiques et politiques, qui ont conduit le gouvernement chinois à négliger la protection des travailleurs, bien que ces derniers aient bénéficié d'une place privilégiée dans le système communiste. D'autre part, sont envisagés les moyens, politiques et législatifs, pour initier l'amélioration de cette protection. Pour cela, une réforme politique serait la solution radicale, impliquant une démocratisation à long terme et mettant l'accent sur la protection des droits de l'homme, et sur les droits des travailleurs en particulier Ce qui suppose notamment que soit garantie l'indépendance des syndicats. La protection des travailleurs est donc indissociable de la construction de l'Etat de Droit. / Chinese economy has made significant progress for more than thirty years, but the Chinese laborers still benefit very little from the economic growth, who have to endure difficult working conditions with insufficient working protection. Why can the Chinese laborers not profit from the economic development? The pursuit for the economic interests as the highest priority is the main cause in addition to a large population. Why must the laborers' working protection be improved? By what means can this working protection be improved? This paper describes the history of the development of Chinese working class and workers' movement, especially the difference between before and after 1949 and analyzes the reasons why the Chinese government ignored the workers' protection from the point of history and politics, even the working class has preferential position in the Communist system. On the other, it analyzes the ways to improving the laborers' protection from the political and judicial points of view. In the long term, the political reform is the fundamental approach, which means the democracy and the protection of human rights, especially protecting the legitimate rights and interests of workers, which requires guaranteeing the independence of trade unions. The protection of workers' rights cannot be separated from the realization of a state under the rule of law as well.

Narrative inquiry was the qualitative method utilized to collect stories related to former migrant African American females who transformed their lives from migrant workers and found alternative career paths. Sustained poverty among migratory workers created a disenfranchised culture of uneducated citizens. A large part of this labor force was women. It was expected that this culture of poverty would perpetuate itself through generations. The universal stereotypes associated with impoverished migrants were so ingrained that overwhelmingly the majority of migrants accepted a life of poverty as prophesy. However, some former migrant African American women defied odds and rose above the cumulative effects of poverty. The major findings of this study revealed factors that significantly contributed to their success in a variety of professional careers: consistent family support, adaptive coping skills, catalyst for change, transformative learning, and meaningful relationships with non-family members, and commitment to community service. Sub-findings emerged that revealed that these additional factors also contributed to their success: value placed on education, strong belief in God, and leadership skills. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-10-22T12:31:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Vasconcelos Porto.pdf: 2239987 bytes, checksum: 3fd14d173f288bfdadd167c964eba93e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-22T12:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Vasconcelos Porto.pdf: 2239987 bytes, checksum: 3fd14d173f288bfdadd167c964eba93e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-03 / This essay intends to analyze, in a detailed way, the social security coverage owed to rural workers (gender), from a point of view regarding the exercise of federal jurisdiction. The study begins with the analysis of the historical course of rural social security in Brazil, followed by a brief informative report of comparative law - which describes several of the rural social security systems that exist around the globe, and with more details those of France, Spain and Italy, which have considerable similarities with ours -, what allows the reader to know the theme in its evolutionary and comparative dynamics. Next, we examine the constitutional rules especially applicable to the sector and, in addition, we consider the sociological and economic justifications (especially) that give reason for the different treatment conferred by the Constitution. In the next step, the research pass through sociological aspects, discussing the situation of the rural worker in Brazil, of the family farms - including the effects generated by the new social security system on this -, the legal evolution of peasant labor and a succinct diagnosis of the situation of women in this environment. Subsequently, the essay starts a more dogmatic analysis, expounding the legislation and decompounding each controversial point, describing in details the types of rural workers and all their characteristics and also examining generic aspects, such as the extraordinary maintenance of the coverage, specificities around the grace period computed from the mere exercise of rural activity and also of how to calculate the amount of the retirement benefits. The next chapter consists of going into the types of benefits, regarding their peculiarities verified in the rural sector. The research, in its final part, is also dedicated to related aspects that gain practical and theoretical importance for a better understanding of the main theme, related to the judicial process and the taxation (in the rural sector) that provides the amount required to pay the benefits / O presente ensaio pretende analisar, de forma esmiuçada, a cobertura previdenciária devida aos trabalhadores rurais (gênero), na perspectiva do exercício da jurisdição federal. O estudo tem início na análise do caminhar histórico da previdência rural no Brasil, seguida de um informativo panorâmico de direito comparado – no qual são descritos vários dos sistemas previdenciários rurais existentes ao redor do globo, e com maior detalhamento os de França, Espanha e Itália, que guardam similitudes consideráveis com o nosso -, o que propicia ao leitor conhecer o tema em sua dinâmica evolutiva e comparativa. A seguir, são examinados os dispositivos constitucionais especialmente aplicáveis ao setor e, ademais, cogita-se sobre as justificativas sociológicas e econômicas (especialmente) que justificam o tratamento diferenciado conferido pelo diploma máximo. No passo seguinte, a pesquisa perpassa por aspectos de caráter sociológico, discorrendo sobre a situação do homem do campo no Brasil, da agricultura familiar – inclusive os efeitos gerados pelo novo regime previdenciário sobre esta -, da evolução jurídica do trabalho campesino e um sucinto diagnóstico da situação da mulher dentro da previdência rural. Posteriormente, o trabalho ingressa em análise de caráter mais dogmático, destrinchando a legislação posta e dissecando cada ponto controverso, descrevendo minuciosamente as espécies de segurados rurais e todas suas características e examinando aspectos de caráter geral, como a manutenção extraordinária da qualidade de segurado, especificidades em torno da carência computada a partir do mero exercício de atividade rural e, também, sobre a apuração do salário-de-benefício. O estágio seguinte consiste em adentrar no estudo dos benefícios em espécie, quanto às suas peculiaridades verificadas no meio rural. A pesquisa, em sua parte final, se dedica ainda a aspectos correlatos que adquirem importância prática e teórica para melhor percepção do tema central, relacionados com o processo previdenciário de benefícios rurais e o custeio exigido dos atores atuantes no círculo campesino

Subsistence maize production has long been a dominant economic activity of households in Santiago Apóstol, a Zapotec community in the Central Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. A baseline study from 1973 documents a regionally pervasive form of household level agriculture whereby cultivators prioritize land for subsistence maize above commercial crops. Since then, much has transformed the face of rural Mexico, including migration to the United States. Migration accelerated beginning in the 1970s as a response to government disinvestment in maize, but it may also be a new force of cultural and economic change impacting agriculture. The question arises, has migration modified longstanding subsistence agricultural practices centered on local varieties of rainfed maize? If not, what might explain the continuities and changes in agricultural practice observed? Ethnographic land use and maize consumption surveys among 19 migrant headed households conducted in Santiago Apóstol in the summer and winter of 2012 indicate that mean production of maize remains equivalent to that documented in the late 1960s, suggesting that migration has not engendered a generalized shift to commercial crops. Potential explanations for the persistent use of rainfed, local maize among migrant headed households are drawn from a mixed methods methodology involving triangulated analyses of household economic data, land tenure arrangements, perceptions of environmental change, participant observation, and archival research. Triangulated analyses allow speculation on linked human environmental changes in the landscape that may have reinforced use of a traditional, rainfed grain crop.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2008 / The aim of the study was to asses the socio-economic impact of casualisation of female farm workers and to determine whether they understand their rights as provided in labour policies. The study was conducted in the Letsitele area in the Greater Tzaneen municipality, Mopani District, Limpopo Province of South Africa. A sample of eighty female farm workers was drawn from the population. The self-constructed questionnaire elicited biographic information, the socio-economic impact of casualisation and knowledge of female farm workers about labour policies was from the respondents The findings of the study showed that casualisation of female farm workers have a large impact on their lives. The low wages that they earn are usually insufficient to meet their basic financial needs such as schooling their children, buying food, and building proper houses. It was also established that they are not properly informed about labour policies.

(MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2005

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-85). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Learnership programs are implemented in different industries as development interventions to contribute to the skills development and, after successful completion, ultimately contribute toward the alleviation of poverty. Insight into the factors that influence learnership performance will provide direction in terms of optimising learnership performance. The purpose of the research study was to create an understanding of the factors that influence learnership performance, with a focus on intention as a key variable. The literature review culminated in the development of the partial model of learnership performance (PMLP). Due to the complexity of the model and the sample size of 95 learners, the decision was made to split the model and to test it as two separate models. The first focused on antecedents of learnership performance including age, gender, previous work experience, previous learning experience, intention and environmental constraints. The second included the variables underlying intention namely behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs, control beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. A questionnaire was developed for the specific purpose of the study. A mixed method methodology (including both qualitative and quantitative data gathering methods) were employed that included individual interviews, a pilot study of the questionnaire and the administration of the final questionnaire. Data was subjected to various statistical analysis including descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Mediating relationships were calculated by means of the Sobel test. Previous learning experience as well as intention correlated positively with learnership performance. Although the sample included more male participants, women achieved higher levels of learnership performance. Significant relationships were found between intention and the hypothesised direct variables including attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Behavioural beliefs and normative beliefs showed significant indirect relationship to intention. It was expected that environmental constraints would have a negative moderating impact on the relationship between intention and learnership performance; however the research results did not corroborate this hypothesis. The relationship between intention and learnership performance was strong in cases where learners experience challenging environmental factors, whereas no significant relationship between intention and learnership performance was found in the absence of environmental constraints. Recommendations were made regarding an intervention to enhance learners’ intentions. Two approaches were recommended to optimise learnership performance, namely journaling activities and interactive workshops. These approaches aim to guide learners through the identification of obstacles that could inhibit their success in the learnership program. By consciously choosing to overcome these obstacles, learners develop an internal sense of empowerment which will enable them to take a step towards breaking the cycle of poverty. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Leerlingskap programme word in verskillende industrieë geïmplementeer en vorm deel van ontwikkelingsintervensies wat bydra tot vaardigheidsontwikkeling, en met die voltooing van leerlingskappe, ten einde armoede te bestry. Insig aangaande die faktore wat leerlingskapprestasie beinvloed sal daarom as ‘n basis dien vir die optimalisering van leerlingskapprestasie. Die doel van die navorsingstudie was om insig te bekom rakende die faktore onderliggend aan leerlingskapprestasie, met ‘n fokus op intensie as ‘n kritieke veranderlike in hierdie opsig. Die literatuur oorsig het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van die gedeeltelike model van leerlingskapprestasie-voorspelling. As gevolg van die steekproef van 95 leerders is die besluit geneem om die model van leerlingskapprestasie-voorspelling in twee modelle te verdeel. Die een model het faktore onderliggend aan leerlingskapprestasie ingesluit terwyl die ander model faktore ingesluit het wat betrekking het tot die intensie om in ‘n leerlingskap te presteer. ‘n Vraelys was ontwikkel vir die spesifieke doeleindes van die studie. ‘n Kombinasie van byde kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe data insamelingstegnieke is toegepas wat individuele onderhoude, ‘n loodsstudie - en ‘n finale studie van die vraelys ingesluit het. Verskeie data analise metodes is toegepas naamlik betroubaarheids analise, beskrywende statistiese analise en korrelasie analise. Bemiddelende verhoudings is met behulp van die Sobel toets verwerk. Vorige leerervaring sowel as intensie het positiewe korrelasies getoon in terme van leerlingskapprestasie. Alhoewel die steekproef meer mans as vroue ingesluit het, het vroue beter leerlingskapprestasie as mans getoon. Beduidende verhoudings is opgemerk tussen intensie in die drie veronderstelde direkte veranderlikes naamlik houdings, subjektiewe norme en waarneembare gedragsbeheer. Gedragsoortuigings sowel as normatiewe oortuigings het albei beduidende indirekte verhoudings getoon in terme van intensie. Die veronderstelling was dat omgewingsbeperkings ‘n negatiewe impak sou hê op die verhouding tussen intensie en leerlingskapprestasie, maar die navorsing resultate het ‘n interessante bevinding getoon. Die korrelasie tussen intensie en leerlingskapprestasie was sterk in gevalle waar leerlinge uitdagende omgewings faktore beleef, terwyl geen beduidende verhouding tussen intensie en leerlingskapprestasie waarneembaar was in die afwesigheid van omgewingsbeperkings nie. Voorstelle is gemaak met betrekking tot ‘n intervensie wat poog om leerders se intensie te verhoog. Twee benaderings naamlik joernaal oefeninge en interaktiewe werkswinkels is voorgestel. Die doel van hierdie benaderings is om aan leerlinge leiding te gee met die identifisering van uitdagings wat moontlik hul sukses in die leerlingskap program kan inhibeer. Met die doelbewuste besluit om hierdie uitdagings te oorkom ontwikkel leerders interne bemagtiging wat hul in staat sal stel om die eerste tree te neem om die armoede siklus te oorkom.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 420115 bytes, checksum: 73ddadf78303a92c8e537309ef948185 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The agrarian reform is theme quite controverted, could be analyzed by several angles, falling prominence to the political events that, along the history, they justify the moments of cooling and larger social mobilization. Among these angles, the present study will point out the relationship between the agrarian reform and the environment, being important to point out that the origin of this encounter was in 1997 with the promulgation of the Resolution 237 of CONAMA, that turned obligatory the environmental licensing for several activities, among which stand out the projects of rural establishments, being alerted that just in the year of 2001 there was the promulgation of specific federal norm for such a theme, which is, the Resolution 289 of CONAMA, that went into effect on December 19, 2004. In Minas Gerais, however, soon after the Resolution 237, a specific legislation was elaborated to discipline such situation, so that in 2000 the Normative Deliberation 44 of COPAM was elaborated, establishing the compulsory environmental licensing for the projects of rural establishments in Minas Gerais, in effect since the day of the publication, on November 25, 2000. In function of this new requirement for the agrarian reform, problems began to appear referring to the procedure for obtaining the environmental licenses, being the objective of this work to accomplish a study on the form as the environmental norm interfered in the creation and implementation of the rural establishments, being analyzed the institutions that work directly with the subject, as well as the analysis of the ideological mechanism that the Right use to justify the agrarian reform in Minas Gerais. / A reforma agrária é tema bastante conhecido e controvertido, podendo ser analisada por vários ângulos, cabendo destaque aos acontecimentos políticos que, ao longo da história, justificam os momentos de arrefecimento e maior mobilização social. Dentre esses ângulos, o presente estudo abordou a relação entre a reforma agrária e o meio ambiente, sendo importante salientar que a origem desse encontro se deu em 1997, com a promulgação da Resolução 237 do CONAMA, que tornou obrigatório o licenciamento ambiental para diversas atividades, dentre as quais se destacam os projetos de assentamentos rurais, alertando para o fato de que apenas no ano de 2001 houve a promulgação de norma federal específica para tal tema: a Resolução 289 do CONAMA, que entrou em vigor em 19 de dezembro de 2004. Em Minas Gerais, entretanto, logo após a Resolução 237, foi elaborada uma legislação específica para disciplinar tal situação, de forma que em 2000 foi elaborada a Deliberação Normativa 44 do COPAM, estabelecendo a obrigatoriedade do licenciamento ambiental para os projetos de assentamento rural mineiros, em vigor desde o dia da publicação, em 25 de novembro de 2000. Em razão desse novo requisito para a reforma agrária, começaram a surgir problemas referentes ao procedimento para obtenção das licenças ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo de como a norma ambiental interferiu na criação e implementação dos assentamentos rurais, analisando-se as instituições que lidam diretamente com a questão, assim como o mecanismo ideológico que o Direito, enquanto campo de conhecimento, se utiliza para justificar a reforma agrária em Minas Gerais.