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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of light, daily exercise on body condition score (BCS), soundness (SS), injury (IS), lesions (LS) weaning wt (WW), and back fat (BF) of lactating sows housed in farrowing crates. A total of 24 sows were used in four trials. Body weight (BW), BF, BCS, SS, IS, and LS were recorded at placement into the farrowing barn and again at weaning. A scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent) was used for BCS, SS, and IS. Prior to farrowing, sows were grouped by BW and parity, and assigned to control (no exercise) or experimental (exercise) groups. After farrowing, the exercise sows (n=3) were removed from their crates for 1h/d for 17-19 d and encouraged to exercise; the control sows (n=3) remained in crates 24h/d. Saliva samples were collected 30 min prior to exercise and at 30 and 60 min after exercise for cortisol analysis. Piglets were weaned between 18 and 26 days of age. No difference was found between treatments for sow WW, BCS, IS, average daily feed intake, weaning litter wt, day 7 wt/d of age or piglet survivability. Exercise sows were leaner, sounder, and had more lesions at weaning than control sows (P<0.05). Exercise sows also had higher levels of salivary cortisol on average than control sows (P<0.05). These results indicate that increased movement of sows during lactation led to a decrease in back fat and an increase in soundness, with no affect on piglets. / Master of Science

Increased milking frequency (IMF) during early lactation increases milk yield not only during the IMF period, but also after the cow is returned to twice daily milking (2X). The increase in yield is locally regulated within the gland; however the mechanism for the increase in yield is unknown. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a difference in milk and component yield, both during the IMF period and throughout the remainder of lactation, and examine potential local mechanisms driving the increase in production. Eight multiparous dairy cows were assigned to unilateral frequent milking [UFM ; 2X left udder half and 4-times-daily milking (4X) right udder half] for the first 21 days of lactation. Both udder halves were milked 2X for the remainder of lactation. Early lactation IMF significantly increased milk, fat, and protein yields in the right udder halves by 2.27 kg/d, 73.5 g/d, and 68 g/d respectively through the first 210 DIM (P < 0.001). At d 21, the right udder halves had a significant increase in activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), as well as a reduction in activated Akt (P ≤ 0.05). There was no difference in STAT3 expression at d 21. There was no significant difference in gene expression of prolactin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFPB5), or chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) in mammary tissue at d 21 or 60; and no difference in protein expression of STAT5, Akt, or STAT3 in mammary tissue at d 60. / Master of Science

Lactation persistency is defined as the ability of a cow to maintain production at a higher level after peak yield. Hypothetically, more persistent cows are less susceptible to health and reproductive disorders. The objective of this research was to investigate the phenotypic relationships of common health disorders in dairy cows to lactation persistency. The relationships with peak yield and days in milk (DIM) at peak yield were also studied. Two separate investigations (Study 1 and Study 2) were performed. Study 1 used treatment incidence data and daily milk weights of 991 lactations from experimental dairy herds at Virginia Tech and Pennsylvania State University. Milk yield persistency (PM) was estimated for individual lactations using daily milk weights. In Study 2, producer recorded health data of 87555 lactations from 398 commercial herds were used. PM, fat (PF), and protein (PP) persistencies were estimated from TD yields. Mastitis only in the first 100 days, only after 100 DIM, and at any stage of lactation, and reproductive disorders including metritis, retained placenta, cystic ovaries, metabolic diseases including ketosis, milk fever and displaced abomasums, and lameness were considered in both studies. Mastitis both before and after 100 DIM was considered only in Study 1. Each disease was defined as a binary trait distinguishing between lactations with at least one incidence (1) and lactations with no incidences (0). Standardized measures of the persistencies, uncorrelated with yield, were calculated as a function of yield deviations from standard curves and DIM deviations around reference dates. Peak milk yield and DIM at peak of individual lactations were computed using Wood's function. Effects of persistency (PM, PF, and PP) on probability of the diseases in current and next lactations were examined through odds ratios from a logistic regression model. Conversely, the effects of diseases on persistencies, peak milk yield, and DIM at peak milk yield were also examined. Increasing PM, PF, and PP tend to reduce the incidence of mastitis, specifically in late stages of current and next lactation. PM and PP appear to have greater impact on mastitis than PF. No other likelihood of a disease was affected by the increasing persistencies. Post partum reproductive and metabolic diseases often had substantially positive effect on persistencies of both primiparous and multiparous cows (p<0.001 in Study 1 and p<0.001 in Study 2). Mastitis in early lactation appeared to increase persistency more often in multiparous cows (p<0.05 in Study 1 and p<0.005 in Study 2). Mastitis in late lactation had considerable but negative impact on persistency in both primiparous and multiparous cows (p<0.05 in Study 1 and p<0.005 in Study 2). Cows, which developed mastitis in both early and late lactations tended to have lower PM (p<0.05 in Study 1). Irrespective to the time of occurrence, effect of mastitis on milk, fat and protein yield persistencies was negative. Most of the diseases significantly affected DIM at peak milk yield in multiparous cows (p<0.05 in Study 1). Reproductive and metabolic disorders tended to delay DIM at peak milk yield while Mastitis in late lactation was associated with early DIM at peak milk yield. Lameness had no phenotypic relationships with shape of the lactation curve. Overall, diseases tend to affect milk, fat, and protein persistencies more strongly than the impact of persistency on likelihood of disease. / Master of Science

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2999-01-01

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2006. / Title from PDF title page screen. Advisor: Cheryl Lovelady ; submitted to the School of Human Environmental Sciences. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-103).

Orientador: Antonieta Keiko Kakuda Shimo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T10:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Veloso_RitadeCassiaNoronha_M.pdf: 3427525 bytes, checksum: 43c6285db43228f135db262c96550d7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este estudo foi desenvolvido pela necessidade de conhecermos melhor a mulher-mãe que, logo após o parto, além de ter seu filho levado para a Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo Neonatal (UTIN) por ter nascido prematuramente e precisar de cuidados especiais, tem a responsabilidade de suprir suas necessidades nutricionais. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa e que tem como objetivo desvelar os fatores que influenciam o processo de manutenção da lactação em mães de recém-nascido pré-termo (RNPT) internado na UTIN de um hospital filantrópico do Estado de São Paulo, identificando as barreiras e fatores facilitadores para a manutenção da lactação e sua rede de apoio social. Os atores sociais de nossa pesquisa foram mães de RNPT internados na UTIN do hospital em estudo, as quais foram previamente orientadas pelos profissionais do Banco de Leite sobre como proceder para estimular e manter a lactação. A amostra foi definida por saturação de dados e a coleta foi realizada no Banco de Leite Humano (BLH) e na UTIN, utilizando-se dos seguintes instrumentos: a) entrevista semi-estruturada; b) observação participante; c) diário de campo. A análise dos dados foi realizada através do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Nas entrevistas realizadas com as dezenove mulheres-mães, observamos que os principais problemas encontrados para manter a lactação foram a dificuldade no manejo da ordenha, mesmo com a bomba tira-leite; dor nos mamilos ao retirar o leite; dificuldade para levar o leite ao BLH; desconhecimento quanto à freqüência da retirada do leite; desconhecimento da importância do leite materno; estresse, ansiedade, tristeza causada por não ter o bebê em seus braços; falta de apoio dos profissionais e da família. Os fatores que facilitam a produção láctea foram abordados, podendo-se citar, entre eles, a possibilidade de permanência das mães na UTIN, assim como estas obterem informações sobre o estado de saúde de seu bebê; o apoio dos profissionais do BLH; a realização da ordenha com bomba tira leite; a mulher ser encorajada pelo marido; fazer o método canguru e ter conhecimento sobre como ordenhar a mama e sobre o processo de produção láctea. Em relação à rede de apoio, pode-se concluir que o marido ou companheiro é o principal incentivador e quem ajuda nos afazeres de casa. Assim, concluímos que o profissional de saúde tem um importante papel no incentivo ao aleitamento, exercendo a sua paciência, sabendo ouvir sem pré-julgamentos, revendo normas que dificultam a proximidade entre mãe e filho e utilizando o seu conhecimento para apoiar a mulher-mãe que, muitas vezes, não tem a quem recorrer e precisa de uma palavra de incentivo / Abstract: This study was developed in order to understand and know better the mother-woman, who right after the childbirth, not only has her son taken to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) for having been born prematurely and consequently needs special cares, but also has to supply her nutritional needs. This is a descriptive exploratory study, with a qualitative approach which is aimed to unveiling the factors that influence the breastfeeding maintenance process in mothers of pre-term newly born (PTNB), who stay in the NICU of a philanthropic hospital in Sao Paulo state, by identifying the obstacles and the factors that cooperate for breastfeeding maintenance and her social net support. The social partakers of our research were PTNB mothers in the NICU of the hospital in study, who were previously guided by Human Milk Bank (HMB) professionals about how to act for stimulating and keeping the breastfeeding on. The sample was defined by data saturation and the collection was done at the Milk Bank (MB) and NICU making use of the following tools: a) Semi-structured interview; b) Partakers¿ observation; c) Field diary. The data analysis was carried out through the Colletive Speech. In the interviews put into practice with the nineteen mother-women, we realized that the main existing problems in keeping the breastfeeding were: difficulty in drawing the milk from the breast, even making use of a nursing milk pump; pain on the nipples when removing the milk; difficulty in taking the milk to MB; lack of knowledge of how often the milk should be removed and its importance; stress; anxiety; sadness for not having the baby in their arms and lack of support from professionals and family. The factors that cooperate for breastfeeding maintenance were the possibility of having the mothers together with the babies in the NCTI and keeping them informed about their babies¿ health; more support from MB professionals; the use of a nursing milk pump; more encouragement by the husband/partner; the kangaroo method and more knowledge of how to draw the milk and of the breastfeeding process. As the net support, we concluded that the husband/partner is the most important person to motivate the mothers and help with household chores. Thus we came to the conclusion that health professionals have an important role in encouraging their patients to breastfeed, working with their patience, listening to them without pre-judgment, reviewing rules that make it difficult for the mothers to be near their babies and making use of their vast knowledge to support the mother-woman, who, very often, doesn¿t have someone to run to and needs a comfort word / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

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