Apesar do sucesso do transplante na clínica, os importantes efeitos adversos dos imunossupressores, usados para prevenir e tratar a rejeição, apontam para a necessidade de novas terapias imunorreguladoras. A via oral tem sido efetiva na indução de imunorregulação, em diversos modelos experimentais, principalmente de doenças autoimunes. A Hsp60/65 é uma molécula com grande potencial imunoterapêutico, por sua capacidade de induzir respostas imunes pró-inflamatória e imunorreguladora. Testamos se a terapia oral com o probiótico Lactococcus lactis que expressa a Hsp65, combinada à administração de aloantígenos do doador (AloAg-doador), atua sinergicamente na indução de tolerância ao enxerto de pele semialogeneico murino, ou no aumento de sua sobrevida. Testamos diferentes combinações de terapia oral, assim como a influência da utilização de um anti-inflamatório, inibidor seletivo de COX-2 (celecoxibe). O transplante de pele foi realizado 10 dias após a última administração oral dos probióticos e aloantígenos do doador. Não observamos efeitos benéficos na sobrevida do enxerto no grupo de animais que receberam L.lactis que produz Hsp65, sozinho ou em combinação com AloAg-doador e/ou o anti-inflamatório. Em contraste, a terapia oral combinada com o probiótico L.lactis selvagem e AloAg-doador aumentou significativamente a sobrevida do enxerto (p=0,01), em comparação com o grupo não tratado. Nesse grupo que teve maior sobrevida do aloenxerto (L,lactis selvagem e AloAg-doador), também observamos maior quantidade de epitélio preservado (p=0,02) e maior expressão de TGF-beta (p=0,04), no enxerto, em comparação com o grupo sem tratamento. Não observamos diferenças significativas na expressão, in situ, de FOXP3 e IL-17, que foi baixa em todos os grupos experimentais. Concluímos que a Hsp65 não induziu efeito imunorregulador capaz de prolongar a sobrevida do enxerto. No entanto, a manipulação da microbiota com a terapia combinada com o L.lactis selvagem e a exposição a antígenos do doador, previamente, ao transplante, induz mecanismos imunorreguladores capazes de controlar, mesmo que parcialmente, as respostas inflamatórias dirigidas ao aloenxerto de pele, provavelmente, com a participação de TGF-beta / Despite the success of clinical transplantation, the significant side effects induced by immunosupressants used to prevent and treat rejection, indicate the need for novel immunoregulatory therapies. The oral route has been effective in inducing immunoregulation in several experimental models, mostly in pathological autoimmunity. Heat Shock protein 60/65 (Hsp) displays great immunotherapeutic potential due to its capacity to induce both pro-inflammatory and immunregulatory responses. We tested whether oral therapy with the probiotic Lactococcus lactis that expresses Hsp65, in combination with donor alloantigens (Donor-Allo-Ag), acted synergically, inducing immunotolerance or increasing graft survival, in a murine model of semiallogeneic skin transplantation. We tested different oral therapy combinations, as well as the association with a COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (celecoxib). Skin transplantation was performed 10 days after the last oral administration of probiotics and Donor-Allo-Ag. We observed no beneficial effect on graft survival in the group that received L.lactis that produce Hsp65, alone or in combination with Donor-Allo-Ag/and/or the anti-inflammatory drug. In contrast, combined oral therapy with wild type L.lactis and Donor-Allo-Ag significantly prolonged graft survival (p=0.01), in comparison to non-treated animals. In this prolonged-survival group (L.lactis and Donor-Allo-Ag), we also found higher extension of preserved epithelium (p=0.02) and higher expression of TGF-beta (p=0.04), within the graft, in comparison to non-treated animals. We found no significant differences in the intragraft expression of FOXP3 and IL-17, which was essentially absent or very low. We conclude that Hsp65 did not induce immunoregulatory effects capable of prolonging graft survival. However, the microbiota manipulation with the combined oral therapy with wild type L.lactis and Donor-Allo-Ag, prior to transplantation, induce immunoregulatory mechanisms capable of partially controlling the inflammatory responses to the graft, most likely involving the participation of TGF-beta

Cette thèse présente les résultats de travaux visant à étudier les interactions entre les conditions hydrodynamiques et le comportement bactérien en bioréacteur. En s'intéressant plus particulièrement aux phénomènes agissant aux petites échelles, nous avons cherché à identifier, caractériser et quantifier les couplages hydro-bio à l'échelle de la cellule. Ici, la souche Lactococcus lactis a été choisie comme modèle microbiologique, alors qu’un réacteur de type Couette a été préféré afin d’engendrer des contraintes hydrodynamiques connues et définies. Il a été démontré que dans des conditions spécifiques d’écoulement (Modulated Wavy Vortex Flow), les bactéries lactiques s’agrègent au sein d’une matrice riche en polysaccharides. Le lien entre ce phénotype atypique et les contraintes locales liées à l’écoulement a été étudié { l’aide de simulation numérique directe de l’écoulement combiné { un suivi de particule. Cette approche permet d’établir les profils temporels des contraintes subies et de comparer la nature des forces disruptives subies au mécanisme d’agrégation séparation des cellules bactériennes au sein de leur matrice. Ce travail de recherche donne ainsi d’autres exemples d’interactions cellule – environement en bioréacteurs, mettant en exergue des effets mécaniques / The aim of this work is to reach a better understanding of environmental effects on bacterial behaviour in bioreactors. Particular attention has been paid to hydrodynamically-induced stresses at the cell scale, with a view to characterizing and quantifying these local interactions. As a “model experiment”, Lactococcus lactis NCDO2118 has been cultivated in a CouetteBioreactor, a device generating a known and defined flow field. Under specific flow regime (Modulated Wavy Vortex Flow), the cells end up being entrapped in a polysaccharidic matrix. The phenotype of the cells has been demonstrated to be strongly affected by the flow conditions. The stress signal encountered by the cells has been characterized, through umerical simulation (Direct Numerical Simulation) and lagrangian particle tracking, and linked to the phenotypic expression. These studies provide further examples of bacterial response to local hydrodynamic conditions

Apesar do sucesso do transplante na clínica, os importantes efeitos adversos dos imunossupressores, usados para prevenir e tratar a rejeição, apontam para a necessidade de novas terapias imunorreguladoras. A via oral tem sido efetiva na indução de imunorregulação, em diversos modelos experimentais, principalmente de doenças autoimunes. A Hsp60/65 é uma molécula com grande potencial imunoterapêutico, por sua capacidade de induzir respostas imunes pró-inflamatória e imunorreguladora. Testamos se a terapia oral com o probiótico Lactococcus lactis que expressa a Hsp65, combinada à administração de aloantígenos do doador (AloAg-doador), atua sinergicamente na indução de tolerância ao enxerto de pele semialogeneico murino, ou no aumento de sua sobrevida. Testamos diferentes combinações de terapia oral, assim como a influência da utilização de um anti-inflamatório, inibidor seletivo de COX-2 (celecoxibe). O transplante de pele foi realizado 10 dias após a última administração oral dos probióticos e aloantígenos do doador. Não observamos efeitos benéficos na sobrevida do enxerto no grupo de animais que receberam L.lactis que produz Hsp65, sozinho ou em combinação com AloAg-doador e/ou o anti-inflamatório. Em contraste, a terapia oral combinada com o probiótico L.lactis selvagem e AloAg-doador aumentou significativamente a sobrevida do enxerto (p=0,01), em comparação com o grupo não tratado. Nesse grupo que teve maior sobrevida do aloenxerto (L,lactis selvagem e AloAg-doador), também observamos maior quantidade de epitélio preservado (p=0,02) e maior expressão de TGF-beta (p=0,04), no enxerto, em comparação com o grupo sem tratamento. Não observamos diferenças significativas na expressão, in situ, de FOXP3 e IL-17, que foi baixa em todos os grupos experimentais. Concluímos que a Hsp65 não induziu efeito imunorregulador capaz de prolongar a sobrevida do enxerto. No entanto, a manipulação da microbiota com a terapia combinada com o L.lactis selvagem e a exposição a antígenos do doador, previamente, ao transplante, induz mecanismos imunorreguladores capazes de controlar, mesmo que parcialmente, as respostas inflamatórias dirigidas ao aloenxerto de pele, provavelmente, com a participação de TGF-beta / Despite the success of clinical transplantation, the significant side effects induced by immunosupressants used to prevent and treat rejection, indicate the need for novel immunoregulatory therapies. The oral route has been effective in inducing immunoregulation in several experimental models, mostly in pathological autoimmunity. Heat Shock protein 60/65 (Hsp) displays great immunotherapeutic potential due to its capacity to induce both pro-inflammatory and immunregulatory responses. We tested whether oral therapy with the probiotic Lactococcus lactis that expresses Hsp65, in combination with donor alloantigens (Donor-Allo-Ag), acted synergically, inducing immunotolerance or increasing graft survival, in a murine model of semiallogeneic skin transplantation. We tested different oral therapy combinations, as well as the association with a COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (celecoxib). Skin transplantation was performed 10 days after the last oral administration of probiotics and Donor-Allo-Ag. We observed no beneficial effect on graft survival in the group that received L.lactis that produce Hsp65, alone or in combination with Donor-Allo-Ag/and/or the anti-inflammatory drug. In contrast, combined oral therapy with wild type L.lactis and Donor-Allo-Ag significantly prolonged graft survival (p=0.01), in comparison to non-treated animals. In this prolonged-survival group (L.lactis and Donor-Allo-Ag), we also found higher extension of preserved epithelium (p=0.02) and higher expression of TGF-beta (p=0.04), within the graft, in comparison to non-treated animals. We found no significant differences in the intragraft expression of FOXP3 and IL-17, which was essentially absent or very low. We conclude that Hsp65 did not induce immunoregulatory effects capable of prolonging graft survival. However, the microbiota manipulation with the combined oral therapy with wild type L.lactis and Donor-Allo-Ag, prior to transplantation, induce immunoregulatory mechanisms capable of partially controlling the inflammatory responses to the graft, most likely involving the participation of TGF-beta

Lactococcus lactis est une bactérie lactique couramment utilisée dans l’industrie laitière. Elle assure en tant que ferment des fonctions technologiques multiples qui impactent la flaveur et la texture finale des produits. Cependant, la diversité fonctionnelle constatée au sein des levains de cette espèce impose de mettre en place un processus de sélections des souches. Ces travaux ont pour objectif d’identifier les déterminants de la spécificité organoleptique dite « crème » de la souche industrielle L. lactis ssp. lactis. Dans un premier temps, un diagnostic macro-cinétique de l’activité de ce ferment a été réalisé en lait pour évaluer l’impact sur la physiologie cellulaire (l’acidification, le stress oxydatif, et la thermisation différentielle du lait). Définir la singularité de notre souche d’intérêt nécessite d’évaluer la diversité fonctionnelle de levains laitiers de L. lactis ssp. lactis. Cette démarche s’est appuyée sur une approche de biologie intégrative du génotype au phénotype. Pour réduire le temps d’expérimentation, une sélection des variables discriminantes à été conduite. L’un de ses composés clef de cette typicité a fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie afin de tester les différents paramètres pouvant influencer sa synthèse. La dernière partie, plus applicative, s’est articulée sur la modélisation de la signature en fonction de quatre facteurs industriels (matière grasse, sèche, oxygénation et température) par utilisation de la méthodologie des surfaces de réponse. / The lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis is widely used in dairy industry. Used as a starter, L. lactis subsp. lactis is in charge of many functional characteristics which determine the final texture and flavour of fermented products. However, the phenotypic diversity observed within the species requires strain selection development. This PhD aims at identifying the determinants of the creamy sensory specificity of the industrial strain L. lactis subsp. lactis. Firstly, a diagnosis of macro-kinetic activity of ND5F was carried out to assess the impact on cellular physiology of three environmental parameters (acidification, oxidative stress, and milk heat treatments). In order to assess the uniqueness of our strain of interest, a system biology approach from genotype to phenotype was implemented to study the functional diversity of L. lactis subsp. lactis starters. A group of nine strains representative of the genetic diversity of this subpopulation was made up. 82 variables selected as important dairy features; including physiological descriptors, production of metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs); were monitored. This study demonstrated the phenotypic uniqueness of each of these genetically closely related strains, allowing strain discrimination in dairy products. To reduce the time-consuming experimentation, we developed a method of variable selection. Twenty VOCs were therefore identified as major phenotypic determinants of this diversity. They define four robust stain clusters depending on their metabolic orientations: lipolysis, proteolysis, glycolysis and unexpressed. Inclusion of genotypic diversity in addition to phenotypic characters led to adjust the functional classification by integrating strain unexpressed genotypic potentialities. Comparative proteomics analysis in milk identified protein markers of this specificity. After selecting a subset of forty-six proteins the three levels (genotype, phenotype and proteomics) involved in this diversity expression were integrated to provide a predictive classification of starter diversity.The Integration of our strain to this model enabled the identification of fourteen phenotypic determinants and seven proteins to explain ND5F specificity. The pentane-2,3-dione, a key aromatic compounds of this typicity was subjected to a comprehensive analysis to point out the different factors that may influence its synthesis. On a more applied aspect, the last part was focused on the signature modelling based on four industrial factors (milk fat and total solid level, oxygen and temperature) using the response surface methodology. It enabled to enhance the “creamy” organoleptic characteristics of the fermented products.

La législation européenne impose la recherche d'entérotoxines staphylococciques dans les fromages si le niveau de S. aureus est supérieur à 105 ufc/g. Dans cette optique, l'objectif de cette thèse était de fournir des éléments scientifiques pour contrôler S. aureus par biopreservation. Dans un premier temps, la croissance de S. aureus a été suivie dans des fromages fermiers AOC Saint-nectaire. Dans ces fromages les populations de S. aureus se multiplient essentiellement durant les six premières heures de fabrication pour atteindre un maximum à 24 h. En fromages au lait cru, leur croissance et leur niveau maximal dépendraient de la concentration initiale dans le lait, du pH (en particulier pH à 6 h), de la température, mais le rôle des communautés microbiennes n'a pas pu être mis en évidence. Dans un deuxième temps, les capacités inhibitrices de souches de Lactococcus lactis et de Lactococcus garvieae ont été évaluées en lait microfiltré. L. lactis subsp. lactis inhiberait la croissance de S. aureus par abaissement du pH mais aussi par production d'H2O2 pour certaines souches. Par contre, le pH ne serait pas responsable de l'inhibition de S. aureus par L. garvieae. La compétition pour des acides aminés ne semblerait pas impliquée dans l'inhibition par L. lactis puisque cette espèce en synthétise de grande quantité en lait. Même si la thréonine, la phénylalanine, la méthionine, l’isoleucine et la valine deviennent limitants dans la co-culture de S. aureus avec L. garvieae, cette carence ne serait pas responsable de l'inhibition puisque leur ajout ne lève pas l'inhibition. Cependant du peroxyde d'hydrogène (3 mmol/l) produit par L. garvieae en co-culture en milieu BHI serait responsable de l'inhibition. En milieu de laboratoire, l'inhibition de S. aureus par L. garvieae est effective durant les premières heures de culture et diminue en cours d'incubation. Elle augmente avec la concentration de L. garvieae. Elle est plus forte à 24°C qu'à 30°C. Le rôle de la catalase de S. aureus dans l'interaction avec L. garvieae reste à préciser / The European legislation imposes the staphylococcal search for enterotoxins in cheeses if the level of S. aureus is higher than 105 ufc/g. Accordingly, the objective of this thesis was to provide scientific data to control S. aureus by biopreservation.In a first, the growth of S. aureus was monitored in farm cheeses AOC Saint-Nectaire. In these cheeses the populations of S. aureus multiplied mainly during the first six hours of manufacture to reach a maximum to 24 h. Their growth and their maximum level would depend on the initial concentration in milk, on the pH (in particular pH at 6 h), on the temperature, but the role of the microbial communities could not be highlighted. In the second step, the inhibiting capacities of strains of Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus garvieae were evaluated in microfiltrated milk. L. lactis subsp. lactis would inhibit the growth of S. aureus by lowering the pH but also by the production of H2O2 for certain strain. On the other hand, the pH would not be responsible for the inhibition of S. aureus by L. garvieae. The competition for amino acids does not seem to be implied in inhibition by L. lactis since this species synthesis a great amount in milk. Even if threonine, phenylalanine, methionine, isoleucine and valin become limiting in the co-culture of S. aureus with L. garvieae, this would not be responsible for inhibition since their addition in milk does not raise inhibition. In laboratory medium the inhibition of S. aureus by L. garvieae was effective during the first hours of culture and decreases during incubation. It increased with the concentrations of L. garvieae. It was stronger at 24°C than at 30°C. It would be due to hydrogen peroxide (3 mmol/l) produced by L. garvieae in Co-culture in medium BHI. The role of the catalase of S. aureus in the interaction with L. garvieae remains to be specified

Lactococcus lactis est une espèce appartenant au groupe des bactéries lactiques, largement utilisées dans l’industrie pour leur capacité à produire de l’acide lactique au cours de la fabrication des produits laitiers fermentés. L’étude de la diversité globale de L. lactis ssp. lactis a été entreprise par l’intégration de données biologiques obtenues à partir d’analyses génétiques, génomiques, physiologiques, transcriptomiques et métaboliques. L’accès à la phylogénie de l’espèce par l’étude de la variabilité génétique du génome cœur par MLST (MultiLocus Sequence Typing) a permis de décrire deux groupes de souches : les souches environnementales, génétiquement très diverses, isolées de laits crus, de plantes ou d’animaux et les souches domestiquées, génétiquement très proches, isolées des levains utilisés dans l’industrie laitière. Malgré la perte de diversité génétique observée dans les souches domestiquées probablement associée à un processus de spécialisation à un environnement technologique, l’approche intégrative a permis de montrer que ce groupe présente une diversité génomique et fonctionnelle aussi importante que les souches environnementales. L’investigation des génomes de la sous-espèce lactis par la mesure de la taille des chromosomes et la caractérisation en nombre et en taille du contenu plasmidique, a révélé une variabilité de plus de 300 kb en capacité de codage génétique des souches domestiquées et environnementales. D’autre part, les souches domestiquées appartenant au biovar Diacetylactis ont montré des physiologies et des régulations métaboliques différentes, résultant en une production d’arômes de type diacetyl ou acétoïne variable selon la souche. Enfin, le séquençage du génome de la souche environnementale A12 isolée d’un levain de panification, et sa comparaison avec les 4 génomes actuellement séquencés de L. lactis a révélé un pangénome (ensemble des gènes de l’espèce) étendu, montrant que cette espèce offre un grand réservoir de diversité. Environ 20 % des gènes spécifiques de souches ont été mis en évidence témoignant des grandes capacités adaptatives de la sous-espèce. L’étude approfondie de la souche A12 par une analyse transcriptomique a permis de rendre compte des mécanismes impliqués dans l’adaptation d’une souche à un écosystème complexe / The Lactococcus lactis species belong to lactic acid bacteria group widely used for their ability to produce lactic acid in fermented dairy products. The study of the global diversity of L. lactis ssp. lactis was carry out by the integration of biological data obtained from genetic, genomic, physiological, transcriptomic and metabolic analyses. The genetic variability investigated by MLST (MultiLocus Sequence Typing) describe two strains groups according to their phylogeny : the “environmental” strains, displaying high genetic diversity and isolated from different natural environments such as raw milks, plants and animals and the “domesticated” strains, genetically closely related, isolated from starters in dairy industries. Despite the lost of genetic diversity in domesticated strains, probably associated to a specialisation process, the integrative approach showed a genomic and functional diversity as huge as in environmental strains. The characterization of chromosome size and plasmidic content of the lactis subspecies revealed a variation higher than 300 kb in genetic coding capacity for domesticated and environmental strains. Moreover, the domesticated strains belonging to the biovar Diacetylactis showed different physiologies and metabolic regulations resulting in variable amount of aroma produced according to the strains. Finally, the genome sequencing of the A12 strain isolated from sourdough bread and its comparison with 4 other L. lactis genomes already sequenced revealed a spread pangenome (all the genes of a species). Approximately 20 % of each genome correspond to strain specific genes, showing large adaptive capacities of the subspecies. The in-depth study of the A12 strain by transcriptomic analysis allows to highlight mechanisms involved in the adaptation of a strain to a complex ecosystem

Diploma thesis was focused on identification of lactic acid bacteria of species Lactococcus lactis and subspecies Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris using species and subspecies specific polymerace chain reaction (PCR). PCR method was used for identification of bacteria of species Lactococcus lactis in 10 samples of hard cheeses. The method of sample preparation was evaluated for hard cheeses with the aim to receive sufficient amount of cells for the preparation of crude cell lysates. Whole DNA in quality suitable for PCR was separated using magnetic microspheres P(HEMA-co-GMA) in the presence of polyethylenglycol (PEG 6000) and sodium chloride. DNA isolated by phenol extraction was used as control of DNA isolation. PCR was used to the analysis of 7 strains of Lactococcus lactis from Collection of dairy microorganisms Laktofora (CCDM). Altogether 5 or 2 strains were identified into subspecies Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, respectively.

Após a constatação da escassez de estudos realizados com vegetais crus na busca por novas estirpes de bactérias láticas (BAL) produtoras de bacteriocinas e diante do potencial tecnológico da aplicação destas cepas tanto como agentes de conservação em alimento, bem como cultura probiótica em alimentos funcionais, este estudo objetivou isolar e identificar cepas de bactérias láticas potencialmente bacteriocinogênicas de amostras de rúcula obtidas no comércio local de São Paulo, SP - Brasil, identificar e caracterizar as bacteriocinas produzidas pelos isolados e avaliar o potencial probiótico dos isolados testando sua sobrevivência no modelo dinâmico do trato gastrointestinal TNO gastro-Intestinal Model - TIM-1 disponível no TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) divisão Quality of Life (Zeist, Holanda). A produção de bacteriocinas neste modelo também foi avaliada, comparando-se com L. sakei 2a, também produtora de bacteriocinas e ainda avaliou-se a interferência na viabilidade de E. faecium LMA1. A cepa Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MK02R de rúcula produziu uma bacteriocina sensível à enzimas proteolíticas, termoestável e não influenciada pelo pH, sendo capaz de inibir Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus sakei, Listeria innocua, Lactobacillus delbrueckii e Listeria Monocytogenes de diferentes grupos sorológicos. Os ensaios genéticos utilizando primers Nisf e Nisr confirmaram que a bacteriocina MK02R é uma nisina, apresentando uma alteração dos aminoácidos no peptídeo líder em relação às nisinas A, Z, Q, F e U, porém com a estrutura do peptídeo maduro idêntica ao da nisina F. Estes resultados foram confirmados por espectrometria de massas de amostras purificadas por HPLC. L. lactis MK02R resistiu à passagem no modelo dinâmico TIM-1, apresentando uma alta capacidade de sobreviver nas condições simuladas do trato gastrointestinal humano. Entretanto, não foi capaz de causar a redução no número de E. faecium LMA1. Em contrapartida, L. sakei 2a, mesmo apresentando uma sobrevivência menor, foi capaz de causar uma redução de 70% na população de E. faecium LMA1 no ambiente simulado do TGI. Não foi detectada atividade residual da ação antimicrobiana das bacteriocinas produzidas por L. lactis MK02R ou L. sakei 2a após a passagem pelo modelo dinâmico TIM-1. Estes resultados evidenciam a possível aplicação de L. lactis MK02R como um agente de controle biológico na conservação de alimentos e também como uma cultura potencialmente probiótica. / Given the scarcity of studies performed with raw vegetables addressing the search for new bacteriocinogenic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and considering the technological application of these strains as food preservatives and probiotic cultures in functional foods, this study was aimed at isolation and identification of bacteriocinogenic LAB strains from samples of rocket salad obtained in the local market of São Paulo, SP - Brazil, subsequent characterization of the bacteriocins produced by these LABs and evaluation of their probiotic potential by testing their survival in the dynamic gastrointestinal model TNO gastro- Intestinal-Model - TIM-1, available at the TNO (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) Quality of Life division (Zeist, Netherlands). The studies in the TIM-1 model were also done with another bacteriocinogenic strain L. sakei 2a for comparison, evaluating their interference on the viability of E. faecium LMA1. The bacteriocin produced by strain Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MK02R isolated from rocket salad was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, heat-stable and not influenced by the pH. The bacteriocin inhibited the growth of Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus sakei, Listeria innocua, Lactobacillus delbrueckii the primers Nisf and Nisr indicated that the bacteriocin produced by the strain MK02R is a nisin, with a change in the amino acid sequence of the leader peptide when compared to nisin A, Z, Q, U and F, but with the structure of the mature peptide homologous to that of nisin F. These results were confirmed by mass spectrometry of purified samples obtained by HPLC. L. lactis MK02R withstood the test in the dynamic model TIM-1, presenting capability to survive in the simulated conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract. However, the strain was not able to cause a reduction in the number of E. faecium LMA1. On the other hand, L. sakei 2a, even presenting lower survival, was able to cause 70% reduction in the population of E. faecium LMA1 in the gut simulated environment. No residual antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin produced by L. lactis MK02R or L. sakei 2a was detected after the transit through the dynamic model TIM-1. These results demonstrate the possible application of L. lactis MK02R both as a biocontrol agent in food preservation and as a potentially probiotic culture.

L’utilisation de bactéries lactiques (BL), telle que Lactococcus lactis (LL), comme vecteur de transfert d’ADN, constitue une stratégie prometteuse dans la mesure où elles sont considérées sans risque pour la santé. Des souches sauvages (wt) ou recombinantes de LL ont été décrites comme capables de transférer un plasmide dans des cellules épithéliales in vitro et in vivo. Cependant, les mécanismes d'action grâce auxquels certaines souches de LL ont la capacité de transférer de l’ADN plasmidique sont toujours inconnus. C’est pourquoi, nous avons décidé de construire une nouvelle souche recombinante de LL exprimant l’internaline mutée (mlnlA,) à partir de la souche pathogène Listeria monocytogenes, de manière à comprendre par quel procédé l’ADN est transféré à des cellules eucaryotes. Nous avons détecté l’expression de mInIA par FACS et montré que la souche LLmInIA était plus invasive que la souche sauvage wt après co-incubation avec des cellules épithéliales intestinales (IECs) non confluentes ou polarisées. La microscopie confocale confirme ces propriétés d’invasivité de la souche LL-mLnLA capable de transférer plus efficacement le vecteur d’expression eucaryote codant pour l’allergène de la β-lactoglobuline, pValac :BLG, in vitro dans des IECs et dans des cellules dendritiques (DCs). La souche LL-mInIA a aussi la capacité de transférer le vecteur pValac:BLG à des DCs à travers une monocouche de IECs différenciées. Des essais in vivo montrent que des bactéries invasives du genre Lactococcus ont tendance à augmenter l’expression de BLG chez la souris. De plus, il est montré qu’une souche non invasive de LL, ou la souche invasive LL-mInIA, stimulent la sécrétion de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire IL-12 dans des DCs, et que, in vivo, après des essais d’immunisation oraux ou intra nasaux, la souche LL non invasive oriente la réponse immunitaire plutôt vers le type 1, alors que la souche LL invasive génère une réponse de type 2 chez des animaux immunisés. Tous ces résultats apportent un nouvel éclairage sur le mécanisme d’assimilation des lactocoques en tant que vecteurs de transfert de molécules actives. / The use of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), such as Lactococcus lactis (LL), as DNA delivery vehicles represents an interesting strategy as they are regarded as safe. Wild type (wt) LL or recombinant invasive LL, were able to trigger DNA expression by epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, important information about how LL can transfer DNA plasmids is still missing. Therefore, we decided to construct a new recombinant invasive LL strain expressing mutated Internalin A (mInlA) from the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to understand the manner by which the DNA is transferred to mammalian cells. mInlA expression was detected by FACS analysis and LL-mInlA strain showed to be more invasive than the wt strain after co-incubation assays with non-confluent or polarized intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Confocal microscopy confirmed the invasive status of LL-mInlA which demonstrated to deliver more efficiently the eukaryotic expression vector coding the allergen β-lactoglobulin, pValac:BLG, in vitro to IECs and to dendritic cells (DCs). LL-mInlA was also capable to transfer pValac:BLG to DCs across a monolayer of differentiated IECs. In vivo, invasive lactococci tended to increase the number of mice expressing BLG. Moreover, noninvasive or invasive LL-mInlA stimulated the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 in DCs and, in vivo, after oral or intranasal immunization trials, non-invasive LL polarized the immune response more in the type 1 direction while invasive LL generated a Th2-type response in immunized animals. All these data gives new insights on the mechanism of lactococci uptake for delivery of therapeutics.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-21T17:28:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Cabral Carvalhaes Costa - 2016.pdf: 10341450 bytes, checksum: d69f0e1071d7458b683222711b4b5e4b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-12-26T12:53:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Cabral Carvalhaes Costa - 2016.pdf: 10341450 bytes, checksum: d69f0e1071d7458b683222711b4b5e4b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-26T12:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Cabral Carvalhaes Costa - 2016.pdf: 10341450 bytes, checksum: d69f0e1071d7458b683222711b4b5e4b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Due to their antagonistic activity against undesirable microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a promising alternative for conservation and improvement of food safety. The aim of this work was isolate, from fresh Minas cheese, bacteriocin producing LAB with potential for use in biopreservation systems of dairy products. For this purpose, cheese samples were evaluated at the beginning and end of their shelf life and the isolation was performed by surface plating on MRS agar. The antimicrobial activity was verified by antagonism assay using Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 as indicators microorganisms. The selected LAB were submitted to the spot-on-the-lawn test, Gram stain, catalase and oxidase production and glucose metabolism in Hugh & Leifson broth. The occurrence of inhibition due to the production of organic acids and bacteriophages was discarded. The protein nature of antagonistic substances was confirmed by using proteases. After the well-diffusion assay, four LAB with satisfactory antagonistic activity against the indicators microorganisms were selected for identification by sequencing of the 16S RNA gene. All bacteria were identified as Lactococcus lactis. Based on antagonism assay, Lactococcus lactis QMF 11 was selected for use in co-inoculation studies with pathogens in pasteurized milk, kept at 8°C for 10 days. Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 was used as negative control for bacteriocin production. After incubation period, monocultures of Listeria monocytogenes reached 8 log cfu mL-1 and in the presence of Lactobacillus sakei ATCC its population achieved 7.3 log cfu mL-1. However, when co-inoculated with Lactococcus lactis QMF 11, Listeria monocytogenes counts were maintained at the initial inoculum levels, not surpassing 2.3 log cfu mL-1 at the end of analysis. Regarding to Staphylococcus aureus, in the end of the experiment, cultures counts were 5.4 log cfu mL-1 (monocultures), 5.0 log cfu mL-1 (co-inoculation with Lactobacillus sakei) and 4.7 log cfu mL-1 (co-inoculation with Lactococcus lactis QMF 11). Despite the lower growth inhibition in comparison with Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus growth was significantly affect (p < 0.005) by the presence of Lactococcus lactis QMF 11, indicating that this strain has potential for use as biopreservative culture in dairy products. / Devido à sua atividade antagonística contra micro-organismos indesejáveis, as bactérias ácido láticas (BAL) constituem uma alternativa promissora para a conservação e melhora da segurança de alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar, a partir de queijo Minas frescal, BAL produtoras de bacteriocinas com potencial para utilização em sistemas de bioconservação de produtos lácteos. Para tanto, amostras de queijo foram avaliadas no início e final de sua vida útil e o isolamento das BAL realizado por plaqueamento em ágar MRS. Verificou-se a atividade inibitória das bactérias pelo de ensaio de antagonismo em ágar usando Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 e Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 como micro-organismos indicadores. As BAL selecionadas nessa etapa foram submetidas aos testes spot-on-the-lawn, coloração de Gram, produção da catalase e oxidase e metabolismo da glicose em meio Hugh e Leifson. Descartou-se ocorrência de inibição pela produção de ácidos orgânicos e por bacteriófagos. A natureza proteica das substâncias antagonísticas foi confirmada utilizando-se proteases. Após realização do ensaio well diffusion, quatro BAL com atividade antagonística satisfatória frente aos micro-organismos indicadores utilizados foram selecionadas para identificação por sequenciamento do gene 16S do RNA. Todas foram identificadas como Lactococcus lactis. Com base nos testes de antagonismo, a cepa Lactococcus lactis QMF 11 foi selecionada para utilização no ensaio de co-inoculação com patógenos em leite pasteurizado mantido a 8oC por 10 dias. Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 foi usado como controle negativo para produção de bacteriocinas. Após o período de incubação, Listeria monocytogenes em monocultura atingiu 8 log UFC/mL e na presença de Lactobacillus sakei chegou a 7,3 log UFC/mL. Entretanto, quando co-inoculada com Lactococcus lactis QMF11, as médias das contagens do patógeno ao final do experimento não ultrapassaram 2,3 log UFC/mL. Em relação a Staphylococcus aureus, as contagens finais foram: 5,4 log UFC/mL (monocultura), 5,0 log UFC/mL (co-inoculado com L. sakei) e 4,7 log UFC/mL (co-inoculado com Lactococcus lactis QMF 11). Apesar da menor inibição do crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus, em comparação à Listeria monocytogenes, sua multiplicação foi significantemente afetada (p<0.005) pela presença de Lactococcus lactis QMF 11, indicando que a cepa tem potencial para uso como cultura bioconservadora em produtos lácteos.