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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

Oil palm expansion among Indonesian smallholders - adoption, welfare implications and agronomic challenges / Oil palm expansion among Indonesian smallholders - adoption, welfare implications and agronomic challenges

Euler, Michael 13 May 2015 (has links)
No description available.
162

Transpiration by oil palm and rubber plantations: refining methods and delineating differences

Niu, Furong 09 September 2016 (has links)
No description available.
163

Devenir des stocks de carbone organique des sols après déforestation et mise en culture : une analyse diachronique en contexte amazonien / Fate of soil organic carbon stocks after deforestation and cultivation : a diachronic approach in amazonian context

Fujisaki, Kenji 27 November 2014 (has links)
Le carbone organique des sols (COS) joue un rôle majeur dans le maintien des propriétés des sols, et constitue un important réservoir de carbone sensible aux perturbations anthropiques dont les changements d'usage ou de gestion des terres. En Amazonie, la déforestation libère des gaz à effet de serre (GES) par le brûlis de la végétation mais les stocks de COS sont également susceptibles d'évoluer et de contribuer aux émissions de GES. Nous montrons que ces variations de stocks sont cependant mal comprises à l'échelle du biome, en raison de l'approche par chrono-séquence qui induit de nombreuses incertitudes et du manque de données sur la gestion des agrosystèmes implantés après déforestation. L'étude a été conduite sur un site agronomique diachronique en Guyane, déboisé sans brûlis et avec des restitutions de biomasse forestière au sol, sur lequel ont été implantés 3 systèmes de culture : une prairie et deux systèmes maïs/soja avec ou sans travail du sol. L'objectif a été de déterminer le devenir du carbone forestier et du COS des agrosystèmes. Les fluctuations des stocks ont été mesurées jusqu'à 5 ans après déforestation dans la couche 0-30 cm, un bilan est proposé pour la couche 0-100 cm à 5 ans. La décomposition des débris de bois, apportés au sol suite à la déforestation, a été étudiée via leur perte de masse et leur caractérisation par pyrolyse Rock-Eval. La répartition granulométrique du COS a été mesurée 4 ans après déforestation. L'isotopie δ13C a été utilisée dans le sol sous prairie pour distinguer le carbone d'origine prairiale. L'apport de carbone issu de la déforestation a entrainé une augmentation des stocks de COS, mais de courte durée car les débris de bois se sont rapidement décomposés et n'ont pas induit de stockage durable de COS. Cinq ans après déforestation les stocks de COS sous prairie sont similaires à ceux observés sous forêt, grâce à des apports de carbone importants par les racines, alors que sous cultures les stocks diminuent d'environ 18 %, sans que l'on ait distingué un effet du travail du sol. La décroissance du carbone forestier, qui concerne l'ensemble des fractions granulométriques du sol, a donc été compensée par les apports de carbone sous prairie, ce qui n'est pas le cas sous cultures annuelles. Le modèle RothC a pu être validé dans notre situation même s'il a surestimé légèrement les stocks sous cultures. Nos résultats, replacés dans le contexte amazonien montrent que les diminutions de COS observées ici sont moins importantes que pour l'ensemble des tropiques humides, probablement en raison de la gestion optimale du site et de la courte durée du temps d'observation. / Soil organic carbon is a key component of soil quality, and represents a large part of the terrestrial carbon stock, sensitive to human perturbations including land-use change. In Amazonia, deforestation induces greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions due to vegetation burning, but SOC stocks also change, which can induce GHG emissions. We show that these changes are misunderstood at the biome scale, because of the chronosequence approach that induces uncertainties, and because of the lack of management data of the agrosystems established after deforestation. We studied here an agronomic trial with a diachronic approach in French Guiana, deforested with a fire-free method that returned large amount of forest organic matter. Three agrosystems were set up: a grassland and two annual crop systems (maize/soybean) with and without soil tillage. We aimed to measure the fate of forest carbon and of SOC in the agrosystems. SOC stocks fluctuations were assessed up to 5 years after deforestation in the layer 0-30 cm, and a comparison forest-agroecosystems in the layer 0-100 cm was done at 5 years. Decomposition of woody debris buried in the soil after deforestation was assessed by mass loss approach and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. SOC distribution in granulometric fractions was measured 4 years after deforestation. δ13C methods were used in the grassland soil to distinguish the carbon derived from forest or grassland. We found that carbon inputs from deforestation increased SOC stocks, but only at short-term because woody debris decomposition was fast and did not induce a mid-term SOC storage. Five years after deforestation SOC stocks in grassland are similar to the forest, thanks to carbon inputs from root activity. In the annual crops SOC stocks decrease of about 18 %, and no difference is found according to the soil tillage. The decay of forest soil carbon, which affected the whole granulometric fractions of SOC, is thus offset in grassland but not in annual crops. RothC model could be validated in our study, but slightly overestimated SOC stocks in annual crops. Replaced in the Amazonian context, our results showed that the SOC decrease here was lower than other studies across humid tropics. This can probably be explained by the optimal management of the agrosystems, and the short time lapse studied.
164

Estoques de carbono e nitrogênio do solo e fluxo de gases do efeito estufa em solos cultivados com pinhão manso (Jatropha spp.) / Carbon and nitrogen storage in soil and greenhouse gases emission in areas cultivated with Jatropha spp

Freitas, Rita de Cássia Alves de 12 August 2015 (has links)
O cultivo de pinhão manso é indicado como uma opção multi-propósito já que além de ser utilizado como matéria-prima para produção de biodiesel, reduzindo as emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) quando este biocombustível é utilizado em substituição aos combustíveis fósseis, também pode estocar C no solo. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de sequestro de C no solo em cultivos de pinhão manso, bem como as alterações na qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Para tanto, foram quantificados os estoques de C e N do solo e os fluxos de GEE em cultivos de pinhão manso. O cálculo das taxas de sequestro de C no solo foi efetuado pela diferença entre o acúmulo de C no solo e as emissões de GEE, expressos em C equivalente (C-eq). A qualidade da MOS foi avaliada por meio da análise isotópica, fracionamento físico, índice de manejo do C (IMC), grau de humificação (HFIL) e teores de C e N na biomassa microbiana. A conversão da vegetação nativa em agroecossistemas alterou a quantidade e composição da MOS nos biomas Cerrado, Mata Atlântica e Caatinga, especialmente nas camadas superficiais. O cultivo de pinhão manso manteve os teores e estoques de C e N do solo, independentemente do uso da terra anterior (pastagem, milho ou vegetação nativa), com tendência de aumento em função do tempo de cultivo da cultura. Adicionalmente, a análise isotópica do C e N demostrou que a partir de dois anos de cultivo do pinhão manso há mudanças na composição da MOS. As contribuições do C derivado dos resíduos vegetais do pinhão manso para o C total do solo atingiram 11,5% após 7 anos de cultivo, na camada 0-30 cm. O cultivo de pinhão manso aumentou os teores de C nas frações da MOS, o IMC e os teores de C e N da biomassa microbiana em função do tempo de implantação da cultura, o que evidencia o potencial de melhoria da qualidade da MOS desse sistema a longo prazo. O HFIL foi menor nas áreas de pinhão manso em relação à vegetação nativa, indicando que os incrementos nos teores de C nessas áreas estão associados ao aumento da matéria orgânica menos estável e que a preservação seletiva não é o principal mecanismo de acumulação de C em solos sob pinhão manso. Os fatores de emissão de N2O variaram de 0,21 a 0,46% para doses inferiores à 150 kg ha-1, sendo emitidos 0,0362 Mg ha-1 ano-1 de C-eq quando aplicada a dose média usual no cultivo de pinhão manso (75 kg ha-1 ano-1). O balanço anual entre o acúmulo de C no solo e a emissão dos GEE mostrou que o cultivo de pinhão manso por 7 anos produz saldo positivo, que significou um sequestro de 0,6 Mg ha-1 ano-1 em C-eq. O presente estudo é pioneiro no Brasil e os resultados gerados nesta pesquisa são base para a análise de ciclo de vida do pinhão manso como matéria prima para a produção de biodiesel. / Jatropha cultivation is pointed as a multipurpose option whether is used for biodiesel production reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions when replaces the need for fossil fuels, and also for storing C in the soil. The overall objective of this work was to evaluate the C sequestration potential of soil cultivated with Jatropha, as well as the variations in soil organic matter (SOM) quality. Therefore, C and N stocks were determined and GHG fluxes were measured in Jatropha cultivation. The difference between results from soil C storage and GHG emissions were used to calculate the C sequestration rates, defined as the C-equivalent (C-eq). SOM quality was assessed by isotopic analysis, physical fractioning, C management index (CMI), humufication degree (HFIL) and microbial C and N content. Land use change from native vegetation to agroecosystems altered the amount and composition of soil organic matter located in biomes of Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, especially within the surface layers. Jatropha cultivation preserved soil N and C stocks and contents, regardless of previous land use management (pasture, maize or native vegetation), proning to increase with cultivation time. Additionally, the isotopic analysis of C and N showed changes in SOM after two years with Jatropha cultivation. After 7 years of cultivation, the contribution of carbon derived from Jatropha residues to the total amount of the element stored within the 0-30 cm layer of soil reached 11.5%. The Jatropha cultivation increased the C contents in SOM, the CMI and microbial C and N contents along with cultivation time, which highlights the potential of Jatropha cultivation to improve SOM quality in the long term. HFIL of the areas with Jatropha cultivation showed lower values compared to the native vegetation. This indicates the increments of C contents for the areas planted with Jatropha are associated to the increase of the less stable portion of SOM and that the selective preservation is not the main mechanism responsible for C accumulation in soils under Jatropha cultivation. The N2O emission factors ranged from 0.21 to 0.46% for the doses up to 150 kg ha-1. Considering the average N fertilization rates applied annually in comercial Jatropha cultivation (75 kg ha-1 yr-1), the crop is responsible for the emission of 0.0362 Mg ha-1 yr-1 of C-eq. Moreover, the annual balance between soil C storage and GHG emission indicated that Jatropha cultivation for 7 years is able to contribute to the carbon sequestration accounting for 0.6 Mg ha- 1 yr-1 of C-eq stored in the soil. This study is pioneer in Brazil and the results generated in this research are basis for life cycle analysis of the Jatropha as a feedstock for biodiesel production in Brazil.
165

Fluxos de gases de efeito estufa do solo na sucessão vegetação nativa/pastagem na região Sudeste do Brasil / Greenhouse gas fluxes from soil in succession native vegetation / pasture in Southeastern Brazil

Diniz, Tatiana Rosa 23 September 2016 (has links)
A pecuária é considerada uma das principais fontes de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) no Brasil. Sua participação no inventario nacional de emissões de GEE está relacionada tanto à conversão da vegetação nativa em pastagens, com a perda de biomassa vegetal e modificações nas propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, quanto à participação dos próprios animais, através da eructação e da deposição de dejetos. A quantificação das emissões de GEE em sistemas agropecuários possibilita avaliar o grau de impacto dessa atividade sobre o ambiente. Grande parte dos estudos realizados para a quantificação das emissões dos dejetos do gado foi desenvolvido em regiões de clima temperado, porém faltam informações para as condições tropicais. No Brasil os fatores de emissão obtidos são menores que o valor default de 2% proposto pelo IPCC. Em vista ao grau de incerteza associado ao valor default para os dejetos animais, confirma-se a necessidade da determinação de fatores de emissão específicos, com o objetivo de conferir maior precisão aos inventários nacionais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram (i) avaliar os sistemas vegetação nativa e pastagem quanto aos fluxos de GEE provenientes das respectivas fontes: solo, fezes e urina do gado, com a finalidade de verificar suas contribuições específicas no total de GEE emitidos; (ii) determinar os fatores de emissão dos dejetos animais para a região edafoclimática da região sudeste do Brasil. Esse estudo foi realizado durante as estações seca e chuvosa, para avaliar também o efeito da sazonalidade na emissão de GEE. Foi utilizado câmaras estáticas fixadas ao solo para quantificação dos fluxos de CO2, CH4 e N2O, por um período de trinta dias em cada estação. Os fluxos diários de emissão de GEE provenientes dos dejetos apresentaram pico de emissão logo após sua aplicação, que perduraram apenas durante os primeiros dez dias amostrados. Os fatores de emissão do N2O calculados neste estudo também foram inferiores ao default, de 0,05% para a urina e 0,001% para as fezes na estação seca, e de 0,4% e 0,004% na estação chuvosa, respectivamente. O fator de emissão do CH4 calculado para as fezes do gado foi de 0,012 kg CH4 cabeça-1 ano-1 na estação seca e 0,004 kg CH4 cabeça-1 ano-1 na estação chuvosa. Os fluxos acumulados de CH4 e N2O gerados nesse estudo foram convertidos em CO2 equivalente, para efeito de comparação, para a contabilização da contribuição total de cada fonte na emissão de GEE. O solo sob vegetação nativa emitiu um total de 274 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, enquanto que na pastagem esse valor foi de 657 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, sem contabilizar os dejetos. Os dejetos contribuíram com 9.853 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, e quando somado um valor default para a eructação do gado, esse valor aumentou para 27.878 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1. Os resultados demonstram que a pastagem emite uma quantidade 2,5 maior de GEE para a atmosfera quando comparado com uma área de vegetação nativa. Além disso, verificou-se a influência da sazonalidade na emissão dos GEE e a importante contribuição dos dejetos no total das emissões contabilizadas para o sistema pastagem / Livestock is considered one of the main sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission in Brazil. Its contribution is related either to conversion of native vegetation in pasture areas, with changes in physical and chemical soil properties, consequently changing the GHG fluxes into the atmosphere, or by the decomposition of livestock manure. Most studies conducted to quantify emissions from livestock manure have been developed in temperate regions with still a lack of information for tropical conditions. In Brazil, emission factors obtained were lower than the default value of 2% proposed by IPCC. Due to the uncertainty degree associated with the default value for animal manure, confirms the need for determination of specific emission factors, in order to give greater precision to national inventories. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the systems native vegetation and pasture as the GHG fluxes from the respective sources: soil, faeces and cattle urine, in order to verify their specific contributions in the total GHG emissions; (ii) and determine the emission factors of animal manure. This study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons, to evaluate the effect of seasonality in GHG emissions. Static chambers fixed to the ground were used to quantify CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes for a period of thirty days in each season, with five replicates for each treatment. On each day of collection, sampling was performed at regular intervals (0, 10 and 20 minutes after chamber closure). The GHG emission daily flows from manure showed a peak of emission immediately after application, which lasted only during the first ten days sampled. The N2O emission factors calculated in this study were lower than the default, 0.05% for urine and 0.001% for faeces in the dry season, and 0.4% and 0.004% in the rainy season, respectively. The CH4 emission calculated factors for the cattle faeces were 0.012 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 in the dry season and 0.004 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 in the rainy season. The cumulative flows of CH4 and N2O generated in this study were converted into CO2 equivalent, for comparison, accounting for the total contribution of each source of GHG emissions. The soil under native vegetation issued a total of 274 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, while in the pasture this value was 657 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, not counting the manure. The manure contributed 9853 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, and when coupled with a default value for cattle belching, this value increased to 27,878 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1. The results demonstrate that the pasture emits 2.5-fold greater quantity of GHG when compared to a native vegetation area. In addition, there was the influence of seasonality on GHG emissions and the important contribution of waste in total emissions accounted for pasture system
166

Land use change and its effects on vegetation trends and fire patterns in Mediterranean rangelands

Sonnenschein, Ruth 07 June 2013 (has links)
Trockengebiete, die etwa 40% der globalen Landoberfläche abdecken, Lebensgrundlage für 2 Millionen Menschen bilden, einzigarte Biodiversität enthalten und wichtige Ökosystemdienstleistungen bereitstellen, sind beträchtlichem Druck durch Landnutzungs- und Klimawandel ausgesetzt. Die räumlichen Muster dieser Landnutzungsänderungen sowie deren Ursachen sind jedoch nur in Ansätzen verstanden. Fernerkundung kann Veränderungen großräumig beobachten, aber Methoden fehlen, um diese Veränderungen, die graduell und abrupt (z.B. Feuer) auftreten können, abzuleiten. Die Ziele dieser Dissertation waren die Entwicklung fernerkundlicher Methoden, um verschiedene Landnutzungsänderungen in mediterranen Ökosystemen zu quantifizieren und um den Einfluss verschiedener Landnutzungsprozesse auf das Feuerregime besser zu verstehen. Die griechische Insel Kreta wurde als Untersuchungsgebiet gewählt. Zuerst wurden basierend auf Trendanalysen von Landsatzeitreihen verschiedene Vegetationsmaße verglichen. Demnach führen einfache Vegetationsmaße zu ähnlich guten Ergebnissen und ermöglichen eine effiziente Beobachtung großer Gebiete. Anschließend wurden Veränderungstrajektorien abgeleitet, um graduelle und abrupte Prozesse zu unterscheiden und um zu analysieren, wie Landnutzungssysteme und Feuerregime sich auf Kreta ausgewirkt haben. Mittels einer statistischen Modellierung wurde der relative Einfluss von Landnutzungsprozessen auf das Feuerregime quantifiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten ein komplexes Muster von graduellen Vegetationsveränderungen und Feuern und deuten darauf hin, dass Feuer hauptsächlich vom Beweidungssystem abhängt. Feuer traten häufig am Fuße der Berge auf, wohingegen in den Berggebieten Vegetationszunahme vorherrscht. Die statistische Modellierung bestätigte, dass Extensivierung und Klima die Hauptursachen des kretischen Feuerregimes sind. So ist zu vermuten, dass sich das ehemals durch Brennmaterial limitierte Feuerregime zu einem trockenheitsgetriebenen entwickeln wird. / Drylands cover about 41% of the earth’s surface, sustain the livelihoods of 2 billion people, harbor unique biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services, but land use and climate change exert considerable pressure on these ecosystems. However, pattern and drivers of land use change are weakly understood. Remote sensing can monitor these changes for large areas but methods to detect both gradual and abrupt events like fires are missing. The main objectives of this thesis were to develop remote sensing based methods to better quantify the impact of land use change on fire-prone Mediterranean ecosystems, and to apply these methods to better understand the influence of different land use processes on fire regimes. The island of Crete (Greece) served as study region where diverging land use transformation are extensive, fires are frequent and environmental gradients are large. First, the trade-off between different vegetation estimates when using Landsat-based trend analyses was quantified. The results suggested that simple vegetation estimates perform equally well and thus, allow for effective mapping of large areas. Second, a trajectory change detection approach was applied to separate gradual changes from abrupt events and to answer the question how land use systems and fire regimes have affected Crete’s rangelands. Statistical modeling was then used to quantify the relative importance of land use processes in driving the fire regime. The results show that vegetation changes resulted in complex pattern of gradual changes and fires likewise. The fire regime appeared to be mainly driven by changing grazing systems. Fires were frequent in foothills whereas mountains showed increasing vegetation as a result of land abandonment. The statistical modeling confirmed that land extensification and climate are the primary drivers of fire regimes on Crete. The results suggest that the former fuel-limited fire regime will likely shift towards a drought-driven fire regime.
167

Monitoring land use change in the Brazilian rainforest and savanna with Landsat time series

Müller, Hannes 11 May 2016 (has links)
Die Abwägung von Wirtschaftswachstum, Nahrungsmittelsicherheit und Bewahrung natürlicher Ökosystemdienstleistungen ist eine der wesentlichen Herausforderungen für die heutige Gesellschaft. Diese Dissertation zielt darauf ab, mit Hilfe von zeitreihenbasierten Fernerkundungsmethoden den Status und die Veränderungen von Landnutzung, und Landbedeckung im brasilianischen Regenwald und der Savanne zu erfassen. Dabei wurde untersucht, inwieweit der Einsatz zeitlicher Information die Trennung von Ackerland, Weideland und natürlicher Vegetation in einer heterogenen Savannenlandschaft erleichtert. Im Anschluss wurden langfristige Zeitreihen von Satellitenbildern genutzt, um die historische Entwaldung und das Nachwachsen der Sekundärvegetation nachzuvollziehen. Der verfolgte Ansatz stellte deutlich den Mehrwert zeitlicher Information zur Trennung von Ackerland, Weideland und natürlicher Vegetation in den komplexen Landnutzungssystemen der Savannenlandschaften heraus. Die langzeitlichen Analysen zur Entwaldungsdynamik zeigten erstmals die Bedeutung der historischen Abholzung im Untersuchungsgebiet. Hier wurde die Hälfte aller Abholzung zwischen 1984-2012 vor dem Jahr 2000 registriert. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass auf bis zu 50% der Abholzungsflächen in Pará und maximal 25% der Abholzungsflächen in Mato Grosso Sekundärvegetation aufgewachsen ist. Die höheren Aufwuchsraten in Pará deuten auf eine geringere Bewirtschaftungsintensität der dominierenden Weidesysteme im Vergleich zu Mato Grosso hin. Zudem werfen die unterschiedlichen Dynamiken von Abholzungs- und Aufwuchsprozessen ein neues Licht auf die politischen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen der 90er Jahre, nach dem Zusammenbruch des Militärregimes. Darüber hinaus helfen die räumlich expliziten Informationen zur langfristigen Entwaldung und Wiederaufwuchs dabei, die Schätzungen der regionalen Kohlenstoffbilanz zu verfeinern und Kernbereiche für die Wiederherstellung der Landschaft zu identifizieren. / Reconciling trade-offs between economic growth, food security and ecosystem services is one of the major challenges for today’s society. This dissertation aims to monitor status and changes of land use and land cover (LULC) in the Brazilian rainforest and savanna employing time series-based analysis of Landsat imagery. First, it was investigated how temporal information facilitates the separation of cropland, pasture and natural vegetation in a heterogeneous savanna landscape of the Brazilian Cerrado. Second, a long-term record of satellite imagery was used to uncover historic deforestation and regrowth processes. Outcomes of the LULC assessment demonstrated a high additional value of temporal information for separating cropland, pasture and natural vegetation in complex land use systems of savanna landscapes. In regard to the long-term deforestation analysis (1984-2012), spatio-temporal clearing patterns emphasized the relevance of historical deforestation with half of the overall deforestation being detected before 2000. Investigating post-deforestation regrowth dynamics, results revealed secondary vegetation on up to 50% of the deforested area in Pará and a maximum of 25% in Mato Grosso. Higher regrowth rates in Pará indicated a lower management intensity on the dominating pasture systems compared to Mato Grosso. Differences in historic deforestation and regrowth dynamics shed a new light on possible impacts of political incentives in the 90s after the collapse of the military regime in 1984. In this context, the results set a valuable basis to investigate the influence of proximate and underlying drivers on land change in the region. Spatially explicit information on long- term deforestation and regrowth dynamics further allows to refine estimates on the regional carbon balance and to identify core areas for landscape restoration.
168

USO E OCUPAÇÃO DO SOLO COMO PARÂMETROS DE INDICADORES AMBIENTAIS DE SUSTENTABILIDADE: MICRORREGIÃO MEIA PONTE (REGIÃO SUL DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS)

Pereira, Rodrigo Magalhães 19 December 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGO MAGALHAES PEREIRA.pdf: 16772038 bytes, checksum: 6649798daf9fd46f6c7eb9565b75dfc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-19 / The MicroregionMeia Ponte plays an important role in the economy of Goiás, mainly related to agricultural production. Located in southern Goiás, it is linked to the capital by BR - 153, being the heavy traffic roads and other infrastructure vehicles connected to the agricultural sector. From the 21 counties that comprise the micro Itumbiara is highlighted, in 2009 occuping the sixth place in the ranking of municipalities of Goiás. This economic strength is based primarily on the strong development of sugarcane monoculture. However, the ways in which classes are configured for use and occupation reveals disparities. Reflecting on sustainability (balancing social, environmental and economic), note the discrepancy between these themes, as the remnants of the cerrado in the municipality occupies a tiny percentage as the use classes agriculture and pastures occupy more than 90% of the land area Itumbiara, revealing economic interests above the conservation / preservation of the natural environment. Understanding this spatial practice is fundamental to understand how the use and occupation of land enables establish parameters of sustainability indicators. / A microrregião Meia Ponte possui um importante papel na economia goiana, principalmente relacionado à produção agropecuária. Situado no sul goiano eligado a capital, através da rodovia BR 153 essa região, apresenta intenso tráfego de caminhões e outros veículos ligados a infraestrutura do setor agropecuário.Dos 21 municípios que compõem a microrregião, Itumbiara é o destaque, ocupou em 2009 o sexto lugar no ranking dos Municípios goianos. Essa pujança econômica baseia-se, principalmente, no forte desenvolvimento da monocultura canavieira. Porém, as formas como estão configuradas as classes de uso e ocupação do solo, revelam as disparidades. Refletindo sobre sustentabilidade (equilíbrio entre social, ambiental e econômico), nota-se a discrepância entre esses temas, pois os remanescentes do cerrado no município ocupam um percentual ínfimo, enquanto as classes de uso da agricultura e pastagens ocupam mais de 90% da área territorial de Itumbiara, revelando os interesses econômicos acima da conservação/preservação do ambiente natural. Compreender essa prática espacial é fundamental para entender como o uso e a ocupação do solo possibilita estabelecer parâmetros de indicadores de sustentabilidade, objetivo central desta dissertação.
169

No caminho dos antigos: agricultura de corte-e-queima e intensificação agrícola em populações quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira, SP / On the old ones\'track: shifting cultivation and agricultural intensification on quilombola populations at the Ribeira Valley, SP

Pedroso Junior, Nelson Novaes 05 September 2008 (has links)
A agricultura de corte-e-queima é praticada há milhares de anos nas áreas florestadas do planeta, principalmente nas regiões tropicais. Muitos estudos atestam a sustentabilidade desses sistemas quando praticados tradicionalmente e sob baixas densidades populacionais, mantendo, ou mesmo, promovendo a biodiversidade local e garantindo a subsistência de milhões de pessoas pobres rurais. No entanto, é crescente na literatura acadêmica e no debate político o papel que a agricultura de corte-e-queima vem desempenhando no desmatamento e demais impactos ambientais e sócio-econômicos. Esse processo é conseqüência das mudanças no uso do solo, intensificação agrícola e aumento demográfico que estão alterando as práticas e comprometendo a sustentabilidade desses sistemas agrícolas tradicionais. No Vale do Ribeira, sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, comunidades quilombolas têm sofrido um processo acelerado de mudanças nos seus padrões de subsistência. Dessa forma, esse estudo traz uma revisão da literatura sobre a agricultura de corte-equeima com o objetivo de traçar um panorama geral do que foi produzido até o momento, identificar as principais correntes teóricas envolvidas e apontar as alternativas propostas para sua manutenção. Em seguida, são caracterizados o perfil demográfico e sócio-econômico de nove comunidades quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira e identificados os principais fatores responsáveis pelas mudanças recentes nos seus padrões de subsistência. Por fim, é feita uma análise etnográfica, através de informações levantadas em três comunidades quilombolas pré-selecionadas, para a caracterização das atividades agrícolas praticadas atualmente e no passado recente, bem como o processo de mudanças ocorridas e os impactos causados no sistema agrícola de corte-equeima. Os resultados mostram que as restrições impostas pela legislação ambiental, os conflitos de terra, a construção de uma rodovia na região, a crescente inserção no mercado regional, e a atuação de órgãos governamentais e não-governamentais de desenvolvimento são os principais fatores responsáveis pelas mudanças observadas no sistema agrícola de corte-e-queima e, conseqüentemente, na organização socioeconômica destas populações. / Slash-and-burn agriculture has been practiced for thousands of years in the forests around the world, especially in the tropics, where it provides for the livelihood of countless poor rural populations. Many studies claim that slash-andburn agriculture is sustainable when performed under conditions of low human demographic density, maintaining or even increasing local biodiversity. However, it is growing in the academic literature, as well as in development debates, the concern regarding the role that this system has been playing in the deforestation of the planet´s tropical forests. This process appears to be closely linked to changes in land use patterns (agricultural intensification) and urban and rural demographic growth. In Ribeira Valley, State of São Paulo, Quilombola communities have had a significant increase of changes in their subsistence system. On the thread of these concerns, this study presents a critical review of the international and national academic literature on slash-and-burn agriculture. Thus, this review intends to draw a broad scenario of the current academic debate on this issue, as well as to identify the main alternatives strategies proposed to maintain or replace this cultivation system. Following this study aims to characterize the socioeconomic and demographic profile of nine Quilombola populations in the Ribeira Valley, and to identify the main factors responsible for the recent changes in their subsistence system. Por fim, an ethnographic analysis is done, through informations gathered in three pre-selected Quilombola communities, to characterize the agricultural activities practiced nowadays and in the recent past, besides the change process and impacts on the slash-and-burn agriculture. The results show that restrictions imposed by environmental laws, conflict over land, the construction of a major road in the region, the growing insertion into a market economy, and the intervention of governmental and nongovernmental development agencies are the main factors behind the changes observed in the subsistence system and, consequently, in the socioeconomic organization of these populations.
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Dinâmica da produção de alimentos no bioma pampa / Food production dynamic in the pampa biome

Oliveira, Tamara Esteves de January 2015 (has links)
Esse estudo analisou a dinâmica da produção de alimentos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e suas consequências para as alterações nas áreas de pastagens naturais no Bioma Pampa. Para tanto, foram analisadas as mudanças no uso da terra nos municípios conforme os Censos Agropecuários de 1975, 1985, 1995/1996 e 2006 e da produção de alimentos de acordo com os relatórios de produção agrícola e pecuária municipais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Para analisar as variações na área das culturas e quantidade produzida foi calculado um índice de crescimento relativo. Os municípios foram ordenados conforme a área das categorias em seu território e sua localização por Escalonamento Multidimensional Não Métrico (NMDS). A influência do bioma sobre o uso da terra foi analisada por ENVIFIT e a diferença entre as categorias por PERMANOVA, no software R. No Bioma Pampa ocorreu um decréscimo de 26% nas pastagens naturais desde 1975, apresentando decréscimo de até 12.5%, entre 1975 e 1985. Destacam-se as taxas das lavouras e matas artificiais, em que para lavouras temporárias, apresentaram um crescimento considerável de 1985 para 2005. A influência do Bioma Pampa na composição das categorias de uso da terra manteve-se entre 14 e 15%, havendo diferença entre municípios localizados no Bioma Pampa em todos os anos analisados. Ao longo do tempo foi possível observar uma movimentação significativa das lavouras temporárias e das matas artificiais que principalmente entre 1995 e 2005 começam a integrar a paisagem do bioma. Para enfrentar o desafio de manter atividades agroecológicas em biomas ameaçados o Brasil deve investir em fiscalização, desenvolvendo sistemas de monitoramento capazes de detectar sutis alterações no uso da terra. Por outro lado, a produção de alimentos nesse estado apresentou crescimento na quantidade produzida. Foi observado um crescimento elevado na quantidade produzida de soja, sendo distribuição homogênea em todo o estado. O arroz apresentou redução na quantidade produzida no norte do estado e uma concentração expressiva nas regiões sul e fronteira oeste do estado. Os bovinos mantiveram seu rebanho estável com grande concentração na fronteira oeste. A silvicultura apresentou crescimento em praticamente todo estado, estando sua produção centrada na região sudeste do estado. As lavouras analisadas contribuíram para o PIB do estado e são capazes, hoje e no futuro, de suprir as demandas calóricas do Rio Grande do Sul em caso de necessidades, caso sejam mantidas as características atuais do agronegócio gaúcho. Dessas culturas, a soja foi a que mais disponibilizou calorias e retorno financeiro ao estado, sendo capaz de suprir a demanda local e oferecer excedentes para a exportação. Em todas as culturas, com exceção do milho, o aumento da quantidade de calorias disponibilizadas esteve relacionado ao aumento da área plantada, demandando maiores investimentos e incentivos ao incremento do rendimento das culturas. / This study analyzed the food production dynamics in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and its consequences for the changes in the natural grassland areas in the Pampa Biome. To this end, data for land use in the municipalities of Pampa Biome were collected from the Agricultural Censuses of 1975, 1985, 1995/1996 and 2006 as well as the food production data presented at the municipal agricultural and livestock reports published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). To analyze the dynamics of the natural grasslands area of natural pastures, the micro-regions were compared every 10 years, the relative growth rate. The comparison between the municipalities was made by the adjusted mean the area allocated for the categories of land use. All municipalities were ranked as the area of the categories in its territory and its location by Multidimensional Scaling Not Metric (NMDS). The influence of the biome on land use was analyzed by ENVIFIT and the difference between the categories by PERMANOVA in Pampa Biome R. In software, there was a 26% decrease in natural pastures since 1975, presenting decrease of up to 12.5% between 1975 and 1985. Noteworthy are the rates of crops and artificial forest in which to temporary crops showed considerable growth from 1985 to 2005. The influence of the Pampa biome in the composition of land use categories remained between 14 and 15%, with significant differences between municipalities in the Pampa biome in all the years analyzed. Over time, it observed a significant movement of temporary crops and artificial forests that mainly between 1995 and 2005 begin to integrate the biome landscape. To face the challenge of maintaining agro-ecological activities threatened biomes in Brazil should invest in surveillance, developing monitoring systems capable of detecting subtle changes in land use. Moreover, the production of food in this state showed an increase in the amount produced. High growth for soy produced, being homogeneously distributed across the state was observed. Rice declined on the amount produced in the northern state and a significant concentration in the south and west of the state border. Cattle kept its stable herd with great concentration on the western border. Forestry grew in almost every state, with its production centered in the southeastern region of the state. The crops analyzed contributed to the state's GDP and are able, today and in the future, to meet the caloric demands of Rio Grande do Sul in the event purposes, if the current features of the gaucho agribusiness are maintained. These crops, soybean was the one that provided calories and financial return to the state, being able to meet local demand and provide surplus for exports. In all crops, except corn, increasing the amount of calories available was related to the increased planted area, requiring greater investments and incentives to increase crop yields.

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