As unidades de conservação (UC) são áreas com características naturais relevantes, com limites definidos e com o objetivo de proteção e preservação da natureza, sendo admitido apenas o uso indireto dos seus recursos naturais, o qual deve compatibilizar a conservação da natureza com o uso sustentável de parcela dos seus recursos naturais. As áreas em volta das UCs são estratégicas para a proteção da biodiversidade e para o desenvolvimento sustentável da população local. Entretanto, é necessário que hajam restrições e limites ao uso e ocupação do solo nos locais da circunvizinhança, para reduzir a influência dos impactos negativos na biodiversidade das áreas protegidas. O objetivo do presente estudo é fornecer embasamento técnico para a determinação de critérios que definam a extensão, o uso e a ocupação da zona de amortecimento (ZA) do Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR). Para isto foram elaborados critérios que definem: a) a extensão da zona de amortecimento e b) a utilização da zona de amortecimento. A definição da extensão da zona de amortecimento do PETAR baseou-se na delimitação das microbacias hidrográficas cujos cursos de água drenam para dentro do parque e na aproximação dos vetores antrópicos ao limite do parque. Os critérios que definiram o uso e ocupação da paisagem na zona de amortecimento foram baseados na vulnerabilidade à erosão do solo. Conclui-se que a zona de amortecimento de 10 quilômetros contempla os critérios aqui usados, abrangendo o limite das microbacias hidrográficas e os grandes fragmentos florestais. Entretanto a qualidade do parque está ameaçada pela expansão da agricultura, mineração, extração ilegal de palmito e silvicultura. A expansão dessas atividades ocorre de forma irregular em áreas de alta vulnerabilidades à erosão e coloca em risco a manutenção da qualidade do bioma protegido. / Conservation Units (UC) are areas with relevant natural features, with limits defined and with the goal of protecting and preserving nature, being admitted only the indirect use of its natural resources, which should reconcile nature conservation with the use sustainable portion of their natural resources. The areas around the UC are strategic to the protection of biodiversity and the local sustainable development of the population. However, it is necessary that there are restrictions and limits on the use and occupation of land in the surroundings, to reduce the influence of negative impacts on biodiversity in protected areas. The aim of this study is to provide a technical foundation for the determination of criteria that define the extent, use and occupancy of the buffer zone (BZ) of the Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park (PETAR). To this were developed criteria that define: a) the extent of the buffer zone and b) the use of the buffer zone. The definition of the extent of the buffer zone PETAR was based on the delineation of watersheds whose rivers drain into the park and approximation of the antropic vectors to the park boundary. The criteria that defined the use and occupancy of the landscape in the buffer zone were based on the vulnerability to soil erosion. It is concluded that the buffer zone of 10 km covers the criteria used here, covering the source of watersheds and large forest fragments. However the quality of the park is threatened by expanding agriculture, mining, illegal harvesting for palm-heart and forestry. The expansion of these activities occurs irregularly in areas of high vulnerability to erosion and can endanger the maintenance of the quality of the biome protected.

To this date, little research has been done evaluating the quality of wildlife habitat provided by open space in residential areas. Quality wildlife habitat for the purposes of this study is defined as those areas which contain the physical and biological characteristics necessary to support native wildlife species of the region. This thesis critiqued a wildlife habitat assessment method used in a nationwide study of residential open space for the purpose of better understanding the research conducted by the study and to inform similar, future habitat evaluations of landscapes altered by human activity to accommodate residential land use. The methodology critiqued was a low resolution, habitat based, rapid assessment. The methodology provided information on the ecological function of the open space in each development and related that information to individual wildlife species needs to provide an estimation of habitat quality. However, an increase in sampling frequency and additional data collection would have improved the assessment.

Bibliography: leaves 103-106. This research is concerned with rural land sharing communities in South Australia. The state's planning system is examined to see what mechanisms it possesses for dealing with communal or any other unconventional development, and what the main planning constraints are. A case study of an actual development application for a rural land sharing community is examined.

This thesis deals with appropriate legislation concerning common utilities, such as infra-structural facilities and natural resources, which can regulate construction, maintenance, use and financing. Appropriate legislation can be viewed in the two main perspectives, effi-ciency and equity, and the thesis concerns primarily on efficiency. The purpose is to develop an analytical model, which can be used to facilitate structured assessments concerning the management of common utilities. The problem field concerned is of great complexity, and the model is therefore to be viewed as a support for decision-making, not as an instrument capable of delivering ready-made solutions. To structure the problem area it’s divided into three parts, the social, physical and institu-tional environments. The social environment is concerned with factors, such as group size and amount of trust and social capital, which can influence the feasibility of co-operation. The analysis leads to a classification of three social groups: Close-knit, loosely-knit and anonymous. The physical environment is concerned with characteristics of utilities, which influences need for, and feasibility of, co-operation. Rivalry of use and excludability are identified as important factors in this aspect. By combining them six types of goods can be identified: Private goods, club goods, common pool resources, toll goods, public goods and local pub-lic goods. The institutional environment is concerned with rules, which can control the use of com-mon utilities. Two concepts are identified as pivotal: property rights regimes and decision-making procedures. There are four property rights regimes: Individual rights, group rights, public rights (limited and unlimited) and no rights. Furthermore there are three decision-making procedures: Market regulation, group decision-making and public decision-making. A fourth possibility is no decision making-forum. By linking together social groups and types of goods a matrix is obtained in which each square represents a unique combination of social and physical environment. In this analyti-cal framework it is analysed which combinations of property rights regimes and decision-making procedures that are best suited to each square. In the end, Swedish legislation on roads, water and sewerage installations and aesthetic design of buildings is analysed with aid of the analytical model. / QC 20100825

Land degradation is one of the most important drivers of landscape change around the globe. This dissertation examines land use-land cover change within a mosaic landscape in Eastern Terai, India, and shows evidence of anthropogenic factors contributing to landscape change. Land use and land cover change were examined within the Alipurduar Subdivision, a representative of the Eastern Terai landscape and the Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary, a protected area nested within Alipurduar through the use of multi-temporal satellite data over the past 28 years (1978 - 2006). This study establishes the potential of remote sensing technology to identify the drivers of landscape change; it provides an assessment of how regional drivers of landscape change influence the change within smaller local study extents and provides a methodology to map different types of grassland and monitor their loss within the region. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and a Normalized Difference Dry Index (NDDI) were found instrumental in change detection and the classification of different grasslands found inside the park based on their location, structure, and composition. Successful spectral segregation of different types of grasslands and their direct association with different grassland specialist species (e.g., hispid hare, hog deer, Bengal florican) clearly showed the potential of remote sensing technology to efficiently monitor these grasslands and assist in species conservation. Temporal analysis provided evidence of the loss of dense forest and grasslands within both study areas with a considerably higher rate of loss outside the protected area than inside. Results show a decline of forest from 40% in 1978 to 25% in 2006 across Alipurduar. Future trends project forest cover and grassland within Alipurduar to reduce to 15% and 5%, respectively. Within the Alipurduar, deforestation due to growth of tea industry was the primary driver of change. Flooding changed the landscape, but more intensely inside the wildlife preserve. Change of the river course inside Jaldapara during the flood of 1968 significantly altered the distribution of grassland inside the park. Unless, the direction of landscape change is altered, future trends predict growth of the tea industry within the region, increased forest loss, and homogenization of the landscape.

Global warming and climate change is believed to increase the hydro-meteorological natural disasters. Floods, the most widespread of natural hazards, are expected to occur more frequently and severely in the near future. This means that urban areas of Turkey are likely to be under intensive threat of floods, the adverse impacts of which are already considered only next to that of earthquakes. The recent disaster policy of United Nations together with contemporary interpretations of risk society shifted to capacity building and risk management prior to hazards, rather than preparations for relief after disasters. This historical turn in policy demands a more comprehensive and integrated form of planning for the mitigation of risks in the riverain cities of Turkey than existing approaches. Turkey&amp / #8217 / s current flood protection structure seems to be based on the surveys and assessments of a central authority and on its limited powers of intervention. The local municipal administrations are under different interests and pressures for development and land-use. It seems essential to integrate flood risk mitigation efforts with the local planning system and to involve municipalities in their estimations of risks and its declaration on official duty, as contemporary international approaches indicate. This conviction is based on a sample survey of four cases of riverine cities in Turkey, and on a review of current approaches in a sample of international cases. Findings on four riverain case cities indicate that river floods turn into destructive disasters mainly due to tolerant land-use decisions. Inaccurate and discrete implementations and developments in and through the river basins are a second source of flood losses. Currently, neither urban development plans nor available flood plans are equipped with necessary measures to mitigate risks. Findings indicate that current vulnerabilities are greater in value than investments made to curb flood risks. Independent and discrete efforts of mitigation seem to generate illusory feelings of safety, which aggravates vulnerabilities. The compulsory declaration of flood vulnerabilities by municipalities themselves in their entitlement for special subsidies could raise the general level of awareness, could curb further vulnerabilities, and contribute to the articulation of planning methods in the more effective mitigation control.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

No description available.

At a general level, the intent of this thesis is to make a contribution to the increasing body of research on tourism planning as well as collaboration in natural resource management. At a more specific level this thesis looks at the level of tourism collaboration occurring within British Columbia's Land and Resource Management Planning Processes. Because of its great beauty and natural diversity, tourism and outdoor recreation have emerged as two of BC's fastest growing industries (Tourism BC 1996). However, tourism is only one of many competing forms of large scale development that are placing ever-increasing pressure on BC's lands and resources. In response to this pressure and resultant conflicts, the BC government has developed a strategy for shared decision making processes (SDM). A key element of the strategy is to encourage and support public participation in land use planning processes. This is to occur through collaboration and shared decision-making processes that bring together government and stakeholders to negotiate consensus agreements on land and resource management issues. Adherence to the SDM processes should therefore lead to more meaningful and effective participation by tourism (Williams et. al. 1998). This thesis analyzes the degree of collaboration within one of these SDM processes, specifically the Robson Valley Land and Resource Management Planning Process, from a tourism perspective. Based on theory and practical examples of community tourism collaboration, a case study interview questionnaire was designed and administered to nine public and one government participant from the Robson Valley LRMP process. The study of the Robson Valley case highlights linkages between the practical realities of a public land use planning process that is explicitly based upon the concepts of collaboration and the theoretical elements of collaborative planning for tourism. The results of the research indicate that while there are many opportunities for collaboration in an LRMP, institutional and situational obstacles can hinder it. These obstacles, include; imbalances of power at the table, lack of resources and government support for participation, and lack of recognition by powerful and controlling sectors of their interdependencies with other land use interests. They can be significant enough for tourism to be dis-satisfied with the outcomes of the process and to lose trust with the government over its control of the process.

Ūkinės veiklos ilgalaikiam planavimui arba žemės naudojimo pakeitimų įteisinimui būtina rengti teritorijų planavimo dokumentus. Utenos apskrityje tokiais dokumentais yra apskrities ir savivaldybių teritorijų bendrieji planai, specialieji planai ir detalieji planai. Specialieji planai yra parengti saugomų teritorijų tvarkymui. Be to, jiems priskiriami žemėtvarkos planavimo dokumentai: žemės reformos žemėtvarkos projektai, žemės paėmimo visuomenės poreikiams projektai, žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektai, žemės konsolidacijos projektai, kaimo plėtros žemėtvarkos projektai. Magistro baigiamajame darbe buvo analizuojami Utenos rajono bendrojo plano sprendiniai, žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektai ir kaimo plėtros žemėtvarkos projektai ūkininko ūkio sodybos vietai parinkti. Pagrindiniai Utenos apskrities ir Utenos rajono savivaldybės bendrojo plano sprendiniai apima urbanistinės sistemos planavimą, gamtinio karkaso planavimą, žemės naudojimo planavimą, nustatant žemės naudojimo zonas ir jų reglamentus. Be to, pateikiamos rekomendacijos žemės ūkio gamybos specializavimui ir žemės ūkio paskirties žemės naudojimui. Išnagrinėjus žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektus nustatyta, kad daug jų rengiami siekiant padalinti žemės ūkio paskirties žemės sklypus. Tačiau yra atvejų, kai toks dalijimas neatitinka metodinių reikalavimų formuoti žemės ūkio veiklai pritaikytas ūkių žemėvaldas. Išnagrinėjus kaimo plėtros žemėtvarkos projektus Utenos apskrityje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / For long-term planning of economic activity or validation of land use changes, it is necessary to prepare spatial planning documents. In Utena county such documents are general plans, specific plans and detailed plans of county and municipal areas. Specific plans are prepared for managing of protected areas. In addition, they include such land-use planning documents as: land-use projects of the land reform, projects of land expropriation for public needs, projects of land plots formation and readjustment, land consolidation projects, rural development land-use projects. In this master thesis there were analyzed Utena district general plan solutions, land plots formation and readjustment projects and rural development land-use projects of choosing location of farm homestead for farmers. The main solutions of general planning of Utena county and Utena district’s municipality include urban system planning, nature framework planning and land use planning by identifying land use zones and their regulations. In addition, recommendations on agricultural production specialization and agricultural land use were drawn. After examining of land plots formation and readjustment projects, it was found that many of them were prepared for subdivision of agricultural land parcels. However, there were cases when such subdivision did not meet the methodological requirements for formation of farm land tenures adapted for agricultural activities. After examining of rural development land-use... [to full text]