Destruction of ecosystems and infrastructure can be caused by melting of massive ice within permafrost. To predict potential melting caused by natural and human disturbance, we need to know the nature and origin of massive ice deposits. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the nature of massive ice in coarse-grained sediments that accepted theories suggest should not occur. / Degradation of ice-rich granular resources is expensive and difficult to rehabilitate and can cause developmental thermokarst, overestimation of granular resources, disturbance of wildlife habitat and create conflicts with traditional land uses. / To locate massive ice we used a resistivity geophysical technique and to characterize the ice we used geochemical, petrographic and stratigraphic techniques. The resistivity technique detected bodies of massive ice and ice-rich sediments and coarse-grained sediments at high resolutions and laboratory analysis reveal that the ice was of glacial origin. / These findings indicate that massive ice of glacial origin occurs in coarse-grained sediments in permafrost. The techniques used in this study could form the basis of a predictive model of massive ice occurrence.

This Thesis focuses on the anthropogenic geomorphology in the vicinity of eight selected castles in the Bohemia region. The first part of study gathers information about already known archaeological features in the castle areas or hinterland. The first step of the survey uses LIDAR data combined with both historical and contemporary maps. Next, a surface survey helped to prove the existence of selected archaeological features, mark their location and get their written description and photographic documentation. Thanks to the information collected this way, we can possibly interpret former use of the features, as well as their origins in relation to the existence of the castle itself. The last part evaluates efficiency of the used method and reflects of the state of the examined castles areas and surroundings. Key-words: Medieval archaeology - Non-destructive methods - LIDAR - Castle - Anthropogenic landforms

This Thesis focuses on the anthropogenic geomorphology in the vicinity of eight selected castles in the Bohemia region. The first part of study gathers information about already known archaeological features in the castle areas or hinterland. The first step of the survey uses LIDAR data combined with both historical and contemporary maps. Next, a surface survey helped to prove the existence of selected archaeological features, mark their location and get their written description and photographic documentation. Thanks to the information collected this way, we can possibly interpret former use of the features, as well as their origins in relation to the existence of the castle itself. The last part evaluates efficiency of the used method and reflects of the state of the examined castles areas and surroundings. Key-words: Medieval archaeology - Non-destructive methods - LIDAR - Castles - Anthropogenic landforms

Syftet med arbetet är att kartlägga geomorfologin och landskapsutvecklingen i Sarekområdet med hjälp av LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data. LiDAR är en metod för fjärranalys som kan används i syfte att kartlägga markytan utan vegetation som störmoment. Datan erhölls från Lantmäteriet och har en punkttäthet på 1 punkt per kvadratmeter. Denna data bearbetas i GIS (ArcMap) för att skapa en terrängskuggning. Området för karteringen ligger strax sydöst om Sarekmassivet, vid vilket den senaste istiden tros ha dragit sig tillbaka emot. Tidigare kartering av området har gjorts av bland annat Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning där karteringen baserats på traditionella metoder som fältobservationer och flygfotoanalyser. Detta projekt bidrar till en ny kartering av en del av Sarekområdet. Där användning av LiDAR fått tidigare icke-karterade landformer att framkomma. Landformernas utseenden genom bearbetning av LiDAR uppvisas. Baserat på dessa landformer tolkas en generell deglaciationsriktning i det karterade området, röra sig från öst till väst. / The aim of this project is to map the geomorphology and landscape development in the Sarek area, with the help of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). LiDAR is a remote sensing method that can be used for the purpose of mapping the ground surface without the disturbance of vegetation. The data in this project was obtained from the Swedish authority Lantmäteriet and has an accuracy of 1 point per square meter. The obtained data was processed in GIS (ArcMap) to create a hillshade raster. The area for the mapping is located southeast of the Sarek massif, around which the latest ice age is believed to have retreated towards. Previous mapping in the area has been done by the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU), which has been based on the more traditional methods of field observations and aerial photos. This project's purpose is to provide a new mapping of an area at the east side of the Sarek massif. Where the use of LiDAR has provided new, not before mapped landforms to arise. The appearance of the landforms by adaptation of LiDAR is displayed. Based on these landforms an interpretation of the general deglaciation tendency in the mapped area is shown to move from east to west.

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Missing pages: 43, 44, 69, 106, 107, 169.

Process domains categorizes sections of streams according to its local dominant processes. These processes often reflect on the local ecology and the streams appearance. But the underlying reason why these different process domains are formed are still not completely certain. In this study the distribution of the process domains: lakes, rapids and slow-flowing reaches in the Bjur River catchment were compared to the geological factors of slope, surficial geology and landforms to see if any connections could be found. The possibility of using GIS (geographic information systems) and remote data to distinguish these stream types and to connect them to the different studied geological factors were also examined. The hypothesis for this study is that the geological factors of slope, surficial geology and landforms all should have an influence over the distribution of the process domains in Bjur River. The analysis was executed through map-studies in ArcGIS and statistical analysis in Excel. All process domains showed statistical significance towards the studied geological factors. The slope was generally steeper in the rapids than in slow-flowing reaches and lakes. The surficial geology displayed more fine-grained sediment (peat) in proximity to lakes and slow-flowing reaches whilst till was more abundant close to rapids. Hilly moraine landscapes were most common around lakes, while rapids displayed a high percentage of glacio-fluvially eroded area. Slow-flowing reaches also showed to have around 44% of its studied points around glacio-fluvially eroded area, and 43% at areas without any major landforms. Even if the statistical analysis and figures display a difference between the different process domains, it is still difficult to say which of these geological factors that plays the most crucial role for their development. However, by using remote data and through studies over slope, adjacent surficial geology and landforms the different process domains can be differentiated from one another.

Rock glaciers play a significant role in the alpine debris transport system. For practical and engineering considerations, identifying the internal structure and its relationship to surface characteristics is significant in terms of how a rock glacier settles during periods of melting, and the mode of deformation. A better understanding of these factors is important for engineers, engineering geologists and geomorphologists who must make prudent evaluations of rock glaciers as potential sites for human development and uses. It is equally important for evaluating potential stores for water on other planets such as Mars. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) shows that the internal structure of a lobate rock glacier located in the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado consists of continuous to semi-continuous horizontal layers of ice-supersaturated sediments and coarse blocky rockslide debris which likely formed through catastrophic episodes of rockfall from the cirque headwall. Folds in the uppermost layers correspond to the surface expression of ridges and furrows, indicating that compressive stresses originating in the steep accumulation zone are transmitted downslope through the rock glacier. The rock glacier is a composite feature that formed by a process involving the development and overlap of discrete flow lobes that have overridden older glacial moraine and protalus rampart materials. The latter materials have been incorporated into the present flow structure of the rock glacier. The discovery of rock glacier-like features on Mars suggests the presence of flowing, or once-flowing ice-rock mixtures. These landforms, which include lobate debris aprons, concentric crater fill and lineated valley fill, hold significant promise as reservoirs of stored water ice that could be used as fuel sources for human exploration of Mars and provide a frozen record of the climatic history of the planet. To this end, the rock glacier in this study was used as a surrogate for similar Martian landforms. Liquid water, found to be abundant in this rock glacier, occurs within a network of interconnected channels that permeate throughout the landform. In terms of water storage within Martian analogs, consideration must include the possibility that some water ice may be stored in relatively pure form within lenses and vein networks that are supplied by seasonal frost accumulation and/or water influx from below.