published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

Esta pesquisa teve, como objetivo geral verificar o processo de criação do Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação do Jacupiranga (MOJAC), localizado na região do Vale do Ribeira e Litoral Sul, no sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, onde se concentra a maior área de mata atlântica conservada do Brasil. O Mosaico do Jacupiranga compreende diversas unidades de conservação que formam um corredor contínuo de remanescentes maduros bem conservados da mata atlântica, tendo sido criado em 2008 por meio de um grande trabalho de levantamento de informações de toda ordem pelos órgãos estaduais, com envolvimento dos moradores, ONG, prefeituras, etc. Originou-se do Parque Estadual do Jacupiranga, criado em 1969 ignorando muitas comunidades tradicionais, que habitavam diversas das áreas transformadas em parque e permanecendo muitos anos sem uma gestão eficaz para a conservação da área. Assim os conflitos ambientais, sociais e fundiários foram se agravando ao longo dos anos, com ocupações por diferentes grupos sociais, de camponeses a grileiros, sendo a criação do mosaico uma forma de resolver, ou ao menos minimizar, os conflitos existentes. Esta região, assim como muitas outras do país, possui grande quantidade de terras devolutas, que demandam uma regularização fundiária por parte do Estado, para a arrecadação e retomada das terras e destinação adequada conforme previsto em lei. Neste contexto, a pesquisa se concentrou em avaliar a reclassificação de áreas de parque em unidades de conservação de uso sustentável em locais onde existe grande número de comunidades quilombolas, as quais demandam o reconhecimento e a regularização fundiária de seus territórios, conforme garante a Constituição Federal de 1988. As UCs focadas foram a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Quilombos da Barra do Turvo e a Área de Preservação Ambiental dos Quilombos do Médio Ribeira. Houve avanços, para estas comunidades, com a criação do MOJAC, como a recategorização de suas áreas retirando-as do parque, e o reconhecimento e delimitação de territórios quilombolas. Entretanto, ainda existem conflitos quanto à dimensão de alguns territórios e quanto à falta de titulação para a maioria das comunidades quilombolas. Esta pesquisa realizou um levantamento e uma análise geral da situação fundiária das UCs do Estado de São Paulo, verificando que a grande maioria não tem a situação fundiária regularizada. Por fim, analiso a situação atual do mosaico em sua fase de implantação, detectando que, após sua criação, o ritmo de trabalho do Estado na área diminuiu muito, deixando diversas pendências sociais e fundiárias ainda sem resolução, inclusive sem elaboração dos planos de manejos das UCs, após quase cinco anos da criação do MOJAC. Esta pesquisa foi baseada em levantamento bibliográfico, documental, de legislação e em trabalho de campo, com entrevistas de diversos sujeitos sociais que participaram do processo de criação do MOJAC, desde representantes do Estado até moradores da área. / This research aims to verify the process of creating a mosaic of Conservation Units of Jacupiranga (MOJAC), located in the region of Ribeira Valley and South Coast, in the southeastern state of São Paulo, where has the largest area of preserved Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The Jacupiranga Mosaic consists by various conservation units (CU) that form a continuous corridor of mature well preserved remnants of the Atlantic Forest. Was created in 2008 through a great job of gathering information of all kinds by state organs with involvement and discussion with the people involved as residents, NGOs, municipalities, etc.. The mosaic originated in Jacupiranga State Park, established in 1969, ignoring many traditional communities inhabiting various areas transformed into park and still remain many years without effective management for the conservation area. Thus environmental, social and land conflicts, were getting worse over the years, with occupations by different social groups, since small farmers until large land illegal appropriators, and the creation of mosaic was a way to solve or at least minimize conflicts. This region, like many others in the country, has a large amount of vacant land, but which still demand a regularization by the State, for the collection and recovery of land and proper disposal as provided by law. In this context, this research has focused on evaluating the reclassification of park areas into protected areas of sustainable use in places where there are large numbers of maroon communities demanding recognition and regularization of their territory, as guaranteed by the Constitution of 1988. The CUs focused were the Sustainable Development Reserve of Quilombos da Barra do Turvo and Environmental Preservation Area of Quilombos do Médio Ribeira. Progress was made, for these communities, with the creation of MOJAC as recategorization of their areas by removing them from the park, and the recognition and delineation of Maroons territories. However, there are still disputes about the size of some areas and lack of land title for most maroon communities. This research has also made a survey and analysis of the land situation of CUs of São Paulo State, verifying that the vast majority do not have the land situation regularized. Finally, is analyzed the current situation of the mosaic in its implementation phase, detecting that after its creation, the pace of State work has greatly diminished in the area, leaving many social and land disputes still unresolved, including without drawing up plans for managements of CUs, after almost 5 anniversary of the creation of MOJAC. This research was based on literature, documentary, legislation and fieldwork, interviews with various actors who participated in the MOJAC creation process, representatives from the State to local residents.

Esta pesquisa teve, como objetivo geral verificar o processo de criação do Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação do Jacupiranga (MOJAC), localizado na região do Vale do Ribeira e Litoral Sul, no sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, onde se concentra a maior área de mata atlântica conservada do Brasil. O Mosaico do Jacupiranga compreende diversas unidades de conservação que formam um corredor contínuo de remanescentes maduros bem conservados da mata atlântica, tendo sido criado em 2008 por meio de um grande trabalho de levantamento de informações de toda ordem pelos órgãos estaduais, com envolvimento dos moradores, ONG, prefeituras, etc. Originou-se do Parque Estadual do Jacupiranga, criado em 1969 ignorando muitas comunidades tradicionais, que habitavam diversas das áreas transformadas em parque e permanecendo muitos anos sem uma gestão eficaz para a conservação da área. Assim os conflitos ambientais, sociais e fundiários foram se agravando ao longo dos anos, com ocupações por diferentes grupos sociais, de camponeses a grileiros, sendo a criação do mosaico uma forma de resolver, ou ao menos minimizar, os conflitos existentes. Esta região, assim como muitas outras do país, possui grande quantidade de terras devolutas, que demandam uma regularização fundiária por parte do Estado, para a arrecadação e retomada das terras e destinação adequada conforme previsto em lei. Neste contexto, a pesquisa se concentrou em avaliar a reclassificação de áreas de parque em unidades de conservação de uso sustentável em locais onde existe grande número de comunidades quilombolas, as quais demandam o reconhecimento e a regularização fundiária de seus territórios, conforme garante a Constituição Federal de 1988. As UCs focadas foram a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Quilombos da Barra do Turvo e a Área de Preservação Ambiental dos Quilombos do Médio Ribeira. Houve avanços, para estas comunidades, com a criação do MOJAC, como a recategorização de suas áreas retirando-as do parque, e o reconhecimento e delimitação de territórios quilombolas. Entretanto, ainda existem conflitos quanto à dimensão de alguns territórios e quanto à falta de titulação para a maioria das comunidades quilombolas. Esta pesquisa realizou um levantamento e uma análise geral da situação fundiária das UCs do Estado de São Paulo, verificando que a grande maioria não tem a situação fundiária regularizada. Por fim, analiso a situação atual do mosaico em sua fase de implantação, detectando que, após sua criação, o ritmo de trabalho do Estado na área diminuiu muito, deixando diversas pendências sociais e fundiárias ainda sem resolução, inclusive sem elaboração dos planos de manejos das UCs, após quase cinco anos da criação do MOJAC. Esta pesquisa foi baseada em levantamento bibliográfico, documental, de legislação e em trabalho de campo, com entrevistas de diversos sujeitos sociais que participaram do processo de criação do MOJAC, desde representantes do Estado até moradores da área. / This research aims to verify the process of creating a mosaic of Conservation Units of Jacupiranga (MOJAC), located in the region of Ribeira Valley and South Coast, in the southeastern state of São Paulo, where has the largest area of preserved Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The Jacupiranga Mosaic consists by various conservation units (CU) that form a continuous corridor of mature well preserved remnants of the Atlantic Forest. Was created in 2008 through a great job of gathering information of all kinds by state organs with involvement and discussion with the people involved as residents, NGOs, municipalities, etc.. The mosaic originated in Jacupiranga State Park, established in 1969, ignoring many traditional communities inhabiting various areas transformed into park and still remain many years without effective management for the conservation area. Thus environmental, social and land conflicts, were getting worse over the years, with occupations by different social groups, since small farmers until large land illegal appropriators, and the creation of mosaic was a way to solve or at least minimize conflicts. This region, like many others in the country, has a large amount of vacant land, but which still demand a regularization by the State, for the collection and recovery of land and proper disposal as provided by law. In this context, this research has focused on evaluating the reclassification of park areas into protected areas of sustainable use in places where there are large numbers of maroon communities demanding recognition and regularization of their territory, as guaranteed by the Constitution of 1988. The CUs focused were the Sustainable Development Reserve of Quilombos da Barra do Turvo and Environmental Preservation Area of Quilombos do Médio Ribeira. Progress was made, for these communities, with the creation of MOJAC as recategorization of their areas by removing them from the park, and the recognition and delineation of Maroons territories. However, there are still disputes about the size of some areas and lack of land title for most maroon communities. This research has also made a survey and analysis of the land situation of CUs of São Paulo State, verifying that the vast majority do not have the land situation regularized. Finally, is analyzed the current situation of the mosaic in its implementation phase, detecting that after its creation, the pace of State work has greatly diminished in the area, leaving many social and land disputes still unresolved, including without drawing up plans for managements of CUs, after almost 5 anniversary of the creation of MOJAC. This research was based on literature, documentary, legislation and fieldwork, interviews with various actors who participated in the MOJAC creation process, representatives from the State to local residents.

Chan Chik-yu. / Thesis submitted in: December 1998. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-152). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Plates --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Fly Ash --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Formation of fly ash --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Physical and chemical properties of fly ash --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Disposal --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Problems Associated with the Reclamation of Fly Ash --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Physical problems --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Nutrient problems --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Toxicity problems --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Biological problems --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Ecological Considerations on Wasteland Reclamation --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Ecological basis --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Problems of ecosystem development and its treatments --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Obj ectives of the Present Study --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- EDAPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLY ash and vegetation composition on fly ASH LAGOON --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Site description --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Collection of fly ash and soil samples --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Physical analysis --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Chemical analysis --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Vegetation analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Physical properties --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Chemical properties --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Vertical ash profile --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Vegetation survey --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- GREENHOUSE PLANT SELECTION AND AMELIORATION TRIALS ON LAGOONED FLY ASH --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection of lagooned fly ash and planting materials --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Plant selection trial --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Amelioration trials --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Plant selection trial --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Amelioration trials --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- LEACHING OF SOLUBLE SALTS AND BORON FROM LAGOONED FLY ASH --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Setup of column --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Leaching regimes --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Growth of ryegrass on leached ashes --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Chemical analysis on ashes --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Leaching of soluble salts and B --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Plant growth in leached ashes --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON plant growth on pre-leached fly ash --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Collection of materials --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Chemical analysis of planting media --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Plant growth experiment --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.110 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.110 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Chemical properties --- p.110 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Plant growth on organic-amended ash --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Plant elemental uptake --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.123 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS --- p.125 / References --- p.128

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Thesis (MSc (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Much of South African lowland fynbos vegetation has been transformed by agriculture and invasive alien grass species. The artificial reduction of plant available N and P levels in soils, through the addition of carbon and calcium respectively, may provide a means of retarding the growth of alien grasses stimulated by soil nutrient enrichment. Furthermore, the competitive advantage of native lowland fynbos species adapted to nutrient impoverished soils may be increased by these additions. The above premise was tested in both field- and greenhouse-based trials by applying systemic and contact herbicides to reduce the large alien invasive grass biomass. This was followed by the addition of C as sucrose and Ca as gypsum to reduce plant available N and P respectively in the soils. The effects of these combined herbicide and soil nutrient amendment treatments on plant physiology and growth were examined in both resident alien and indigenous species and in several herbaceous and woody native species introduced as seeds and seedlings. Also, soils sampled from the different treatments in both trials were chemically analyzed. There was a total absence of seedling recruitment from seeds of all 9 indigenous species sown into soils in the field-based trial while introduced juveniles of another 9 indigenous species displayed a high mortality during the dry summer season. These detrimental effects were less severe in the greenhouse-based trial which received more regular watering and where successful seedling recruitment from seeds sown occurred in four indigenous species. Sucrose additions, both exclusively and in combination with gypsum, caused significant reductions in foliar chlorophyll, photosystem II (PSII) function and above-ground biomass of most resident and introduced alien and indigenous species. These reductions were less prominent where herbicides were applied, a possible consequence of N and P supplementation of soils by the decomposing plant biomass. This was supported by the elevated soil K, Na and N concentrations measured in soils where contact and systemic herbicides were applied. However, no significant changes in soil N or P were apparent following sucrose and gypsum additions respectively, the latter attributed to the acidic soils which precluded the formation of insoluble P complexes. A second study tested the hypothesis that exogenous sucrose addition to soils inhibits plant growth by stimulating soil microbial biomass which accumulates soil nitrogen rendering it unavailable to plants. Two native, early seral species (Dimorphotheca pluvialus (L.) Moench and Ursinia anthemoides (L) Poir. subsp anthemoides) were cultured in heat sterilized (2200C for 72 hours) and non-sterilized soils in a greenhouse under four different levels of sucrose (0, 100, 200 and 300 g m-2) supplied monthly over a four-month active growing period. Foliar chlorophyll iii contents, photosystem II (PSII) efficiencies, shoot and root lengths and dry mass, inflorescence numbers and N and P contents were measured in the plants, and N and P contents and bacterial cell and coliform numbers analyzed in the soils. Both D. pluvialis and U. anthemoides displayed significant reductions in PSII efficiency, chlorophyll content, accumulation of biomass and N and P in response increased levels of sucrose, which initially seemingly supported the hypothesis as these reductions were of substantially greater magnitude in plants cultivated in non-sterilized than sterilized soils. Despite this, there was no evidence of any significant increases in bacterial and coliform cell numbers in response to increased levels of sucrose supplied or any significant reductions in soil N and P contents following sucrose additions in both sterile and non-sterilized soils. Greater numbers of bacteria and coliforms were measured in sterilized than non-sterilized soils which corresponded with reduced soil N contents but these were not reflected in like changes in plant PSII efficiency and growth and total amounts of N taken up by plants which displayed massive increases in sterilized soils. The findings did not support the hypothesis and pointed to an abiotic mechanism of sucrose inhibition of plant photosynthesis and growth. The study concludes that the suitability of adding sucrose and gypsum to degraded renosterveld ecosystem soils to promote the competitiveness of native taxa against alien grasses is dubious. Other restoration alternatives such as natural re-colonization, transfer of soils containing viable seeds from pristine communities and top soil removal should be considered. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Baie van Suid Afrika se laagland fynbos plantegroei is verander deur landbou en uitheemse indringer grasspesies. Die kunsmatige reduksie van plantbeskikbare N en P vlakke in die grond deur die toevoeging van koolstof en kalsium onderskeidelik, kan ’n metode wees om die groei van indringer grasse te vertraag, wat gestimuleer word deur grondvoedingstofverryking. Die kompeterende voordeel van die inheemse laagland fynbosspesies wat aangepas is tot voedingstofarme grond kan verhoog word deur die toevoegings. Bogenoemde postulaat is in beide die veld- en die glashuis-gebaseerde eksperimente getoets deur die aanwending van sistemiese en kontak onkruiddoder om die groot indringer grasbiomassa te verminder gevolg deur die byvoeging van C as sukrose en Ca as gips om die plantbeskibare N en P onderskeidelik te verminder in die grond. Die effekte van die gekombineerde onkruiddoder en grondvoedingstof verbeteringsbehandelings op die fisiologie en groei van die plante is ondersoek in beide inheemse- en residente indringerspesies asook in verskeie kruidagtige- en houtagtige inheemse spesies wat aangeplant was as sade en saailinge. Grondmonsters van die verskillende behandelings in beide studies was versamel en was chemies geanaliseer. Daar was ’n definitiewe afwesigheid van nuwe saailinge van sade van al nege indringerspesies wat gesaai was in grond in die veldgebaseerde studie, en saailinge van nog nege inheemse spesies het ’n hoë mortaliteit getoon gedurende die droë somerseisoen. Hierdie skadelike effekte was minder ernstig in die glashuisgebaseerde studie wat meer benat was, en waar nuwe saailinge suksesvol geproduseer was deur sade in vier inheemse spesies. Sukrose byvoegings, beide uitgesluit en in kombinasie met gips, het ’n afname in blaarchlorofil, fotosisteem II en bogrondse biomassa van die meeste van die residente en aangeplante indringer- en inheemse spesies getoon. Hierdie afnames was minder prominent waar onkruiddoder aangewend was, ’n moontlke oorsaak van N en P aanvulling van grond deur die verrottende plantbiomassa. Dit word ondersteun deur verghoogde grond K, Na en N konsentrasies, gemeet in grond waar kontak en sistemiese onkruiddoder toegevoeg was. Geen noemenswaardige veranderinge in grond N of P was sigbaar na byvoeging van sukrose en gips onderskeidelik nie. Laasgenoemde het bygedra tot suuragtige grond wat die formasie van onoplosbare P komplekse verkom het. ‘n Tweede studie het die hipotese getoets waar eksogene sukrose byvoeging tot grond plantegroei inhibeer deur die grond mikrobe biomassa te stimuleer wat akkumuleer wat in grond stikstof en dit nie beskikbaar maak vir plante nie.Twee inheemse vroeë intermediêre stadium spesies (Dimorphotheca pluvialus (L.) Moench en Ursinia anthemoides (L) Poir. subsp v anthemoides) was gekweek in hitte gesteriliseerde grond (2200 C vir 72 uur) en in nie-gesteriliseerde grond in ’n glashuis onder vier verskillende vlakke van van sukrose (0, 100, 200 en 300 g m-2) bygevoeg maandeliks oor ‘n 4 maande aktiewe groei periode. Blaarchlorofilinhoud, fotosisteem II (FS II) doeltreffendheid, groeipunt en wortel lengte en droë massa, blomgetalle en N en P inhoud was gemeet in die plante sowel as N en P inhoud en bakteriële sel en kolivorm getalle was geanaliseer in die grond. Beide D. pluvialis en U . anthemoides het ’n afname getoon in FS II doeltreffendheid, chlorofilinhoud, biomassa akkumulasie, N en P response op verhoogde vlakke van sukrose, wat aanvanklik aangetoon het dat dit die hipotese ondersteun want hierdie afnames wat heelwat groter in plante wat gekweek was in ongesteriliseerde grond as in gesteriliseerde grond. Daar was geen toename in baketriële en kolivorm sel getalle in rssponse tot verhoogde vlakke van sukrose byvoegings of enige noemenswaardige in grond N en P inhoud na byvoeging van sukrose in beide steriele en nie-steriele grond nie. Groot getalle bakterieë en kolivorme was gemeet in gesteriliseerde grond as in ongesteriliseerde grond. Dit korrespondeer met verminderde grond N inhoud maar dit was nie gereflekteer in veranderinge in plant FS II doeltreffendheid, groei en die totale hoeveelhede N wat opgeneem was deur plante wat ’n massiewe toename getoon het ongesteriliseerde grond nie. Hierdie bevindings het nie die hipotese ondersteun nie en het gewys na ’n abiotiese meganisme van sukrose inhibisie van plant fotosintese en groei. Die studie lei dus af dat die geskiktheid om sukrose en gips by te voeg tot gedegradeerde renosterveld ekosisteemgrond om kompetisie tussen inheemse plante en indringer grasse te promoveer, twyfelagtig is. Ander restorasie alternatiewe soos natuurlike herkolonisasie, oordrag van grond wat lewensvatbare sade bevat van onbeskadigde gemeenskappe en bogrond verwydering word oorweeg.

In the first half of the 19th century, the emancipation efforts of the ethnic groups living under domination of bigger nations grew stronger. Emancipation movements were influenced by the humanistic ideas of Johann Gottfried Herder, proclaiming the language as the most important characteristic feature of a nation and that every nation has the natural right to claim it's identity. Motivated by these concepts, the Czechs identified the enforcement of Czech language with the fight for the nation. This Diploma thesis deals with the textual analysis of the German manuscripts by the Czech revivalists Karel Alois Vinařický, František Palacký and Pavel Josef Šafařík, regarding the state of education in the Czech lands and the comparison between these manuscripts. The textual analysis (Brinker: 2001) reflects the communication field, the purpose of writing the text, circumstances of their creation, the role of the emittent and the recipient and finally the intention of the author, which is related with the indenfitication of the text function. All texts contain elements of the text type "language defense". The consideration of the lexemes with the help of the contemporary dictionaries (Adelung, Grimma, Jungmann), etymological dictionary (Pfeifer) and Duden (2006) focuses on the semantic field of National...

This diploma thesis focuses on the issue of the persecution of witches in the Czech lands, precisely speaking in Bohemia and Moravia, including the necessary European context. Thesis mapped the origin and development of the formation of the dangerous sect of witches and legal basis for persecution servants of the devil designated persons. The chronological definition of work can be dated between years 1400 - 1800, however the medieval period includes a short overlap, which appears to be necessary from the standpoint of the reflection of development of formation of diabolical witchcraft. The core of this thesis becomes early modern period, the period from 1500 to 1800. Attention is also paid to the conclusions of foreign historiography and interdisciplinary approaches to the researched topic. Thesis is also trying, in addition to the analysis of theoretical concepts related to issue, ask about the possibility of application of these concepts in Bohemia and Moravia. Specific cases of judicial proceedings are based mostly on black books. Based on the interrogation protocols the diploma thesis is trying to determine a degree of knowledge of the elements cumulative concept of witchcraft in the domestic environment, including highlighting their limited reception. No less attention is paid to issue...

A pesquisa tem como objeto de análise a formação territorial do Ceará desde o estabelecimento das políticas pombalinas do Estado Português ao processo de emancipação política de sua colônia na América do Sul. Uma investigação que atravessa o interregno de 1750 a 1822, quando se pretendia aumentar o controle administrativo e a expropriação dos lucros nas terras conquistadas pela Coroa Portuguesa por meio de acordos de limites. Em movimento sincopado de expansão das fronteiras e corrida aos fundos territoriais defendidos por estratégias geopolíticas que priorizavam o povoamento das áreas fronteiriças, mas também daquelas afastadas da zona litorânea; pela doação de sesmarias; elevação de vilas e cidades; pelo controle e aldeamento dos nativos através de leis ou incentivo à guerra justa, para o aniquilamento, aos que não se adaptavam à imposição de um processo perverso de colonização que os subjugava. Retratamos a frente de apropriação dos sertões das capitanias do Norte, com ênfase no Ceará; uma história de expropriação, de espoliação das terras indígenas, a fixação das fazendas para o criatório do gado, que teve início com o parcelamento de suas terras no final do século XVII acontecimentos que promoveram impactos relevantes sob a sua estrutura fundiária e o introduziram à lógica da acumulação primitiva de capitais, através da implantação das políticas mercantilistas que se expandiram violentamente para além das nações europeias, em escala maior, inseridas agora dentro de um sistema mundial de conformação de uma economia-mundo capitalista em formação e dilatação. / The aim of this investigation was to analyze the territorial formation of Ceará from the stablishment of pombalinas politics of Portuguese state in the process of political emancipation in its colony in South America. An investigation that crosses the interregnum 1750-1822, when was pretended to increase the administrative control and the expropriation of profits in the lands conquered by the Portuguese crown in limits agreements. In a syncopated movement of expansion of borders and race to territorial founds defended by geopolitical strategies that prioritized the settlement of border areas; but also of those far from the coastal zone; for the donation of sesmarias; promotion of villages and cities; control and population of natives trough laws or encouraging to just war, for the destruction- annihilation to people that do not fit the imposition of a perverse evil process of colonization that subjugate them. We show the frente de apropriação of hinterlands captaincies of the north of Portuguese America, with emphasis in Ceará, a history of expropriation, of dispossession of indigenous lands to fixation of farms for cattle breeding that initiated with the installment of their land at the end of the XVII century, events that promote significant impacts in its land and introduced the logic of primitive accumulation of capitals, thought the implementation of mercantilist policies that expand violently beyond of European nations, in large scale, now inserted into a worldwide system of forming a capitalist word economy in development and expansion.

O esforço de delimitação e separação do que foi constituído enquanto propriedade privada, em oposição ao que era público, ocorreu no contexto de reformulação produtiva e do processo de inserção do país na lógica capitalista internacional, a partir de meados do século XIX. Como consequência deste processo, tanto a propriedade privada quanto a propriedade pública foram estabelecidas simultaneamente. Na prática, a informalidade da situação fundiária das terras públicas no Brasil interferiu na ocupação do território e incentivou inúmeros conflitos fundiários urbanos e rurais. A apropriação ilegal e indevida de extensas frações de áreas públicas da União por particulares, por meio do jogo da legalização e falsa legalização, se deu em função do tratamento displicente dado à gestão do Patrimônio da União, marcado pela dificuldade do Estado em regular e controlar de fato o acesso à terra e aos recursos naturais e pelo desconhecimento sobre a abrangência do domínio público. A partir de 2003, o órgão responsável pela gestão do patrimônio da União no Brasil adotou diversas mudanças administrativas e legais, ao rever o papel de propriedade da União como \"patrimônio de todo brasileiro\", visando a função social da propriedade pública e a inversão da lógica histórica marcada pela centralização de decisões, perspectiva meramente arrecadatória e de gestão cartorial dos bens públicos. Em decorrência dessas mudanças, depois de dez anos, estima-se que cerca de 560 mil famílias poderiam ter sido beneficiadas por ações de regularização fundiária de assentamentos urbanos em imóveis da União, não fossem os bloqueios enfrentados para a efetivação dessas ações. Apesar dos avanços conquistados, especialmente, no campo do reconhecimento de direitos, estes não foram suficientes para promover uma significativa inflexão na lógica de gestão de terras da União. Aspectos relacionados à cultura política, jurídica e administrativa, na esfera local e federal, permeados por questões urbanísticas, impediram mudanças mais significativas no cumprimento da função social da propriedade pública da União. O território que abrange as margens do Canal de Santos, no litoral de São Paulo, onde está o Porto de Santos, considerando sua localização estratégica, foi escolhido para investigar como são estabelecidas as disputas e as soluções propostas pela SPU, em torno dos múltiplos interesses que recaem sobre a utilização de terras da União, a partir da análise dos casos da Ilha de Bagres e do Sítio Conceiçãozinha. / The delimiting and separating effort of what would be constituted as private property, in opposition to what was state-owned, occurred from the middle of the nineteenth century, in the context of the Brazilian state\'s process of insertion into the international capitalist logic and its related productive process transformation. As a result of this process, private property and the public property were established simultaneously. In reality, the informality of the public land tenure in Brazil interfered in the occupation of the territory, and encouraged countless urban and rural land conflicts. And yet, throughout Brazilian history, the lenient treatment given to the management of the national heritage benefited an illegal and improper appropriation of large fractions of national public areas by individuals using the \"legalisation and false legalisation\" game. This management of the national heritage is characterised by total ignorance of public dominance and the difficulty of the State to regulate and truly control the access to land and natural resources. Since 2003, the management of the national heritage in Brazil has adopted a number of administrative and legal changes by revising the state ownership role as \"heritage of every Brazilian\", aiming the social function of public property and reversing the historical logic of centralisation of decisions, a perspective reduced to revenue collection and the management of the legalities of public property. After ten years, as a result of these changes, if the execution of these actions had not been blocked, it is estimated that almost 560.000 families would have benefited by land regularisation actions of urban settlements in the real estate of the Union. Regarding to the recognition of rights, despite the advances, such changes were not sufficient to promote a significant shift to the national lands management logic. That is because aspects related to political, legal and administrative cultures permeated by urbanistic issues, has prevented more changes in the fulfilment of the social function of the national land. The territory that covers the banks of the Santos Canal, where the Port of Santos is located on the coast of São Paulo State, was chosen because of its strategic location to investigate how disputes and solutions proposed by the SPU, which is based on the multiple interests of the uses of National Lands, are established. The investigation analysed the cases of Ilha de Bagres and Sítio Conceiçãozinha.