Three hypertext implementation strategies were evaluated against one another and against a control group to determine which best supported the language learner. Each version was also applied to four languages with diverse grammatical structures. These included Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish. Language students were tested to determine how useful each strategy was in facilitating rapid and accurate explanation of grammatical structures embedded in native speech examples. Speed and accuracy were also measured as respondents applied a targeted grammar structure to construction of their own unique sentences. With respect to the four different languages, results were also analyzed to judge whether the hypertext strategies were viable for each language. The strategy iteration that directed learners to a more detailed and specific explanation was deemed to be more successful than those with generalized explanations in assisting language learners. Moreover, the strategies seemed to provide the same relative benefit across the tested languages, suggesting they are portable and applicable even to non-researched languages. Variance in outcomes among languages within this study focus was also strongly correlated to the degree of difference in grammatical structure between a tested language and English – the learners' typical native language.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Psychology Department, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis aims to connect the fields of multilingualism and internationalisation by studying language strategies of SMEs located in Belgium. Thereby the access to foreign networks in relation to internationalisation theories and the role of language capabilities and multilingualism is examined. This combination of different academic fields in international business and linguistics has previously not been studied satisfyingly and this research thus furthermore provides theoretical and managerial implications in this matter. Hence, this study addresses the briefly presented knowledge gap by answering the research question: What effect does the multilingualism in Belgium have on an SME’s internationalisation? The two following sub-research questions have been raised additionally to ensure the ability to answer the main research question: 1. What is the impact of the multilingualism in Belgium on an SME’s liability of foreignness when going international? 2. How does a language strategy support an SME’s internationalisation process and create a multilingual capability? Empirical data is collected both qualitatively by interviewing three Belgian SMEs and quantitatively by analysing secondary data of 30 Belgian company websites and their vacancy job postings, to provide answers to these questions. The findings are analysed by applying a conceptual framework, which was created by the authors. The study’s findings summarise the presence of multiple individual language capabilities and highlight the lack and importance of institutionalising these in the SME. This step is vital to successfully access foreign networks and overcome liability of foreignness. Moreover, firm capabilities in relation to the SME’s industry are significant for the accurate implementation of a language strategy. Besides, the results show a crucial role of English in international business.

<p>The aim of this study has been to describe the reasoning of five immigrant parents with Swedish partners who raise their child to become bilingual. Having interviewed the informants, three central themes became apparent: bilingualism, identity and the environment. All five families reason that they raise their child with the mother tongue of the mother and the mother tongue of the father and that it is natural. Discussions about identity and culture are made in specific reference to the surrounding monolingual environment, which is often perceived as an obstacle to bilingualism.</p> / <p>Syftet med den här uppsatsen har varit att beskriva fem individers resonemang kring tvåspråkig barnuppfostran. Efter att ha intervjuat informanterna blev det tydligt att uppsatsen hade tre centrala teman: tvåspråkighet, identitet och miljön. Alla fem familjer anser att deras barn blir uppfostrad med moderns och faderns modersmål och att det är naturligt. Diskussioner om identitet och kultur är direkt knutna till den omgivande enspråkiga miljön, som ofta upplevs som ett hinder för tvåspråkighet.</p>

The aim of this study has been to describe the reasoning of five immigrant parents with Swedish partners who raise their child to become bilingual. Having interviewed the informants, three central themes became apparent: bilingualism, identity and the environment. All five families reason that they raise their child with the mother tongue of the mother and the mother tongue of the father and that it is natural. Discussions about identity and culture are made in specific reference to the surrounding monolingual environment, which is often perceived as an obstacle to bilingualism. / Syftet med den här uppsatsen har varit att beskriva fem individers resonemang kring tvåspråkig barnuppfostran. Efter att ha intervjuat informanterna blev det tydligt att uppsatsen hade tre centrala teman: tvåspråkighet, identitet och miljön. Alla fem familjer anser att deras barn blir uppfostrad med moderns och faderns modersmål och att det är naturligt. Diskussioner om identitet och kultur är direkt knutna till den omgivande enspråkiga miljön, som ofta upplevs som ett hinder för tvåspråkighet.

This study investigates when and why teachers use code-switching as a method as well as teachers’ approach to the use of code-switching as a language strategy. I’ve seen that pupils in Swedish schools have a problem with oral communication and often use code-switching as a strategy. Earlier research has been done on the subject, but most has been done with observations of pupils or teachers. There is also a lack of research done in Swedish schools. It therefore felt necessary to carry out a study interviewing teachers about their approach to the strategy and how they use it. The informants of the study are five teachers who teach English in grades 4-6 in four Swedish schools. Interviews as a qualitative method were used to be able to answer the research questions. The results show that four of the informants use code-switching quite frequently. It shows five different reasons why they code-switch and that they mostly have a positive approach to the strategy, while they see the negative aspects and wish they could use the English language more in class. One of the informants has got a negative approach to the subject and only used codeswitching when necessary. The conclusion shows that all informants think that code-switching helps pupils that have a difficulty with the language of some sort. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka när och varför lärare använder kodväxling som metod och även lärares inställning till kodväxling som språkstrategi. Jag har sett att elever i svenska skolor har svårigheter med den muntliga kommunikationen och ofta använder kodväxling som strategi. Tidigare studier har utförts på ämnet men de flesta har varit observationer av elever och lärare. Det råder också brist på forskning utförd i Sverige. Därför kändes det nödvändigt att utföra en studie där lärare intervjuas kring deras inställning till och användande av strategin. Studien genomfördes på fem lärare som undervisar i engelska i årskurs 4–6 på fyra svenska skolor. Intervju som kvalitativ metod användes för att kunna svara på forskningsfrågorna. Resultaten visar att fyra av informanterna använder kodväxling ofta. De visar fem olika anledningar till att de kodväxlar och att de mestadels har en positiv inställning till strategin, samtidigt som de ser negativa aspekter och önskar att de använde engelskan mer i undervisningen. En informant har en negativ inställning till strategin och använder den bara när det är nödvändigt. Slutsatsen visar att alla informanter tycker att kodväxling är bra när det kommer till elever som har någon svårighet med språket.

Работа посвящена сравнительному исследованию продвижения в социальной сети с помощью SMM-маркетинга на русском и английском языках на примере бизнес-аккаунтов отечественного и зарубежного агентств недвижимости. Объектом исследования выступают особенности продвижения бизнес-профилей в социальной сети с помощью SMM-маркетинга, предметом – использование инструментов SMM-маркетинга в продвижении агентств недвижимости в социальной сети. Цель исследования: обосновать и исследовать эффективность применения инструментов SMM-маркетинга в продвижении агентств недвижимости с помощью проекта онлайн-анкеты. Материал исследования составили англоязычные и русскоязычные медиа-тексты, опубликованные на страницах агентств недвижимости в социальных сетях за 2020–2022 гг. Корпус проанализированного материала составляет 60 медиа-текстов на русском языке и 60 медиа-текстов на английском языке. В первой части работы раскрывается понятие, сущность и основные инструменты SMM-маркетинга. Кроме того, рассматриваются особенности маркетинговой лингвистики и изучаются механизмы ее функционирования в продвижении бизнес-профилей в социальных сетях. Во второй части исследования проводится обзор агентств недвижимости и сравнительный анализ языковых стратегий и тактик, используемых в контенте их социальной сети, на основе разработанной нами классификации. В данной части работы также представлена классификация стратегий и тактик в продвижении агентств недвижимости в социальной сети. В третьей главе в соответствии с проектом онлайн-анкеты проводится опрос целевой аудитории агентств недвижимости, анализируются и интерпретируются полученные результаты. Даются рекомендации по использованию эффективных SMM-инструментов в продвижении агентств недвижимости в социальной сети. Результаты проведенного нами сравнительного анализа медиа-контента агентств недвижимости, а также организации проекта онлайн-анкеты для определения эффективности продвижения в социальных сетях могут быть использованы в ходе маркетингового анализа и продвижения других компаний в социальных сетях. В приложениях приводится корпус проанализированных медиа-текстов и проекты онлайн-анкет на русском и английском языках. / The work is devoted to a comparative study of social network promotion using SMM in the Russian and English languages on the example of business accounts of domestic and foreign real estate agencies. The target of the study is the features of promoting business profiles in a social network using SMM; the scope is the use of SMM tools in promoting real estate agencies in a social network. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of the use of SMM tools in the real estate agencies promotion through the online questionnaire project. The research material was composed of the English and Russian media texts published on the real estate agencies accounts of social networks. The corpus of the analyzed material is 60 media texts in Russian and 60 media texts in English. The first part of the research reveals the concept, essence and main tools of SMM. In addition, the features of marketing linguistics are considered and its functioning in the promotion of business accounts in social networks are studied. The second part of the study provides an overview of real estate agencies and a comparative analysis of the language strategies and tactics used in the content of their social network, based on the classification we created. This part of the research also presents the classification of strategies and tactics in the real estate agencies promotion in social networks. In the third part a survey of the target audience of real estate agencies is conducted with the use of the online questionnaire, and the results are analyzed and interpreted. Recommendations on the use of effective SMM tools in the real estate agencies promotion in a social network are given. The results of the comparative analysis of real estate agencies media content, as well as the online questionnaire project to determine the effectiveness of promotion in social networks, can be used in marketing analysis and promotion of other companies in social networks. The appendices contain a corpus of analyzed media texts and online questionnaires in Russian and English.