In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Strömungsverhalten eines magnetisierten Argonplasmas beim Auftreffen auf eine neutralisierende Oberfläche untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Laserinduzierten Fluoreszenz wurde dazu nicht-invasiv die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung der Ionen mit einer Ortsauflösung von standardmäßig dz=0.5 mm als Funktion des Abstandes zur Oberfläche gemessen. Zwei Situationen wurden untersucht (a): praktisch das ganze Plasma strömt auf ein großes Target (Durchmesser 100 mm) und (b) die Größe des Targets ist wesentlich kleiner (Durchmesser 15 mm) als der Durchmesser der Plasmasäule. Unmittelbar vor der Oberfläche war in beiden Fällen die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit u mindestens so groß wie die Ionenschallgeschwindigkeit cs, genau wie von Bohm bereits 1949 vorhergesagt[]. Unter fusionsrelevanten Bedingungen ist dies die erste direkte Beobachtung des Bohmkriteriums. Bei Annäherung an die Oberfläche steigt die Machzahl M=u/cs von 0.5 auf 1 auf typischen Skalenlängen lambda_a=30 mm bzw. lambda_b=5 mm an. Um diese kurzen Längen erklären zu können wurden die Messdaten in (a) mit einem Stoß-Diffusionsmodell und im Falle von (b) mit dem Modell von Hutchinson[] verglichen. Eine gute Übereinstimmung in (a) wurde erzielt, wenn eine sehr niedrige Neutralgastemperatur von etwa 400 K angenommen wird. Die Messdaten in (b) werden sehr gut durch das Modell wiedergegeben, wenn ein Transportkoeffizient von D=20 m²/s angenommen wird. Ein derartig hoher Transport kann unmöglich allein durch Diffusion verursacht werden. Teilweise kann dieser Transport anhand der endlichen Gyroradien erklärt werden, vermutlich aber spielen auch zeitabhängige Phänomene, wie z.B. Driftwellen eine wichtige Rolle. Weiterhin wurde die Abhängigkeit von dem Winkel zwischen Flächennormalen und B-Feld untersucht. Die unmittelbar vor der Oberfläche auftretenden Überschallströmungen werden verhältnismäßig gut von dem Modell von Chodura[] beschrieben. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Größe der Zone in der Machzahlen größer eins auftreten deutlich kleiner, als vom Modell vorhergesagt. / In the present work the streaming behavior of a magnetized argon plasma impinging on a neutralizing surface was investigated. For that purpose the ion velocity distribution was measured non-invasively as a function of the distance to the surface by means of Laser Induced Fluorescence. The spatial resolution was typically dz=0.5 mm. Two situations are investigated, (a): when practically the whole plasma streams onto a large target (diameter 100 mm), and (b): when the size of the target (diameter 15 mm) is significantly smaller than the diameter of the plasma column. In both cases the streaming velocity u was at least as high as the ion acoustic sound speed, as already predicted by Bohm in 1949. Under fusion relevant conditions this is the first direct observation of the Bohm criterion. Approaching the target surface the Mach number M=u/c_s increases from values of around 0.5 to 1 on typical scales of lambda_a=30 mm and lambda_b=5 mm, respectively. In order to explain these very short scale lengths the measured data were compared with a collisional-diffusive model in the case of (a) and with Hutchinson''s model[] in the case of (b). A good agreement was achieved in (a) by assuming a very low neutral gas temperature of about 400 K. In (b) the model fits the data excellently when the transport coefficient is chosen as high as D=20 m²/s. Such a high transport cannot be caused solely by diffusion. Partly it is explained by finite gyro-radii effects, but presumably time dependent phenomena, like drift waves, play an important role. In addition the dependence on the angle between surface normal and B-field was investigated. The supersonic fluxes found in the immediate vicinity of the surface are described fairly well by the model developed by Chodura[]. By contrast the size of the region, where Mach numbers greater one appear is significantly smaller than predicted.

No description available.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ivanise Gaubeur / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, Santo André, 2018. / Dois novos procedimentos de extração que utilizam materiais extratores não-convencionais são apresentados nesta tese. A utilização de cera de parafina derretida como um extrator químico permitiu agregar as principais vantagens da extração em fase líquida (homogeneidade do extrato, curto tempo de extração e simplicidade de operação) na extração em fase sólida, delineando um procedimento inovador. O papel matte foi outro material estudado nesse trabalho e mostrou-se interessante como extrator químico, especialmente pelo baixo custo dessa fase sólida. Como prova de conceito, o íon metálico cobre (II) em solução aquosa foi utilizado para o desenvolvimento da metodologia. O extrato resultante de ambos os procedimentos de extração foi analisado diretamente por Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Induzido por LASER (LIBS). Os fatores que afetam a reação de complexação, a extração e a detecção do analito na fase sólida foram otimizados num estudo univariado. Nas melhores condições encontradas, foram construídas curvas de calibração numa faixa linear de 0,50 até 10,00 mg L-1 e alcançados limites inferiores de detecção de 0,12 mg L-1 e 0,08 mg L-1 de cobre (II) em solução aquosa, para os procedimentos com cera de parafina e com o papel matte, respectivamente. A precisão de ambos os métodos propostos mostrou-se inferior a 5% e a exatidão foi avaliada por: (i) análise de material de referência certificado de soro sanguíneo humano; (ii) ensaios de adição e recuperação do analito em amostras líquidas de composição química distintas (água mineral, água do mar, água de torneira, cachaça, refrigerante e urina humana) e (iii) comparação dos resultados obtidos com os fornecidos pelo método de Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica com Forno de Grafite. Ambos os procedimentos se destacaram pela: (i) elevada eficiência no processo de extração (>94%); (ii) facilidade de execução; (iii) baixo custo e inocuidade dos extratores; (iv) microhomogeneidade das fases sólidas obtidas; (v) possibilidade de préconcentração de íons metálicos e (vi) superação das dificuldades intrínsecas na análise de líquido por LIBS. / Two new extraction procedures that use non-conventional extractant materials are described in this thesis. The use of melted paraffin wax as a chemical extractant allowed to aggregate the main advantages of the liquid phase extraction (homogeneity of the extract, short extraction time and simplicity of operation) in solid phase extraction, delineating an innovative procedure. The matte paper was another material studied in this work and was interesting as a chemical extractant, especially for the low cost of this solid phase. As proof of concept, the copper (II) ion in aqueous solution was applied for the development of the methodology. The extract obtained from both extraction procedures was analyzed directly by LASER-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). The parameters that affecting the complexation reaction, extraction and analyte detection in the solid phase were optimized in a univariate approach. Under the best conditions, calibration curves were constructed in a linear range of 0.50 to 10.00 mg L-1 and lower detection limits of 0.12 mg L-1 and 0.08 mg L-1 of copper (II) in aqueous solution were obtained, for the procedures with paraffin wax and matte paper, respectively. The precision of both methods was less than 5% and accuracy was assessed by: (i) analysis of certified reference material of human blood serum; (ii) spike and recovery analyte in liquid samples of different chemical compositions (seawater, tap water, mineral water, cachaça, soft drink and human urine) and (iii) comparison of the results obtained with those provided by the Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Both procedures were highlighted by: (i) high efficiency in the extraction process (> 94%); (ii) ease of execution; (iii) low cost and safety of extractants; (iv) microhomogeneity of the solid phases obtained; (v) the ability of preconcentration metal ions and (vi) overcoming the intrinsic drawbacks in liquid analysis by LIBS.