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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Os roedores caviomorpha (mammalia, rodentia, hystricognathi) do pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / The Caviomorpha (Mammalia, Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Tumeleiro, Leonardo Rodrigo Kerber January 2011 (has links)
Os roedores Hystricognathi da América do Sul formam um grupo monofilético, os Caviomorpha. Estes roedores provavelmente são derivados de ancestrais africanos e chegaram ao continente sul-americano em algum momento do Eoceno. Devido ao longo período de isolamento geográfico, os caviomorfos atingiram uma grande diversidade fenotípica e ecológica, com mais de 160 gêneros fósseis e viventes. Neste trabalho, é revisado o conhecimento sobre o registro fóssil deste grupo no Pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), sul do Brasil; descrito novo material e discutido suas implicações paleoambientais e paleobiogeográficas. Desta forma, os principais resultados são: 1 – Reporta-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência de Galea e Lagostomus cf. L. maximus no Pleistoceno final do sul do Brasil, sendo que este último táxon representa o primeiro registro de um Chinchillidae no Brasil. 2 – Descreve-se materiais de Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; 3 – Reporta-se novos materiais de Dolichotinae e Myocastor de depósitos continentais, confirmando sua presença durante o Pleistoceno final desta região; 4 – Os caviomorfos pleistocênicos do RS apresentam afinidade paleobiogrográfica mais acentuada com a paleofauna do Uruguai; 5 – Os indicativos paleoambientais dos caviomorfos suportam modelos previamente hipotetizados de áreas abertas durante o Pleistoceno final, substituídas por vegetação florestal durante o Holoceno. 6 – Durante a transição Pleistoceno final/Holoceno, observa-se a extinção regional de táxons com afinidade às áreas abertas, como Microcavia, Galea, Dolichotinae e Lagostomus, substituídos por uma predominância de táxons de afinidade florestal durante o Holoceno. / The Hystricognathi rodents from South America are a monophyletic group, the Caviomorpha. These rodents are probably derived from African ancestors and they arrived in South America during the Eocene. Due to the long period of geographic isolation, the caviomorphs achieved great ecologic and phenotypic diversity, with more than 160 living and fossil genera. In this work, we revised the knowledge on the Pleistocene fossil record of caviomorphs from Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), southern Brazil; described new remains and discussed their paleobiogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications. Thus, the main results are: 1 – We reported, for the first time, the occurrence of Galea and Lagostomus cf. L. maximus in the late Pleistocene of the southern Brazil. The record of Lagostomus is the first occurrence of Chinchillidae in Brazil; 2 – We described remains of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. 3 – We reported new remains of Dolichotinae and Myocastor from continental deposits, confirming their presence in the late Pleistocene of this region; 4 – The RS caviomorphs show paleozoogeographic affinities with the late Pleistocene from Uruguay; 5 – The paleoenvironmental indicatives of caviomorphs corroborate the previous interpretations of open areas during the late Pleistocene substituted by forest areas in the Holocene; 6 – During the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition we observed a local extinction of taxa with open areas affinities, as Microcavia, Galea, Dolichotinae and Lagostomus, substituted by a predominance of taxa typical of forested areas during the Holocene.
32

Os roedores caviomorpha (mammalia, rodentia, hystricognathi) do pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / The Caviomorpha (Mammalia, Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Tumeleiro, Leonardo Rodrigo Kerber January 2011 (has links)
Os roedores Hystricognathi da América do Sul formam um grupo monofilético, os Caviomorpha. Estes roedores provavelmente são derivados de ancestrais africanos e chegaram ao continente sul-americano em algum momento do Eoceno. Devido ao longo período de isolamento geográfico, os caviomorfos atingiram uma grande diversidade fenotípica e ecológica, com mais de 160 gêneros fósseis e viventes. Neste trabalho, é revisado o conhecimento sobre o registro fóssil deste grupo no Pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), sul do Brasil; descrito novo material e discutido suas implicações paleoambientais e paleobiogeográficas. Desta forma, os principais resultados são: 1 – Reporta-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência de Galea e Lagostomus cf. L. maximus no Pleistoceno final do sul do Brasil, sendo que este último táxon representa o primeiro registro de um Chinchillidae no Brasil. 2 – Descreve-se materiais de Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; 3 – Reporta-se novos materiais de Dolichotinae e Myocastor de depósitos continentais, confirmando sua presença durante o Pleistoceno final desta região; 4 – Os caviomorfos pleistocênicos do RS apresentam afinidade paleobiogrográfica mais acentuada com a paleofauna do Uruguai; 5 – Os indicativos paleoambientais dos caviomorfos suportam modelos previamente hipotetizados de áreas abertas durante o Pleistoceno final, substituídas por vegetação florestal durante o Holoceno. 6 – Durante a transição Pleistoceno final/Holoceno, observa-se a extinção regional de táxons com afinidade às áreas abertas, como Microcavia, Galea, Dolichotinae e Lagostomus, substituídos por uma predominância de táxons de afinidade florestal durante o Holoceno. / The Hystricognathi rodents from South America are a monophyletic group, the Caviomorpha. These rodents are probably derived from African ancestors and they arrived in South America during the Eocene. Due to the long period of geographic isolation, the caviomorphs achieved great ecologic and phenotypic diversity, with more than 160 living and fossil genera. In this work, we revised the knowledge on the Pleistocene fossil record of caviomorphs from Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), southern Brazil; described new remains and discussed their paleobiogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications. Thus, the main results are: 1 – We reported, for the first time, the occurrence of Galea and Lagostomus cf. L. maximus in the late Pleistocene of the southern Brazil. The record of Lagostomus is the first occurrence of Chinchillidae in Brazil; 2 – We described remains of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. 3 – We reported new remains of Dolichotinae and Myocastor from continental deposits, confirming their presence in the late Pleistocene of this region; 4 – The RS caviomorphs show paleozoogeographic affinities with the late Pleistocene from Uruguay; 5 – The paleoenvironmental indicatives of caviomorphs corroborate the previous interpretations of open areas during the late Pleistocene substituted by forest areas in the Holocene; 6 – During the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition we observed a local extinction of taxa with open areas affinities, as Microcavia, Galea, Dolichotinae and Lagostomus, substituted by a predominance of taxa typical of forested areas during the Holocene.
33

Os roedores caviomorpha (Mammalia, Rodentia, Hystricognathi) do pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / The caviomorpha (Mammalia, Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

Tumeleiro, Leonardo Rodrigo Kerber January 2011 (has links)
Os roedores Hystricognathi da América do Sul formam um grupo monofilético, os Caviomorpha. Estes roedores provavelmente são derivados de ancestrais africanos e chegaram ao continente sul-americano em algum momento do Eoceno. Devido ao longo período de isolamento geográfico, os caviomorfos atingiram uma grande diversidade fenotípica e ecológica, com mais de 160 gêneros fósseis e viventes. Neste trabalho, é revisado o conhecimento sobre o registro fóssil deste grupo no Pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), sul do Brasil; descrito novo material e discutido suas implicações paleoambientais e paleobiogeográficas. Desta forma, os principais resultados são: 1 – Reporta-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência de Galea e Lagostomus cf. L. maximus no Pleistoceno final do sul do Brasil, sendo que este último táxon representa o primeiro registro de um Chinchillidae no Brasil. 2 – Descreve-se materiais de Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; 3 – Reporta-se novos materiais de Dolichotinae e Myocastor de depósitos continentais, confirmando sua presença durante o Pleistoceno final desta região; 4 – Os caviomorfos pleistocênicos do RS apresentam afinidade paleobiogrográfica mais acentuada com a paleofauna do Uruguai; 5 – Os indicativos paleoambientais dos caviomorfos suportam modelos previamente hipotetizados de áreas abertas durante o Pleistoceno final, substituídas por vegetação florestal durante o Holoceno. 6 – Durante a transição Pleistoceno final/Holoceno, observa-se a extinção regional de táxons com afinidade às áreas abertas, como Microcavia, Galea, Dolichotinae e Lagostomus, substituídos por uma predominância de táxons de afinidade florestal durante o Holoceno. / The Hystricognathi rodents from South America are a monophyletic group, the Caviomorpha. These rodents are probably derived from African ancestors and they arrived in South America during the Eocene. Due to the long period of geographic isolation, the caviomorphs achieved great ecologic and phenotypic diversity, with more than 160 living and fossil genera. In this work, we revised the knowledge on the Pleistocene fossil record of caviomorphs from Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), southern Brazil; described new remains and discussed their paleobiogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications. Thus, the main results are: 1 – We reported, for the first time, the occurrence of Galea and Lagostomus cf. L. maximus in the late Pleistocene of the southern Brazil. The record of Lagostomus is the first occurrence of Chinchillidae in Brazil; 2 – We described remains of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. 3 – We reported new remains of Dolichotinae and Myocastor from continental deposits, confirming their presence in the late Pleistocene of this region; 4 – The RS caviomorphs show paleozoogeographic affinities with the late Pleistocene from Uruguay; 5 – The paleoenvironmental indicatives of caviomorphs corroborate the previous interpretations of open areas during the late Pleistocene substituted by forest areas in the Holocene; 6 – During the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition we observed a local extinction of taxa with open areas affinities, as Microcavia, Galea, Dolichotinae and Lagostomus, substituted by a predominance of taxa typical of forested areas during the Holocene.
34

Os roedores caviomorpha (mammalia, rodentia, hystricognathi) do pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / The Caviomorpha (Mammalia, Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Tumeleiro, Leonardo Rodrigo Kerber January 2011 (has links)
Os roedores Hystricognathi da América do Sul formam um grupo monofilético, os Caviomorpha. Estes roedores provavelmente são derivados de ancestrais africanos e chegaram ao continente sul-americano em algum momento do Eoceno. Devido ao longo período de isolamento geográfico, os caviomorfos atingiram uma grande diversidade fenotípica e ecológica, com mais de 160 gêneros fósseis e viventes. Neste trabalho, é revisado o conhecimento sobre o registro fóssil deste grupo no Pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), sul do Brasil; descrito novo material e discutido suas implicações paleoambientais e paleobiogeográficas. Desta forma, os principais resultados são: 1 – Reporta-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência de Galea e Lagostomus cf. L. maximus no Pleistoceno final do sul do Brasil, sendo que este último táxon representa o primeiro registro de um Chinchillidae no Brasil. 2 – Descreve-se materiais de Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; 3 – Reporta-se novos materiais de Dolichotinae e Myocastor de depósitos continentais, confirmando sua presença durante o Pleistoceno final desta região; 4 – Os caviomorfos pleistocênicos do RS apresentam afinidade paleobiogrográfica mais acentuada com a paleofauna do Uruguai; 5 – Os indicativos paleoambientais dos caviomorfos suportam modelos previamente hipotetizados de áreas abertas durante o Pleistoceno final, substituídas por vegetação florestal durante o Holoceno. 6 – Durante a transição Pleistoceno final/Holoceno, observa-se a extinção regional de táxons com afinidade às áreas abertas, como Microcavia, Galea, Dolichotinae e Lagostomus, substituídos por uma predominância de táxons de afinidade florestal durante o Holoceno. / The Hystricognathi rodents from South America are a monophyletic group, the Caviomorpha. These rodents are probably derived from African ancestors and they arrived in South America during the Eocene. Due to the long period of geographic isolation, the caviomorphs achieved great ecologic and phenotypic diversity, with more than 160 living and fossil genera. In this work, we revised the knowledge on the Pleistocene fossil record of caviomorphs from Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), southern Brazil; described new remains and discussed their paleobiogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications. Thus, the main results are: 1 – We reported, for the first time, the occurrence of Galea and Lagostomus cf. L. maximus in the late Pleistocene of the southern Brazil. The record of Lagostomus is the first occurrence of Chinchillidae in Brazil; 2 – We described remains of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. 3 – We reported new remains of Dolichotinae and Myocastor from continental deposits, confirming their presence in the late Pleistocene of this region; 4 – The RS caviomorphs show paleozoogeographic affinities with the late Pleistocene from Uruguay; 5 – The paleoenvironmental indicatives of caviomorphs corroborate the previous interpretations of open areas during the late Pleistocene substituted by forest areas in the Holocene; 6 – During the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition we observed a local extinction of taxa with open areas affinities, as Microcavia, Galea, Dolichotinae and Lagostomus, substituted by a predominance of taxa typical of forested areas during the Holocene.
35

¿Dónde están los restos óseos humanos del Periodo Pleistoceno Tardío? Problemas y perspectivas en la búsqueda de los primeros americanos

Dillehay, Tom D. 10 April 2018 (has links)
Where are the Late Pleistocene Human Remains? Problems and Perspectives in the Search for the First AmericansVery few, if any, reliable human skeletal remains have been recovered for the late Pleistocene period (before 10.000 B. P.) in South America. They all have problems of context, association, and/or radiocarbon dating. The same is true for the early human record in North America. This dilemma is discussed in terms of 1) archaeological visibility and sampling, 2) other biases affecting the record, 3) mortuary patterns of early hunter-gatherers groups that elude archaeological discovery, and 4) possible solutions to resolve the problem. / En Sudamérica se conocen pocos restos óseos humanos confiables que supuestamente pertenecieron al Pleistoceno Tardío (antes de 10.000 A.P.). Todos ellos tienen problemas de contexto, asociación y/o fechado radiocarbónico. Lo mismo ocurre con el registro humano temprano de Norteamérica. Este problema se discute en términos de 1) visibilidad arqueológica y muestreo, 2) tendencias de estudio variables que afectan el registro, 3) patrones funerarios de los grupos de cazadores-recolectores tempranos que eluden el estudio arqueológico, y 4) soluciones posibles para resolver el problema.
36

A investigação geotécnica como subsídio ao estudo da evolução quaternária de planícies costeiras / The geotechnical investigation as a subsidy to the study of the Quaternary evolution of coastal plains

Andre da Silva Salvaterra 23 March 2018 (has links)
A partir da avaliação de um banco de dados com 192 sondagens SPT realizadas na costa do Estado de São Paulo, foram detalhadas neste trabalho duas perfurações executadas na planície costeira da RMBS, Município de São Vicente, litoral sudeste do Brasil, com objetivo de contribuir com o estudo estratigráfico regional, apresentando a descrição macroscópica, NSPT, resultados granulométricos, geoquímicos e geocronológicos que indicam a correlação de depósitos lamosos amostrados em profundidade nestes furos com eventos transgressivos marinhos regionais. Tais resultados permitiram o reconhecimento de depósitos lamosos associados ao Estágio Isotópico Marinho 3 (MIS3) com idades entre 44890 AP e 40950 AP, formados em ambiente mixohalino desenvolvido entre 7 e 19 m abaixo do nível do mar atual, tendo-se ainda, proxies geoquímicos que sugerem uma transgressão marinha (ou mudança climática) entre 43000 e 42000 AP. Os resultados de granulometria indicaram o predomínio de areia fina nos intervalos arenosos e silte grosso nos lamosos, com NSPT das areias entre 2 e 40 e NSPT das lamas entre 1 e 8, sendo que para as areias os números mais elevados estão relacionados aos depósitos com melhor seleção granulométrica, possivelmente, pela ação de dunas e/ou posicionadas inferiormente na coluna estratigráfica (e/ou próximas à base de cada intervalo), e para as lamas os maiores valores são encontrados nas porções inferiores das sondagens, provavelmente, devido ao peso da coluna sedimentar sobrejacente. Os resultados de diâmetro médio (φ), NSPT e CaCO3 apresentaram correlação em ambas as sondagens, observando-se para os maiores valores de φ, os menores de NSPT e os maiores de CaCO3. A distribuição dos metais na sondagem SP-02 revelou a existência de dois grupos principais, sendo o primeiro associado à dominância de minerais argilosos (K, Ba, Sc, Al, Mg e Sr), e o segundo, associado a óxidos (Fe, Ti, Cr, V, Mn, Cu, Ni e Zn), com a sequência basal lamosa (MIS5e) associada à fácies terrestre, e, as lamas intermediárias (MIS3) associadas a um ambiente mixohalino, indicando a possibilidade de rochas-fonte distintas ou mudanças nas condições climáticas entre MIS5e e MIS3. / In this work, new evidence regarding a Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) transgression on the south-eastern Brazilian coast (Baixada Santista coastal plain) is shown. Data collected from two Standard Penetration Test (SPT) drillings allowed the distinction of four sandy intervals of three mud intervals, with the intermediate sequences revealing the occurrence of myxohaline sediments between BP 45,000 and 41,000 BP. A deeper sequence, which shows a clear transition from terrestrial to a myxohaline environment, was associated with the MIS5e. Organic and inorganic proxies have been used to recognize the variations on the terrestrial/myxohaline/marine deposits, as well as to infer about climate and energy of the depositional environment. Environmental change, which could correspond to a sea-level peak or the occurrence of drier conditions, was recognized between 43,000 and 42,000 BP. The SPT values in the sands varied between 2 and 40, while for muds the SPT values ranged from 1 to 8. The results of mean diameter (φ), SPT and CaCO3 presented a correlation in both drillings, with the highest values of φ, being the lowest of SPT and the highest of CaCO3. The results reinforce the need for future works on MIS3 variability on the South American Atlantic coast.
37

A investigação geotécnica como subsídio ao estudo da evolução quaternária de planícies costeiras / The geotechnical investigation as a subsidy to the study of the Quaternary evolution of coastal plains

Salvaterra, Andre da Silva 23 March 2018 (has links)
A partir da avaliação de um banco de dados com 192 sondagens SPT realizadas na costa do Estado de São Paulo, foram detalhadas neste trabalho duas perfurações executadas na planície costeira da RMBS, Município de São Vicente, litoral sudeste do Brasil, com objetivo de contribuir com o estudo estratigráfico regional, apresentando a descrição macroscópica, NSPT, resultados granulométricos, geoquímicos e geocronológicos que indicam a correlação de depósitos lamosos amostrados em profundidade nestes furos com eventos transgressivos marinhos regionais. Tais resultados permitiram o reconhecimento de depósitos lamosos associados ao Estágio Isotópico Marinho 3 (MIS3) com idades entre 44890 AP e 40950 AP, formados em ambiente mixohalino desenvolvido entre 7 e 19 m abaixo do nível do mar atual, tendo-se ainda, proxies geoquímicos que sugerem uma transgressão marinha (ou mudança climática) entre 43000 e 42000 AP. Os resultados de granulometria indicaram o predomínio de areia fina nos intervalos arenosos e silte grosso nos lamosos, com NSPT das areias entre 2 e 40 e NSPT das lamas entre 1 e 8, sendo que para as areias os números mais elevados estão relacionados aos depósitos com melhor seleção granulométrica, possivelmente, pela ação de dunas e/ou posicionadas inferiormente na coluna estratigráfica (e/ou próximas à base de cada intervalo), e para as lamas os maiores valores são encontrados nas porções inferiores das sondagens, provavelmente, devido ao peso da coluna sedimentar sobrejacente. Os resultados de diâmetro médio (φ), NSPT e CaCO3 apresentaram correlação em ambas as sondagens, observando-se para os maiores valores de φ, os menores de NSPT e os maiores de CaCO3. A distribuição dos metais na sondagem SP-02 revelou a existência de dois grupos principais, sendo o primeiro associado à dominância de minerais argilosos (K, Ba, Sc, Al, Mg e Sr), e o segundo, associado a óxidos (Fe, Ti, Cr, V, Mn, Cu, Ni e Zn), com a sequência basal lamosa (MIS5e) associada à fácies terrestre, e, as lamas intermediárias (MIS3) associadas a um ambiente mixohalino, indicando a possibilidade de rochas-fonte distintas ou mudanças nas condições climáticas entre MIS5e e MIS3. / In this work, new evidence regarding a Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) transgression on the south-eastern Brazilian coast (Baixada Santista coastal plain) is shown. Data collected from two Standard Penetration Test (SPT) drillings allowed the distinction of four sandy intervals of three mud intervals, with the intermediate sequences revealing the occurrence of myxohaline sediments between BP 45,000 and 41,000 BP. A deeper sequence, which shows a clear transition from terrestrial to a myxohaline environment, was associated with the MIS5e. Organic and inorganic proxies have been used to recognize the variations on the terrestrial/myxohaline/marine deposits, as well as to infer about climate and energy of the depositional environment. Environmental change, which could correspond to a sea-level peak or the occurrence of drier conditions, was recognized between 43,000 and 42,000 BP. The SPT values in the sands varied between 2 and 40, while for muds the SPT values ranged from 1 to 8. The results of mean diameter (φ), SPT and CaCO3 presented a correlation in both drillings, with the highest values of φ, being the lowest of SPT and the highest of CaCO3. The results reinforce the need for future works on MIS3 variability on the South American Atlantic coast.
38

Geochemistry of karst deposits in Borneo detailing hydroclimate variations in the Warm Pool across the late Pleistocene

Carolin, Stacy Anne 27 August 2014 (has links)
Variability in the tropical ocean-atmospheric system causes global scale climate anomalies, most evident in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation’s coupled climate feedbacks. Despite being an area of high interest, many questions still remain regarding the west Pacific warm pool’s response to external forcing, particularly its response to increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Paleoclimate reconstructions coupled with model simulations provide insight into the tropical Pacific’s role in past climate variability necessary to the development of robust climate projections. Most paleoclimate records, however, still lack the resolution, length, and chronological control to resolve rapid variability against a background of orbital-scale variations. Here we present stalagmite oxygen isotope (δ18O) reconstructions from Gunung Mulu National Park (4oN, 115oE ), in northern Borneo, that provide reproducible centennial-scale records of western Pacific hydrologic variability that are precisely U/Th-dated and continuous throughout most of the late Pleistocene (0-160 thousand years ago, kybp). The record comprises an entire glacial-interglacial cycle, which allows us to investigate orbital-scale climate forcings and compare two well-dated glacial terminations in the western tropical Pacific. The ice- volume-corrected δ18O records suggest that glacial boundary condtions, which include significantly lower atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, did not drive significant changes in Mulu rainfall δ18O. Similarly, Borneo stalagmite δ18O is poorly correlated to either global sea level shifts or Sunda Shelf areal exposure is not evident. The Borneo record does vary in phase with local mid-fall equatorial insolation, suggesting that precessional forcing may impart a strong influence on hydroclimate variability in the warm pool. This is best illustrated across Glacial Termination II, when the oscillation of equatorial fall insolation is large and out of phase with ice sheet decay. We also use a subset of well-dated, high-resolution stalagmite δ18O records from Mulu to investigate millennial-scale climate variability during Marine Isotope Stages 3-5 (30-100kybp). We find that regional convection likely decreased during the six massive iceberg discharges defined in the North Atlantic sediment records (“Heinrich events”). The inferred drying (increased stalagmite δ18O) during Heinrich events is consistent with a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone – the dominant paradigm to explain global climate anomalies originating in the north Atlantic (ref). However, any hydrologic variability related to Dansgaad-Oeschgar (D/O) events, millennial-scale sawtooth temperature anomalies of the last glacial period first evident in the Greenland ice records, is notably absent in the stalagmite records. . The Mulu stalagmite record’s absence of D/O signal, however, is in marked contrast to the regional west Pacific marine records and suggests D/O events and Heinrich events may be characterized by fundamentally different climate mechanisms and feedbacks.
39

Environmental Change and Population History of North America from the Late Pleistocene to the Anthropocene

Chaput, Michelle 10 September 2018 (has links)
The assumption that prehistoric Native American land use practices had little impact on the North American landscape persists in the literature. However, recent research suggests the effects of prehistoric burning, deforestation and agriculture may potentially have been greater than previously considered. To resolve this discrepancy, quantitative estimates of changes in human population size and forest structure and composition over the course of the Holocene are needed. This thesis addresses this need by providing radiocarbon-based paleodemographic reconstructions and pollen-inferred estimates of vegetation change, as well as analyses of associations between the two at both continental and regional scales, from the late Pleistocene to the Anthropocene. One way to estimate paleodemographic change is to use the number of radiocarbon (14C) dates from a given area to study patterns of human occupation through time. A review of the literature and compilation of existing databases relevant to this method showed there is now sufficient data to study the paleodemographic history of many regions around the world. An analysis of 14C datasets from North America and Australia compared well with model-based reconstructions of past demographic growth, and provided higher frequency fluctuations in population densities that will be important for future research. Using a kernel density estimation approach, the first estimates of prehistoric population density for North America were obtained and synthesized into a series of continental-scale maps showing the distribution and frequency of 14C dates in the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database (CARD). The maps illustrated the space-time evolution of population and migration patterns, which were corroborated by independent sources of evidence. A methodology based on the statistical evaluation of cross-correlations between population and plant abundance was then developed to analyze the associations between these population estimates and plant communities derived from pollen databases. Periods of high spatial cross-correlation (positive and negative) between population and plant abundance were irregular and did not improve over time, suggesting that ancient human impacts are not discernable at a continental scale, either due to low populations or varying human land use practices. To further examine the relationship between pollen data and human land use at a regional scale, estimates of plant density and landscape openness are needed. The REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites) model corrects for the non-linear relationship between pollen production and plant abundance and can therefore be used to map histories of land use and land cover change. The model was applied to pollen records from lake sediments in the deciduous forest of southeastern Quebec. A preliminary analysis comparing these results to population density revealed low population during times of high Populus abundance and high population following the appearance of the mixed temperate forest suggesting a discernable human-environment association at regional scales. Overall, the results of thesis support the growing body of literature that suggests prehistoric Native Americans impacted their environments and that these impacts can be detected and quantified by integrating archaeological and paleoecological information. However, the timing, location, and intensity of human land use has changed in both space and time, suggesting regional- to local-scale analyses of human-environment interactions are most appropriate for continental North America. The methodology presented here can be used to study additional North American regions for the purpose of developing a continental history of human-environment interaction.
40

Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Occupations of the North Coast Of Perú / Las ocupaciones humanas del Pleistoceno Final y el Holoceno Temprano en la costa norte del Perú

Maggard, Greg J. 10 April 2018 (has links)
On Perú’s North Coast, the earliest documented lithic traditions are collectively known as the El Palto Phase (~14,200-9600cal BP). This phase, which spans the Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene, contains evidence for several contemporary or overlapping traditions, including early unifacial assemblages, and the Fishtail and Paiján complexes. Recent study of El Palto phasesites in the lower Jequetepeque Valley focused on evaluating the relationships between these assemblages and the populations who manufactured them. The results of this study indicate a greater degree of intratype diversity among point types than previously recognized and call into question the descendant relationships between Fishtail and Paiján. The results from several long-term regional studies are combined with these analyses to provide new insight regarding early settlement and technological change in this region of the Central Andes. / En la costa norte del Perú, las tradiciones líticas más tempranas documentadas se conocen, en conjunto, como la fase El Palto (~14.200-9600 cal AP). Esta fase, que abarca desde el Pleistoceno Final hasta el Holoceno Temprano, contiene evidencias de varias tradiciones contemporáneas o que coinciden parcialmente en el tiempo, lo que incluye conjuntos unifaciales tempranos y los complejos Cola de Pescado y Paiján. Un reciente estudio de los sitios de la fase El Palto en el valle bajo de Jequetepeque se enfocó enla evaluación de los vínculos entre estos conjuntos y las poblaciones que los produjeron. Los resultados obtenidos indican un grado mayor de diversidad tipológica entre los tipos de puntas que lo que previamente se había reconocido y cuestionan las relaciones tecnológicas entre las tradiciones líticas Paiján y Cola de Pescado. Asimismo, los resultados de varios estudios regionales de largoplazo se combinan con estos análisis con el objeto de proporcionar una nueva comprensión acerca del asentamiento temprano y el cambio tecnológico en esta región de los Andes Centrales.

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