Univ., Diss.--Fribourg, 2001. / Zsfassung in dt. und franz. Sprache.

Diss. Univ. Bern, 2007. / Originaltitel: Vom Traum einer besseren Welt. Originaltitel: Vom Traum einer besseren Welt ... der 1. Mai in der Schweiz (1890-2005).

Orientador: Dorotheé Susanne Rudiger / Resumo: No presente trabalho, a organização sindical brasileira é estudada na confrontação com um modelo democrático de relações coletivas de trabalho, concebido a partir de normas da Organização Internacional do Trabalho acerca do assunto, e apresentado por intermédio do Direito Estrangeiro, centralmente Estados Unidos da América e Itália, e dos princípios comuns que o informam na União Européia. A inexistência de liberdade à associação sindical brasileira é verificada no seu relacionamento com o Estado, que mantém a sindicalização por categoria econômica e profissional em todos os graus da organização sindical - dessa maneira são excluídas as centrais sindicais - e a contribuição sindical obrigatória, e institui a unicidade sindical na Constituição Federal de 1988, bem como com outras entidades sindicais, que, desde a unicidade sindical, não têm meios para demonstrarem mais representatividade, de sorte a substituir outro sindicato em seus âmbitos pessoais e territoriais de representação legal. As causas da manutenção, a persistência das apontadas notas, que serviram de parâmetros para estudo do Direito Estrangeiro e dos referidos princípios, bem como a necessária reforma, são problematizadas no contexto das pretensões de reforma no Direito Coletivo do Trabalho, advogadas na década de 90 e informadas pelo deliberado propósito de modernização das relações de trabalho, no sentido de serem mais disciplinadas mediante negociação coletiva. Palavras-chave: liberdade sindical; enquadramento sindical; estrutura sindical; modelo de relações de trabalho. / Riassunto: In questo lavoro, l'organizzazione sindacale brasiliana viene studiata in confronto col molello democratico dei rapporti collettivi di lavoro concepito a partire dalle norme della Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro sull' argomento, e presentato tramite il Diritto Straniero, specie negli Stati Uniti d'America e Italia, e dei principi comuni che lo informano nell'Unione Europea. L'assenza di libertà all'associazione sindacale brasiliana viene confermata nel suo rapporto com lo Stato, che mantiene la sindacalizzazione per categoria economica e professionale in tutti i livelli dell'organizzazione sindacale - cosiquè sono escluse le centrale sindacali - e il contributo sindacale obbligatorio, e stabilisce l'unicità sindacale nella Costituzione Federativa del 1988, così come con le altre entità sindacali, che fin dalla unicità sindacale non riescono a dimonstrare piú rappresentatività, in modo da sostituire un'altro sindacato nei suoi ambiti personali e territoriali di rappresentazione legale. Le cause della manutenzione, il persistere degli appunti, che sono stati presi come parametri per gli studi del Diritto Straniero e dei principi riferiti, così come la necessária riforma, sono questionati nel contesto delle pretensioni di riforma nel Diritto Collettivo del Lavoro, diffese negli anni'90 ed informate dal deliberato proposito di modernizzazione dei rapporti di lavoro con l'intenzione di renderli piú disciplinate tramite trattativa collettiva. Parole-chiave: libertà sindacale; inquadramento sindacale; struttura sindacale; molello dei rapporti di lavoro. / Mestre

Questo lavoro di tesi illustra un progetto di ricerca volto ad esplorare i processi di creazione della conoscenza, dell’apprendimento e del cambiamento organizzativo in un’azienda for profit appartenente al settore automotive. L’attenzione iniziale della committenza era focalizzata sulla possibilità di migliorare la soddisfazione dei dipendenti, ma un’analisi approfondita di questa richiesta ha permesso di progettare un intervento che contribuisse in maniera significativa alla ricerca applicata ai topic di interesse organizzativo sopra menzionati. Il primo studio illustra un’analisi estensiva dei processi di cambiamento organizzativo in questa azienda. Viene progettato e implementato un intervento di tipo formativo e partecipativo mutuando dalla letteratura i concetti di authorship e di expansive learning. Grazie all’utilizzo di metodologie qualitative, il top management e i dipendenti vengono attivamente coinvolti nell’intervento che esita nell’individuazione di un obiettivo comune a tutta l’azienda: identificare un nuovo metodo di management. Il secondo studio è invece volto a descrivere come si instauri una relazione di fiducia tra il dottorando e i partecipanti alla ricerca (la popolazione aziendale in questo caso) e come questa possa facilitare la co- produzione di conoscenza organizzativa. Viene utilizzato l’approccio autoetnografico come cornice metodologica e vengono descritte cinque vignette autoetnografiche. / This PhD thesis illustrates a research project aimed at exploring the multifaceted process of organisational knowledge creation, organisational learning and organisational change in a for- profit automotive corporation. The initial focus of the top management was on increasing the employee satisfaction, but a deep analysis of this request allowed us to design a project aimed at giving a wider contribution to the topics of organizational knowledge, learning and change. This first study illustrates a comprehensive analysis of organisational change in an intervention carried out in this company. A participatory and formative intervention is designed, based on the notion of authorship and expansive learning. Using participative qualitative methods, the top management and all the employees are actively involved in a process that leads to shape a shared object and a common goal: to devise a new management method for the company. The specific purpose of the second study is to describe how the process of the establishment of a trust and legitimacy relationship between the PhD student and the participants in the research happens and how it facilitates the co- production of knowledge in the organisation. The autoethnographic approach is used as methodological framework and five autoethnographic vignettes are presented.

L'aumento delle intolleranze, e la crescente volontà dei consumatori di seguire diete più sane, stanno interrogando il dibattito scientifico circa il ruolo del glutine e del lattosio nelle abitudini alimentari, sia dal punto di vista nutrizionale che di qualità di vita. Nel contesto italiano, l'improvviso cambiamento nelle diete dei consumatori sta causando cambiamenti critici dal punto di vista economico e culturale. Le motivazioni alla base di questi cambiamenti alimentari sembrano poco chiare, suggerendo così la necessità di uno approccio psicologico. Questa tesi di dottorato propone una ricerca mixed-methods volta a esplorare le determinanti psicologiche delle diete “senza” glutine e lattosio tra i consumatori italiani, con particolare attenzione ai consumatori tolleranti. I risultati mostrano che questi consumatori sembrano coinvolti in un profondo cambiamento psicologico e che le diete "senza" rappresentano per loro un "passaggio" per iniziare a ricostruire il loro equilibrio attraverso nuovi piani alimentari (e di stile di vita). Riflettendo sul caso critico delle diete “senza” lattosio e glutine, questa ricerca sottolinea le potenzialità per la psicologia di studiare le scelte alimentari e promuovere la salute e il benessere dei consumatori. / The estimated increase in the adverse reactions from food, along with consumers’ desires to pursue healthier diets, are raising questions for people about the role of gluten and lactose in their food habits. Consequences of this food regimen on a healthy population are under discussion, both from nutritional perspective and broader quality of life. In the Italian context, the sudden change in consumer diets is bringing about critical changes economically and culturally. The motivations behind these dietary changes in tolerant consumers appear unclear, thus suggesting the need for a psychological approach. This dissertation propose a mixed-methods research aimed at exploring to explore the psychological determinants of gluten and lactose-free diets among Italian consumers, with a main focus on tolerant consumers. Results show that these consumers appear involved in a deep psychological change and “free from” diets represent for them a “gate” to start rebuilding a perceived balance through new food (and lifestyle) plans. This is a first attempt that, reflecting on the critical case of lactose- and gluten-free diets, would underline potentialities for psychology to intervene in this field and to promote consumer health and wellbeing through food consumptions.

Historically, International Labour Law was developed to mitigate the negative social externalities of the Industrial Revolution and protect international trade from unfair competition. With a similar objective, the international community failed to establish the International Trade Organisation provided for in the 1948 Havana Charter. In its place, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was adopted. However, the Havana Charter remains the first universal trade treaty to include a social clause. During the Cold War, Western countries failed to introduce a social clause in the GATT. The most resounding failure was in the 1990s when the World Trade Organisation (WTO) was created. This failure drove Western countries to introduce social clauses in bilateral and non-universal multilateral trade agreements. Since the 2000s there has been a ‘boom’ of new social clauses. These clauses have developed into two main models: the conditional model and the cooperative (or promotional) model. The former model is typical of the US, the latter of the EU. The US and EU clauses have four characteristics and structural elements: social obligations, procedural commitments, implementation mechanisms and dispute settlement mechanisms. The main difference between the two types of social clauses lies in the presence (US model) or absence (EU model) of sanctions for breach of obligations. The research question of this dissertation concerns the legal efficacy of social clauses. First, the research reconstructs the historical-legal background and conceptualises social clauses. Second, the study compares the EU and US models from a legal-historical perspective. Third, the dissertation comparatively assesses two fundamental (and so far unique) cases for breach of social obligations: the US v. Guatemala case and the EU v. Republic of Korea case.

Most exogenous developmental models have not provided satisfactory results in indigenous settings. The resulting development policies have contributed to the expropriation of indigenous territories and to the indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources, that have led to a generalized worsening of indigenous peoples’ living conditions. The expression “development aggression” has been coined to describe the violation of indigenous individual and collective rights during development processes that have been imposed top-down rather than shared and implemented with the communities involved. Against this background, several studies have pinpointed the role of indigenous entrepreneurship in sustaining endogenous development processes. Due to the low number of empirical studies supporting this proposition, this research aims at contributing to the debate, claiming that community enterprises are an effective vehicle for an indigenous self- determined process of development. More specifically, these grassroots entrepreneurial initiatives appear able to sustain an indigenous conception of well-being that has recently entered the Latin American debate on development. This conception, named buen vivir, emphasizes the importance of indigenous culture, the natural environment, and collective well-being. Based on a multidisciplinary approach that draws on entrepreneur- ship, economic sociology, anthropology, and development studies, the re- search combines theoretical and empirical approaches. An ethnographic study has been carried out in the first half of 2012 and has investigated sixteen self-managed community enterprises that have been founded by indigenous Mayan communities in the Mexican state of Chiapas. The fieldwork has been based on in-depth semi-structured interviews, as well as direct observation and analysis of secondary sources. The focus is on identifying the enabling factors that have supported the emergence of these enterprises and the impact they have had on improving indigenous peoples’ well-being. The main findings pinpoint the existence of some enabling factors for the emergence of community enterprises in the indigenous context, that have to be found in the indigenous cultural resources on which they are based, in the linkages they hold with social movements, and in the situation of social and economic stress of the context in which they are embedded. The research has also highlighted that in the context ana- lyzed community enterprises maintain some specific characteristics: they have a civic origin, thus they are not externally driven; they pursue a plurality of goals, which are not only social and economic, but also political, cultural and environmental; they have a participatory governance, based on equality among members and on democratic principles; and an entrepreneurial dimension that is explicitly aimed at pursuing social objectives through the continuous production of goods or services. These four characteristics explain the contribution that community enterprises can offer in supporting alternative approaches to development, where local communities are actors of their own development processes.

La tesi ha l'obiettivo di comprendere quale sistema di nuovi valori, aspirazioni e norme sociali, rispetto all'ideologia delle sfere separate, orienta l'agire di neogenitori in coppie dual precarious e con quali conseguenze dal punto di vista soggettivo, tanto nella quotidianità quanto lungo il corso biografico. Il lavoro di ricerca adotta un approccio sociologico di tipo interpretativo e si articola su tre fuochi di analisi specifici: gli assetti culturali e normativi influenti nei processi di sense-making tra famiglia e lavoro, le pratiche quotidiane di boundary-work fra gli ambiti di vita e i processi decisionali lungo le esperienze biografiche. La tesi fa luce su come i meccanismi, allo stesso tempo pratici e culturali, collocati in contesti familiari, strutturali e culturali specifici, concorrano, talvolta in modo conflittuale e talvolta attraverso taciti processi di adattamento, ad innovare e, per altri versi, a riprodurre i modelli egemoni di conciliazione famiglia-lavoro.

Through a cyberethnographic informed approach applied to a mature Free and Open Source Software video game collective this research addressed a central issue in contemporary information age: the increasing place taken by users in creating and maintaining innovative public goods thanks to the distributed carrying capacity of the Internet. The empirical work is based on an ethnographic immersion in the field and on interviews and it is theoretically informed by Actor-Network Theory and integrated with insights coming from Action Nets.

The thesis contributes to the explanation of two well-documented phenomena: the strong decline in fertility rates and the parallel increase in female labour market participation which occurred in the last decades in most OECD countries. The argument is studied by means of a European comparison and an in-depth analysis of the Italian case. An innovative aspect of the work is the combination of cultural and structural explanations. In fact, the main argument of the thesis is that cross-national differences and the puzzling Italian and Southern European pattern of low fertility and low female labour market participation should be understood as stemming from the interplay between different factors, related to a structural – Welfare Regimes and the Economic Theory of the Family – and a cultural theoretical framework – the Second Demographic Transition and the distinction between “strong” and “weak” family systems. In detail, the thesis shows empirically how both women’s opportunity-costs and households’ economic resources as well as family values and preferences are useful to understand fertility and female labour market participation behaviours. ILFI (Indagine Longitudinale sulle Famiglie Italiane, 1997-2005) data have been used to demonstrate how individual- and household-level mechanisms, connected with social stratification, underlying the transition to parenthood and female labour market participation around childbirths are coherent with the Italian familialistic institutional setting. Italy is an interesting case not least because of its strong regional heterogeneity, which concerns also the family formation process. Adopting an epidemiological approach, ILFI and IARD data on the condition of youth (2004) are exploited to show how the regional heterogeneity in family behaviours within Italy, such as the lower age at parenthood and the higher fertility rates in Southern regions in the selected cohorts, may be largely explained by differences in family values. This first hint suggesting the role of culture on demographic behaviours is developed further in a comparative setting using EVS (European Values Study, 1990-2008) data. The latter allowed to assess directly the importance of values and attitudes for women’s labour market participation and fertility decisions in 15 European countries. Finally, the comparison between the different paths followed by Italy and the Netherlands in the last thirty years is discussed as an example of how changes in the institutional settings in order to foster work-family reconciliation are deeply embedded within wider processes of social change. Based on the developed theoretical framework and the results of the mentioned empirical analyses, the author attempts to integrate different streams of the literature and presents an argumentation about the complex interplay between interests, ideas and institutions underlying fertility and female labour market participation trends and patterns.