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Os pavimentos asfálticos brasileiros são projetados para durar, em média, 10 anos, contudo, em muitos casos, com poucos meses passados da abertura ao tráfego, começam a apresentar problemas que comprometem seu desempenho. Supõe-se que parte principal deste problema resida no fato de ser construído com revestimento asfáltico com espessura inferior às que são usadas nos países que nos servem de referência técnica, o que resulta em maiores esforços. Porém, além do aspecto estrutural, este trabalho aborda, principalmente, os efeitos na dosagem de misturas asfálticas, pois os critérios estabelecidos levam em conta o efeito do tráfego considerando estruturas com 15 cm ou mais de espessura do revestimento asfáltico. Portanto, a energia de compactação em laboratório considerada para a simulação do tráfego atuando em uma estrutura de pavimento com 15 cm de revestimento asfáltico não deve ser a mesma quando a espessura do revestimento for muito menor, pois as respostas estruturais, tensão e deformação, são muito diferentes nos dois casos, sendo as estruturas mais esbeltas submetidas a maiores solicitações do tráfego, o que deveria ser considerado quando da dosagem de misturas asfálticas em laboratório, particularmente no Brasil. Há outros agravantes, como a concentração de tensões associada à maior pressão de enchimento dos pneus e o tráfego de veículos com excesso de carga por eixo. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma tabela com faixa de valores do número de giros de compactação de misturas asfálticas, para diferentes níveis de tráfego, adaptada da tabela do Superpave e corrigida segundo critérios de análise de danos equivalentes em função da espessura de revestimento. Além da análise estrutural, teórica, foi desenvolvido um trabalho laboratorial, com misturas asfálticas dosadas pelo método Superpave, considerando-se todos os níveis de tráfego e os respectivos número de giros de projeto do compactador giratório. As misturas asfálticas foram projetadas para o teor ótimo de ligante correspondente a um volume de vazios de 4%. Os corpos de prova foram compactados segundo sete níveis de energia de tráfego, conforme estabelecido no método Superpave, com determinação de propriedades volumétricas (VAM, Vazios do Agregado Mineral, RBV, Relação Betume-Vazios, e TF, Teor de Fíler) e mecânicas (MR, Módulo de Resiliência, e RT, Resistência à Tração). Os resultados foram comparados pelos testes estatísticos não paramétricos U de Mann-Whitney e KS (Kolmogorov-Smirnov), que avaliam se duas amostras possuem distribuições de valores similares ou não. As propriedades volumétricas (VAM, RBV e TF) variaram significativamente com a energia de compactação, sendo que seus valores médios diminuíram com o aumento da energia de tráfego, enquanto que as propriedades mecânicas (MR e RT) apresentaram aumento de valor com o aumento da energia do tráfego de projeto, ainda que, em energias contíguas, tenha havido pequena diferença. Foi constatado maior influência da temperatura de realização de ensaios de MR e RT para os maiores níveis de energia de tráfego, ou seja, há maior diminuição de MR e RT com o aumento da temperatura para as misturas produzidas com um maior número de giros. Foi realizada análise estrutural com o programa ELSYM5, considerando-se diferentes espessuras de revestimentos asfálticos e propriedades semelhantes às das misturas asfálticas projetadas. Os resultados permitiram análises de vida de fadiga e de danos equivalentes, sob diferentes esforços, decorrentes de redução na espessura do revestimento ou de sobrecargas do tráfego. A vida de fadiga apresentou tendência de aumento com o nível de tráfego considerado para dosagem da mistura asfáltica, mas com tendência assintótica. O aumento da carga por eixo e da pressão de enchimento de pneus, quando associados à redução de espessura dos revestimentos asfálticos, pode levar a uma redução na vida de fadiga em cerca de 60 vezes, para pavimentos flexíveis, e em cerca de 10 vezes, para pavimentos semirrígidos. Na tentativa de amenizar os possíveis problemas que afetam o desempenho de nossos pavimentos, o número de giros usado no compactador giratório para projetar misturas asfálticas deve aumentar em cerca de 20% a 50% em pavimento flexível e de 4% a 30% em pavimento semirrígido, dependendo da energia de tráfego considerada em projeto, do tipo de estrutura selecionada e dos carregamentos veiculares aferidos. / Brazilian asphalt pavements are designed to last, on average, 10 years, however, in many cases, with only a few months after opened to traffic, they begin to present problems that compromise their performance. It is assumed that the main part of this problem resides in the fact that they are constructed with surface layers with thickness inferior to those that are used in the countries that serve as technical reference, which results in greater efforts. However, in addition to the structural aspect, this work mainly addresses the effects on the dosage of asphalt mixtures, since the established criteria take into account the effect of traffic considering structures with 15 cm or more of thickness of the asphalt layer. Therefore, the compaction energy in the laboratory considered for the simulation of the traffic acting on a pavement structure with 15 cm of asphalt layer should not be the same when the thickness of the surface layer is much smaller, since the structural responses are very different, with the leaner structures being submitted to higher traffic efforts, which should be considered when dosing asphalt mixtures in the laboratory, particularly in Brazil. There are other aggravating factors, such as the concentration of stresses associated with the higher tire inflation pressure and the traffic of overloaded vehicles. The objective of this work is to propose a table with a range of values of the number of gyrations for compaction of asphalt mixtures, for different levels of traffic, adapted from the Superpave table and corrected according to criteria based on analysis of equivalent damages as a function of the asphalt surface layer thickness. In addition to the structural analysis, a laboratory work was developed, with asphalt mixtures designed by the Superpave method, considering all traffic levels and the respective number of gyrations of the gyratory compactor. The asphalt mixtures were designed for the optimum binder content corresponding to an air void of 4%. The test specimens were compacted according to seven traffic energy levels, as established in the Superpave method, with determination of volumetric properties (VMA, Voids in Mineral Aggregates, VFA, Voids Filled with Asphalt, and DP, Dust Proportion) and mechanical properties (MR, Resilient Modulus, and TS, Tensile Strength). Results were compared by Mann-Whitney and KS (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) non-parametric statistical tests, which evaluate whether two samples have distributions of similar values or not. The volumetric properties (VMA, VFA and DP) varied significantly with the compaction energy, and their mean values decreased with increasing traffic energy, while mechanical properties (MR and TS) increased with increasing energy of the design traffic, although, in contiguous energies, there was little difference. It was observed a higher influence of the temperature of MR and TS tests for the higher levels of traffic energy, that is, there is a greater decrease of MR and TS with the temperature increase for the mixtures produced with a greater number of gyrations. Structural analysis was performed with the ELSYM5 program, considering different thicknesses of asphaltic coatings and properties similar to those of the projected asphalt mixtures. The results allowed fatigue life and equivalent damages analyzes under different stresses due to reduction of the thickness of the surface layer or traffic overloads. Fatigue life showed a tendency to increase with the level of traffic considered for mixture design, but with an asymptotic tendency. The increased axle load and tire inflation pressure, when associated with the reduction of the thickness of the asphalt layer, can lead to a reduction in fatigue life by about 60 times for flexible pavements and by about 10 times, for semi-rigid pavements. In an attempt to soften the possible problems affecting the performance of our pavements, the number of gyrations used in the gyratory compactor to design asphalt mixtures should increase by 20 to 50% in flexible pavement and from 4% to 30% in semi-rigid pavement, depending on the traffic energy considered in design, the type of structure selected and the measured vehicle loads.

Os pavimentos asfálticos brasileiros são projetados para durar, em média, 10 anos, contudo, em muitos casos, com poucos meses passados da abertura ao tráfego, começam a apresentar problemas que comprometem seu desempenho. Supõe-se que parte principal deste problema resida no fato de ser construído com revestimento asfáltico com espessura inferior às que são usadas nos países que nos servem de referência técnica, o que resulta em maiores esforços. Porém, além do aspecto estrutural, este trabalho aborda, principalmente, os efeitos na dosagem de misturas asfálticas, pois os critérios estabelecidos levam em conta o efeito do tráfego considerando estruturas com 15 cm ou mais de espessura do revestimento asfáltico. Portanto, a energia de compactação em laboratório considerada para a simulação do tráfego atuando em uma estrutura de pavimento com 15 cm de revestimento asfáltico não deve ser a mesma quando a espessura do revestimento for muito menor, pois as respostas estruturais, tensão e deformação, são muito diferentes nos dois casos, sendo as estruturas mais esbeltas submetidas a maiores solicitações do tráfego, o que deveria ser considerado quando da dosagem de misturas asfálticas em laboratório, particularmente no Brasil. Há outros agravantes, como a concentração de tensões associada à maior pressão de enchimento dos pneus e o tráfego de veículos com excesso de carga por eixo. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma tabela com faixa de valores do número de giros de compactação de misturas asfálticas, para diferentes níveis de tráfego, adaptada da tabela do Superpave e corrigida segundo critérios de análise de danos equivalentes em função da espessura de revestimento. Além da análise estrutural, teórica, foi desenvolvido um trabalho laboratorial, com misturas asfálticas dosadas pelo método Superpave, considerando-se todos os níveis de tráfego e os respectivos número de giros de projeto do compactador giratório. As misturas asfálticas foram projetadas para o teor ótimo de ligante correspondente a um volume de vazios de 4%. Os corpos de prova foram compactados segundo sete níveis de energia de tráfego, conforme estabelecido no método Superpave, com determinação de propriedades volumétricas (VAM, Vazios do Agregado Mineral, RBV, Relação Betume-Vazios, e TF, Teor de Fíler) e mecânicas (MR, Módulo de Resiliência, e RT, Resistência à Tração). Os resultados foram comparados pelos testes estatísticos não paramétricos U de Mann-Whitney e KS (Kolmogorov-Smirnov), que avaliam se duas amostras possuem distribuições de valores similares ou não. As propriedades volumétricas (VAM, RBV e TF) variaram significativamente com a energia de compactação, sendo que seus valores médios diminuíram com o aumento da energia de tráfego, enquanto que as propriedades mecânicas (MR e RT) apresentaram aumento de valor com o aumento da energia do tráfego de projeto, ainda que, em energias contíguas, tenha havido pequena diferença. Foi constatado maior influência da temperatura de realização de ensaios de MR e RT para os maiores níveis de energia de tráfego, ou seja, há maior diminuição de MR e RT com o aumento da temperatura para as misturas produzidas com um maior número de giros. Foi realizada análise estrutural com o programa ELSYM5, considerando-se diferentes espessuras de revestimentos asfálticos e propriedades semelhantes às das misturas asfálticas projetadas. Os resultados permitiram análises de vida de fadiga e de danos equivalentes, sob diferentes esforços, decorrentes de redução na espessura do revestimento ou de sobrecargas do tráfego. A vida de fadiga apresentou tendência de aumento com o nível de tráfego considerado para dosagem da mistura asfáltica, mas com tendência assintótica. O aumento da carga por eixo e da pressão de enchimento de pneus, quando associados à redução de espessura dos revestimentos asfálticos, pode levar a uma redução na vida de fadiga em cerca de 60 vezes, para pavimentos flexíveis, e em cerca de 10 vezes, para pavimentos semirrígidos. Na tentativa de amenizar os possíveis problemas que afetam o desempenho de nossos pavimentos, o número de giros usado no compactador giratório para projetar misturas asfálticas deve aumentar em cerca de 20% a 50% em pavimento flexível e de 4% a 30% em pavimento semirrígido, dependendo da energia de tráfego considerada em projeto, do tipo de estrutura selecionada e dos carregamentos veiculares aferidos. / Brazilian asphalt pavements are designed to last, on average, 10 years, however, in many cases, with only a few months after opened to traffic, they begin to present problems that compromise their performance. It is assumed that the main part of this problem resides in the fact that they are constructed with surface layers with thickness inferior to those that are used in the countries that serve as technical reference, which results in greater efforts. However, in addition to the structural aspect, this work mainly addresses the effects on the dosage of asphalt mixtures, since the established criteria take into account the effect of traffic considering structures with 15 cm or more of thickness of the asphalt layer. Therefore, the compaction energy in the laboratory considered for the simulation of the traffic acting on a pavement structure with 15 cm of asphalt layer should not be the same when the thickness of the surface layer is much smaller, since the structural responses are very different, with the leaner structures being submitted to higher traffic efforts, which should be considered when dosing asphalt mixtures in the laboratory, particularly in Brazil. There are other aggravating factors, such as the concentration of stresses associated with the higher tire inflation pressure and the traffic of overloaded vehicles. The objective of this work is to propose a table with a range of values of the number of gyrations for compaction of asphalt mixtures, for different levels of traffic, adapted from the Superpave table and corrected according to criteria based on analysis of equivalent damages as a function of the asphalt surface layer thickness. In addition to the structural analysis, a laboratory work was developed, with asphalt mixtures designed by the Superpave method, considering all traffic levels and the respective number of gyrations of the gyratory compactor. The asphalt mixtures were designed for the optimum binder content corresponding to an air void of 4%. The test specimens were compacted according to seven traffic energy levels, as established in the Superpave method, with determination of volumetric properties (VMA, Voids in Mineral Aggregates, VFA, Voids Filled with Asphalt, and DP, Dust Proportion) and mechanical properties (MR, Resilient Modulus, and TS, Tensile Strength). Results were compared by Mann-Whitney and KS (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) non-parametric statistical tests, which evaluate whether two samples have distributions of similar values or not. The volumetric properties (VMA, VFA and DP) varied significantly with the compaction energy, and their mean values decreased with increasing traffic energy, while mechanical properties (MR and TS) increased with increasing energy of the design traffic, although, in contiguous energies, there was little difference. It was observed a higher influence of the temperature of MR and TS tests for the higher levels of traffic energy, that is, there is a greater decrease of MR and TS with the temperature increase for the mixtures produced with a greater number of gyrations. Structural analysis was performed with the ELSYM5 program, considering different thicknesses of asphaltic coatings and properties similar to those of the projected asphalt mixtures. The results allowed fatigue life and equivalent damages analyzes under different stresses due to reduction of the thickness of the surface layer or traffic overloads. Fatigue life showed a tendency to increase with the level of traffic considered for mixture design, but with an asymptotic tendency. The increased axle load and tire inflation pressure, when associated with the reduction of the thickness of the asphalt layer, can lead to a reduction in fatigue life by about 60 times for flexible pavements and by about 10 times, for semi-rigid pavements. In an attempt to soften the possible problems affecting the performance of our pavements, the number of gyrations used in the gyratory compactor to design asphalt mixtures should increase by 20 to 50% in flexible pavement and from 4% to 30% in semi-rigid pavement, depending on the traffic energy considered in design, the type of structure selected and the measured vehicle loads.

<p>Predmet istraživanja ove disertacije predstavlja unapređenje, modelovanje i optimizacija procesa elektroerozivne obrade (EDM) savremenih inženjerskih materijala. Prvo su predstavljene dve inovativne metode: EDM u dielektrikumu sa pome&scaron;anim prahom i EDM sa pomoćnom elektrodom, a zatim i njihova kombinacija. Za generisanje matematičkih modela primenjene su metodologija odzivne povr&scaron;ine i alati ve&scaron;tačke inteligencije. U nastavku su postavljeni optimizacioni procesi određivanja ulaznih parametara sa jednom i vi&scaron;e funkcija cilja koji su re&scaron;eni primenom klasičnih metoda optimizacije. U zavr&scaron;nom osvrtu sprovedena je verifikacija dobijenih modela i optimalnih ulaznih parametara elektroerozivne obrade.</p> / <p>The subject of the research of this dissertation is the improvement, modeling and optimization of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) of advanced engineering materials. First, two innovation methods are presented: EDM in powder mixed dielectric fluid and EDM with assisted electrode and that their combination. The method of response surface and artificial intelligence tools were applied to generate mathematical models. The optimization problems of determining the input parameters with single and multiple target functions are solved by the application of classical optimization methods. Finally, verification of the obtained models and optimal input parameters of electrical discharge machining was carried out.</p>

Obwohl Wasserstoff omnipräsent ist, ist seine Analytik anspruchsvoll und es stehen nur wenige analytische Verfahren zur Auswahl. Unter diesen nimmt die auf einer Kernreaktion von Wasserstoff und Stickstoff basierende N-15-Methode einen herausragenden Platz ein. Sie liefert eine ortsaufgelöste Wasserstoffkonzentration bis in den ppm-Bereich in oberflächennahen Schichten (kleiner 2 µm). Gegenstand der Arbeit sind die Darstellung der Theorie der N-15-Kernreaktionsanalyse (NRA), des experimentellen Aufbaus des entsprechenden Strahlrohrs am Ionenbeschleuniger der BAM und der Auswertung der Messergebnisse. Ziel ist die erstmalige Charakterisierung eines Referenzmaterials für die H-Analytik auf Basis von amorphen Silizium (aSi) auf einem Si[100]-Substrat. International wird von den metrologischen Instituten NIST [REE90] und IRMM [VAN87] je ein Referenzmaterial für die Heißextraktion in Form von Titanplättchen angeboten. Diese sind aber für die oberflächennahen Verfahren (NRA, ERDA, GDOES, SIMS) nicht nutzbar, da die oberflächennahe Konzentration von Wasserstoff in Titan nicht konstant ist. Die Homogenität der mittels CVD abgeschiedenen aSi:H-Schichten wurde untersucht. Dazu wurden pro Substrat für ca. 30 Proben die Wasserstofftiefenprofile gemessen, mittels eines innerhalb der Arbeit entstandenen Programms entfaltet und der statischen Auswertung unterzogen. Das Ergebnis waren Mittelwert und Standardabweichung der Wasserstoffkonzentration, sowie ein Schätzer für den Beitrag der Inhomogenität zur Meßunsicherheit. Die Stabilität des potentiellen Referenzmaterials wurde durch die Konstanz der Ergebnisse von Wiederholtungsmessungen der Wasserstoffkonzentrtion während der Applikation einer hohen Dosis von N-15 Ionen bewiesen. In einem internationalen Ringversuch wurde die Rückführbarkeit der Messergebnisse nachgewiesen. Teilnehmer waren 13 Labore aus 7 Ländern. Eingesetzt wurden N-15 und F-19 NRA, ERDA und SIMS. Besonderer Beachtung wurde der Bestimmung der Messunsicherheiten gewidmet. Für die Charakterisierung der aSi:H-Schichten wurden neben der NRA die Weißlichtinterferometrie, Ellipsometrie, Profilometrie und Röngenreflektometrie, sowie die IR- und Ramanspektroskopie genutzt. Die Stöchiometrie des eingesetzten Standardmaterials Kapton wurde mittels NMR-Spekroskopie und CHN-Analyse überprüft. [VAN87] Vandendriessche, S., Marchandise, H., Vandecasteele, C., The certification of hydrogen in titanium CRM No318, Brüssel-Luxembourg,1987 [REE90] Reed, W.P., Certificate of Analysis SRM 352c, Gaithersburg, NIST, 1990

Electrodialysis performance strongly depends on the boundary layer near ion exchange membranes. The thickness of the boundary layer has not been clearly evaluated due to its substantial fluctuation around the spacer geometry. In this study, the boundary layer thickness was defined with three statistical parameters: the mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient between the two boundary layers facing across the spacer. The relationship between the current and potential under conditions of the competitive transport between mono- and di-valent cations was used to estimate the statistical parameters. An uncertainty model was developed for the steady-state ionic transport in a two-dimensional cell pair. Faster ionic separations were achieved with smaller means, greater standard deviations, and more positive correlation coefficients. With the increasing flow velocity from 1.06 to 4.24 cm/s in the bench-scale electrodialyzer, the best fit values for the mean thickness reduced from 40 to less than 10 μm, and the standard deviation was in the same order of magnitude as the mean. For the partitioning of mono- and di-valent cations, a CMV membrane was examined in various KCl and CaCl₂ mixtures. The equivalent fraction correlation and separation factor responded sensitively to the composition of the mixture; however, the selectivity coefficient was consistent over the range of aqueous-phase ionic contents between 5 and 100 mN and the range of equivalent fractions of each cation between 0.2 and 0.8. It was shown that small analytic errors in measuring the concentration of the mono-valent cation are amplified when estimating the selectivity coefficient. To minimize the effects of such error propagation, a novel method employing the least square fitting was proposed to determine the selectivity coefficient. Each of thermodynamic factors, such as the aqueous- and membrane-phase activity coefficients, water activity, and standard state, was found to affect the magnitude of the selectivity coefficient. The overlimiting current, occurring beyond the electroneutral limit, has not been clearly explained because of the difficulty in solving the singularly perturbed Nernst-Planck-Poisson equations. The steady-state Nernst-Planck-Poisson equations were converted into the Painlevé equation of the second kind (P[subscript II] equation). The converted model domain is explicitly divided into the space charge and electroneutral regions. Given this property, two mathematical formulae were proposed for the limiting current and the width of the space charge region. The Airy solution of the P[subscript II] equation described the ionic transport in the space charge region. By using a hybrid numerical scheme including the fixed point iteration and Newton Raphson methods, the P[subscript II] equation was successfully solved for the ionic transport in the space charge and electroneutral regions as well as their transition zone. Above the limiting current, the sum of the ionic charge in the aqueous-phase electric double layer and in the space charge region remains stationary. Thus, growth of the space charge region involves shrinkage of the aqueous-phase electric double layer. Based on this observation, a repetitive mechanism of expansion and shrinkage of the aqueous-phase electric double layer was suggested to explain additional current above the limiting current. / text

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die ortsaufgelöste Untersuchung der Schichtdicke und der elektrischen Eigenschaften von Funktionsschichten in gedruckten Polymersolarzellen. Die massendrucktechnische Realisierung der großflächigen Polymersolarzellen mit dem Schichtaufbau Zink/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS erfolgt im Tief- und Siebdruckverfahren auf einem papierbasierten Bedruckstoff. Die gedruckten Funktionsschichten werden mit verschieden optischen und elektrischen Messverfahren charakterisiert und die Eignung der Verfahren wird diskutiert. Abschließend wird die gesamte Polymersolarzelle mit einer Kombination aus spektraler und elektrischer Messung positionsgenau untersucht. Dadurch kann ein Zusammenhang zwischen den Solarzelleneigenschaften und den ortsaufgelösten Messwerten aufgezeigt werden. / The aim of this work is the space-resolved investigation of the layer thickness and the electrical properties of functional layers in printed polymer solar cells. The realization of the large-area polymer solar cells with a layer structure of zinc/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS occurs by gravure and screen printing on a paper-based substrate. The printed functional layers are characterized by different optical and electrical measurement methods and the suitability of these methods is discussed. Finally, the complete polymer solar cell is examined dependent on a position by using a combination of spectral and electrical measurement techniques. With this analysis a correlation between the solar cell characteristics and the space-resolved measurements can be shown.

This diploma thesis discusses fouling processes and mechanisms of industrial heat exchangers, with focus on shell side fouling of heat transfer area by flue gases, and eventually taking fouling into account, or more precisely its modeling and predicting by calculation. Thermal-hydraulic design of heat exchanger is focused mainly on shell side, as flue gases are dominant process medium in terms of fouling and heat transfer. Based on available operational data of evaluated industrial heat exchanger, specific process has been developed to determine by calculation, or more precisely predict change of fouling factor throughout operational period of heat exchanger. Usage and various options of this specific calculation technique are being discussed in conclusion, whether there is a potential to use this technique regarding more complex operational inputs or prediction of fouling process for different operational regime of heat exchanger.

Obwohl Wasserstoff omnipräsent ist, ist seine Analytik anspruchsvoll und es stehen nur wenige analytische Verfahren zur Auswahl. Unter diesen nimmt die auf einer Kernreaktion von Wasserstoff und Stickstoff basierende N-15-Methode einen herausragenden Platz ein. Sie liefert eine ortsaufgelöste Wasserstoffkonzentration bis in den ppm-Bereich in oberflächennahen Schichten (kleiner 2 µm). Gegenstand der Arbeit sind die Darstellung der Theorie der N-15-Kernreaktionsanalyse (NRA), des experimentellen Aufbaus des entsprechenden Strahlrohrs am Ionenbeschleuniger der BAM und der Auswertung der Messergebnisse. Ziel ist die erstmalige Charakterisierung eines Referenzmaterials für die H-Analytik auf Basis von amorphen Silizium (aSi) auf einem Si[100]-Substrat. International wird von den metrologischen Instituten NIST [REE90] und IRMM [VAN87] je ein Referenzmaterial für die Heißextraktion in Form von Titanplättchen angeboten. Diese sind aber für die oberflächennahen Verfahren (NRA, ERDA, GDOES, SIMS) nicht nutzbar, da die oberflächennahe Konzentration von Wasserstoff in Titan nicht konstant ist. Die Homogenität der mittels CVD abgeschiedenen aSi:H-Schichten wurde untersucht. Dazu wurden pro Substrat für ca. 30 Proben die Wasserstofftiefenprofile gemessen, mittels eines innerhalb der Arbeit entstandenen Programms entfaltet und der statischen Auswertung unterzogen. Das Ergebnis waren Mittelwert und Standardabweichung der Wasserstoffkonzentration, sowie ein Schätzer für den Beitrag der Inhomogenität zur Meßunsicherheit. Die Stabilität des potentiellen Referenzmaterials wurde durch die Konstanz der Ergebnisse von Wiederholtungsmessungen der Wasserstoffkonzentrtion während der Applikation einer hohen Dosis von N-15 Ionen bewiesen. In einem internationalen Ringversuch wurde die Rückführbarkeit der Messergebnisse nachgewiesen. Teilnehmer waren 13 Labore aus 7 Ländern. Eingesetzt wurden N-15 und F-19 NRA, ERDA und SIMS. Besonderer Beachtung wurde der Bestimmung der Messunsicherheiten gewidmet. Für die Charakterisierung der aSi:H-Schichten wurden neben der NRA die Weißlichtinterferometrie, Ellipsometrie, Profilometrie und Röngenreflektometrie, sowie die IR- und Ramanspektroskopie genutzt. Die Stöchiometrie des eingesetzten Standardmaterials Kapton wurde mittels NMR-Spekroskopie und CHN-Analyse überprüft. [VAN87] Vandendriessche, S., Marchandise, H., Vandecasteele, C., The certification of hydrogen in titanium CRM No318, Brüssel-Luxembourg,1987 [REE90] Reed, W.P., Certificate of Analysis SRM 352c, Gaithersburg, NIST, 1990

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die ortsaufgelöste Untersuchung der Schichtdicke und der elektrischen Eigenschaften von Funktionsschichten in gedruckten Polymersolarzellen. Die massendrucktechnische Realisierung der großflächigen Polymersolarzellen mit dem Schichtaufbau Zink/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS erfolgt im Tief- und Siebdruckverfahren auf einem papierbasierten Bedruckstoff. Die gedruckten Funktionsschichten werden mit verschieden optischen und elektrischen Messverfahren charakterisiert und die Eignung der Verfahren wird diskutiert. Abschließend wird die gesamte Polymersolarzelle mit einer Kombination aus spektraler und elektrischer Messung positionsgenau untersucht. Dadurch kann ein Zusammenhang zwischen den Solarzelleneigenschaften und den ortsaufgelösten Messwerten aufgezeigt werden. / The aim of this work is the space-resolved investigation of the layer thickness and the electrical properties of functional layers in printed polymer solar cells. The realization of the large-area polymer solar cells with a layer structure of zinc/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS occurs by gravure and screen printing on a paper-based substrate. The printed functional layers are characterized by different optical and electrical measurement methods and the suitability of these methods is discussed. Finally, the complete polymer solar cell is examined dependent on a position by using a combination of spectral and electrical measurement techniques. With this analysis a correlation between the solar cell characteristics and the space-resolved measurements can be shown.