La présence de Composés Organiques Halogénés Volatils (COHV) dans les eaux souterraines est particulièrement problématique car celle-ci peut les contaminer pendant des dizaines d’années. Le traitement de ces sites, dont les pollutions sont souvent mixtes et complexes, nécessite de développer des techniques fiables. Particulièrement dans le contexte d’un aquifère hétérogène, les techniques classiques souffrent du faible potentiel de balayage de la pollution par les agents remédiant. La génération de mousse in situ est une technique de dépollution innovante permettant de contrôler la mobilité de ces agents. La démarche générale du travail de thèse porte sur le développement de l’injection de mousse et son applicabilité dans le contexte d’un site industriel en activité contaminé par des solvants chlorés. L’originalité de ce travail porte sur l’utilisation de la mousse comme agent confinant (hydrauliquement) d’une zone source au sein même de l’usine. Le premier objectif de cette thèse consiste en la définition de l’origine de la pollution et des processus responsables du transport des composés dissous dans un système aquifère multicouche et hétérogène. Dans ce cadre, un modèle de transport en 3 dimensions a été développé et contraint à partir de données géologiques (structure 3D), hydrogéologiques (piézométrie, mesure de vitesse), et chimiques (solvant chlorés et ions majeurs). Cette combinaison d’approches a eu un impact réel sur la compréhension de la dynamique hydrogéologique du système souterrain présent au droit du site d’étude, et a permis de définir la zone d’injection de mousse. En parallèle des travaux de caractérisation du site, un travail expérimental en laboratoire a permis de définir les mécanismes à l’origine de la réduction de la perméabilité relative à l’eau par l’injection de mousse. Au travers d’une approche multi échelle, ces travaux ont notamment permis de (i) définir une formulation (concentrations en tensio-actifs et composition) et les paramètres d’injection (qualité de mousse, débit d’injection, mode d’injection) pour générer une mousse favorable à la réduction de la saturation en eau (colonne 1D). Cette baisse de saturation ayant conduit à une réduction de la perméabilité à l’eau d’un facteur supérieur à 100. (ii) D’estimer le comportement de la mousse le long d’un profil d’injection et son impact sur la réduction de la saturation en eau à quelques centimètres d’un point d’injection (pilote 2D décimétrique). (iii) De vérifier l’applicabilité en 3D du système d’injection développé et de suivre les évolutions de l’impact de la mousse dans un aquifère (essai sur un piézomètre réel). Enfin, un test d’injection de mousse en continu pendant 96h au droit de la zone source du site industriel contaminé a été réalisé. La réalisation d’un essai de pompage (post injection) au centre de la zone confinée, couplé à des mesures de flux de polluant (pré et post injection) et implémenté dans un modèle 2D, ont permis de mettre en évidence l’impact réel de la mousse sur un rayon supérieur à 2m avec une réduction du flux de polluant en aval hydraulique d’un facteur 4,5. Les différents travaux de laboratoire et de modélisation mettent en évidence les avancées et limites de la technique développée et permettent de proposer des voies d’amélioration. / The presence of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in groundwater is particularly problematic because it can contaminate them for decades. The treatment of these sites, whose pollution is often mixed and complex, requires the development of reliable techniques. Particularly in the context of a heterogeneous aquifer, conventional techniques suffer from the low potential for pollution sweeping by remedying agents. In situ foam generation is an innovative technique to control the mobility of these agents. The general approach of the thesis concerns the development of foam injection and its applicability. in the context of an industrial site in activity contaminated by chlorinated solvents. The originality of this work concerns the use of foam as a confining agent (hydraulically) of a source zone within the plant itself. The first objective of this thesis is to define the origin of pollution and the processes responsible for the transport of dissolved compounds in a multilayered and heterogeneous aquifer system. In this context, a 3-dimensional transport model has been developed and constrained based on geological data (3D structure), hydrogeological data (piezometry, groundwater velocity measurement), and chemical data (chlorinated solvent and major ions). The combination of these approaches had a real impact on the understanding of the hydrogeological dynamics of the underground system present at the study site, and allowed us to define the foam injection zone. In parallel with site characterization, experimental work in laboratory allows to define the mechanisms responsible for reducing the water-relative permeability by injecting foam. Through a multi-scale approach, we (i) define a formulation (surfactant concentrations and composition) and injection parameters (foam quality, injection rate, injection mode ) to generate a foam favorable to the reduction of water saturation (column 1D). This saturation decrease led to a reduction of the water relative permeability by a factor greater than 100. (ii) Estimate the behavior of the foam along an injection profile and its impact on the reduction saturation in water a few centimeters from an injection point (2D decimetric pilot). (iii) Verify the 3D applicability of the developed injection system and to follow the evolutions of the impact of the foam in an aquifer (test on a real piezometer). Finally, a continuous foam injection test during 96 hours at the source zone of the contaminated industrial site was carried out. Conducting a pumping test (post injection) in the center of the confined zone, coupled with contaminant fluxes measurements (pre and post injection) and implemented in a 2D model, highlighted the real impact of the injected foam over a radius greater than 2m with a reduction of the flow of pollutant downstream by a factor 4.5. The various laboratory and modeling work highlight the advances and limitations of the developed technique and make it possible to propose ways of improvement.

abstract: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an important phenomenon involving nuclear magnetic moments in magnetic field, which can provide much information about a wide range of materials, including their chemical composition, chemical environments and nuclear spin interactions. The NMR spectrometer has been extensively developed and used in many areas of research. In this thesis, studies in two different areas using NMR are presented. First, a new kind of nanoparticle, Gd(DTPA) intercalated layered double hydroxide (LDH), has been successfully synthesized in the laboratory of Prof. Dey in SEMTE at ASU. In Chapter II, the NMR relaxation studies of two types of LDH (Mg, Al-LDH and Zn, Al-LDH) are presented and the results show that when they are intercalated with Gd(DTPA) they have a higher relaxivity than current commercial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, such as DTPA in water solution. So this material may be useful as an MRI contrast agent. Several conditions were examined, such as nanoparticle size, pH and intercalation percentage, to determine the optimal relaxivity of this nanoparticle. Further NMR studies and simulations were conducted to provide an explanation for the high relaxivity. Second, fly ash is a kind of cementitious material, which has been of great interest because, when activated by an alkaline solution, it exhibits the capability for replacing ordinary Portland cement as a concrete binder. However, the reaction of activated fly ash is not fully understood. In chapter III, pore structure and NMR studies of activated fly ash using different activators, including NaOH and KOH (4M and 8M) and Na/K silicate, are presented. The pore structure, degree of order and proportion of different components in the reaction product were obtained, which reveal much about the reaction and makeup of the final product. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Physics 2013

Os constantes avanços nas áreas de transmissão e processamento de dados ao longo dos últimos anos permitiram a criação de diversas aplicações e serviços baseados em dados multimídia, como streaming de vídeo, videoconferências, aulas remotas e IPTV. Além disso, avanços nas demais áreas da computação e engenharias, possibilitaram a construção de uma enorme diversidade de dispositivos de acesso a esses serviços, desde computadores pessoais até celulares, para citar os mais utilizados atualmente. Muitas dessas aplicações e dispositivos estão amplamente difundidos hoje em dia, e, ao mesmo tempo em que a tecnologia avança, os usuários tornam-se mais exigentes, buscando sempre melhor qualidade nos serviços que utilizam. Devido à grande variedade de redes e dispositivos atuais, uma dificuldade existente é possibilitar o acesso universal a uma transmissão. Uma alternativa criada é utilizar transmissão de vídeo escalável com IP multicast e controlada por mecanismos para adaptabilidade e controle de congestionamento. O produto final dessas transmissões mulimídia são os próprios dados multimídia (vídeo e áudio, principalmente) que o usuário está recebendo, portanto a qualidade destes dados é fundamental para um bom desempenho do sistema e satisfação dos usuários. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de avaliações subjetivas de qualidade aplicadas em sequências de vídeo codificadas através da extensão escalável do padrão H.264 (SVC). Foi executado um conjunto de testes para avaliar, principalmente, os efeitos da instabilidade da transmissão (variação do número de camadas de vídeo recebidas) e a influência dos três métodos de escalabilidade (espacial, temporal e de qualidade) na qualidade dos vídeos. As definições foram baseadas em um sistema de transmissão em camadas com utilização de protocolos para adaptabilidade e controle de congestionamento. Para execução das avaliações subjetivas foi feito o uso da metodologia ACR-HRR e recomendações das normas ITU-R Rec. BT.500 e ITU-T Rec. P.910. Os resultados mostram que, diferente do esperado, a instabilidade não provoca grandes alterações na qualidade subjetiva dos vídeos e que o método de escalabilidade temporal tende a apresentar qualidade bastante inferior aos outros métodos. As principais contribuições deste trabalho estão nos resultados obtidos nas avaliações, além da metodologia utilizada durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho (definição do plano de avaliação, uso das ferramentas como o JSVM, seleção do material de teste, execução das avaliações, entre outros), das aplicações desenvolvidas, da definição de alguns trabalhos futuros e de possíveis objetivos para avaliações de qualidade. / The constant advances in multimedia processing and transmission over the past years have enabled the creation of several applications and services based on multimedia data, such as video streaming, teleconference, remote classes and IPTV. Futhermore, a big variety of devices, that goes from personal computers to mobile phones, are now capable of receiving these transmissions and displaying the multimedia data. Most of these applications are widely adopted nowadays and, at the same time the technology advances, the user are becoming more demanding about the quality of the services they use. Given the diversity of devices and networks available today, one of the big challenges of these multimedia systems is to be able to adapt the transmission to the receivers' characteristics and conditions. A suitable solution to provide this adaptation is the integration of scalable video coding with layered transmission. As the final product in these multimedia systems are the multimedia data that is presented to the user, the quality of these data will define the performace of the system and the users' satisfaction. This paper presents a study of subjective quality of scalable video sequences, coded using the scalable extension of the H.264 standard (SVC). A group of experiments was performed to measure, primarily, the efeects that the transmission instability (variations in the number of video layers received) has in the video quality and the relationship between the three scalability methods (spatial, temporal and quality) in terms of subjective quality. The decisions taken to model the tests were based on layered transmission systems that use protocols for adaptability and congestion control. To run the subjective assessments we used the ACR-HRR methodology and recommendations given by ITU-R Rec. BT.500 and ITU-T Rec. P.910. The results show that the instability modelled does not causes significant alterations on the overall video subjective quality if compared to a stable video and that the temporal scalability usually produces videos with worse quality than the spatial and quality methods, the latter being the one with the better quality. The main contributions presented in this work are the results obtained in the subjective assessments. Moreover, are also considered as contributions the methodology used throughout the entire work (including the test plan definition, the use of tools as JSVM, the test material selection and the steps taken during the assessment), some applications that were developed, the definition of future works and the specification of some problems that can also be solved with subjective quality evaluations.

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-05T19:46:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - João Pontes.pdf: 4350203 bytes, checksum: f257892b21eaa20d49ac346d6af6568b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T19:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - João Pontes.pdf: 4350203 bytes, checksum: f257892b21eaa20d49ac346d6af6568b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / CAPES / A indústria farmacêutica ainda tem enfrentado o desafio da baixa biodisponibilidade de fármacos nas últimas décadas, onde os Hidróxidos Duplo Lamelares (HDLs) apresentam-se como alternativa para o incremento de solubilidade. A olanzapina (OLZ), pertencente à classe II do Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica, apresenta baixa solubilidade aquosa, dificultando sua absorção após administração. É utilizada no tratamento agudo e manutenção do transtorno bipolar e esquizofrenia, doenças que apresentam o Estresse Oxidativo na sua fisiopatologia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção, caracterização e avaliação in vitro do potencial antioxidante de sistemas binários entre OLZ e diferentes HDLs, visando incremento de solubilidade do fármaco. Os resultados das caracterizações por difração de raios X, espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho e análise térmica mostraram diferenças favoráveis nos resultados apresentados pelos sistemas binários, quando comparados ao fármaco isolado, indicando redução da cristalinidade do fármaco. Tal fato culminou num incremento acima de 1734% na solubilização do fármaco no estudo de dissolução in vitro. Os experimentos antioxidantes in vitro demonstraram que tanto os sistemas binários quanto a OLZ isolada apresentam capacidade antioxidante e, em certos casos, a interação entre HDL e OLZ promoveu melhorias no desempenho do fármaco. No teste em Artemia salina, os HDLs isolados não mostraram toxicidade e os sistemas binários diminuíram a toxicidade da OLZ, quando comparada ao fármaco isolado. Tais resultados fornecem boas expectativas para futuros testes in vivo e favorecem a proposta de utilização dos HDLs como um excipiente funcional na indústria farmacêutica. / The pharmaceutical industry yet faces the low bioavailability challenge of drugs in the last decades, in this matter, Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) present themselves as an alternative to solubility enhancement. Olanzapine (OLZ), belonging to class II in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System, has low aqueous solubility, hindering its absorption after administration. It is used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, diseases that have oxidative stress in its pathophysiology. This dissertation aimed at obtaining, characterization and in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant potential of binary systems of OLZ and LDHs, aiming to increase aqueous solubility of the drug. The characterization by X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy in the infrared region and thermal analysis showed favorable differences in the results presented by binary systems when compared to the drug alone, indication a reduction of Olanzapine’s crystallinity. This fact resulted in an increase above 1734% on drug solubilization in the in vitro dissolution. The antioxidants in vitro experiments demonstrated that binary systems and isolated OLZ exhibited antioxidant capability and, in certain cases, the interaction between LDH and OLZ promoted improvement in the drug's performance. In the tests on Artemia salina, the LDHs alone showed no toxicity and the binary systems decreased the toxicity of OLZ compared to drug alone. These results provide good expectations for future in vivo testing and favor the proposed use of LDHs as a functional excipient in the pharmaceutical industry.

Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDLs), são materiais lamelares constituídos de camadas positivamente carregadas de um hidróxido misto de dois metais (um di e um trivalente), com ânions hidratados no domínio interlamelar. Apesar de serem potenciais adsorventes, o estudo da adsorção de aminoácidos sobre estes sólidos ainda não foi realizado. Este é importante, pois abre caminho para a aplicação de HDLs na remoção e recuperação de aminoácidos de soluções aquosas, provenientes de processos industriais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a adsorção e a sorção dos aminoácidos: Ácido Aspártico (Asp), Ácido Glutâmico (Glu) e Fenilalanina (Phe), a partir de soluções aquosas, em HDLs do sistema [Mg-Al-CO3], verificando o efeito de variáveis como temperatura, pH e força iônica (FI) do meio. O adsorvente foi preparado pelo método de coprecipitação a pH variável e caracterizado quanto à composição, organização estrutural, textura e morfologia. A adsorção de Asp, Glu e Phe no HDL não calcinado indicaram que não ocorre a substituição do ânion interlamelar (CO32-), mas sim a adsorção por interação do aminoácido com as cargas residuais na superfície do HDL. O processo mostrou uma grande dependência das variáveis estudadas. A adsorção de Asp e Glu tem comportamento semelhante, embora o aumento da força iônica, seja mais pronunciado em pH 7 para o Asp, e em pH 10 para o Glu. Sem aumento da força iônica, as isotermas atingem ou se aproximam do patamar de adsorção destes aminoácidos, e o aumento na temperatura diminui a quantidade máxima adsorvida. A adsorção de Phe apresentou comportamento similar aos anteriores, exceto pelo fato do aumento da força iônica causar uma diminuição na adsorção. Os resultados obtidos para a sorção no HDL calcinado mostraram que inicialmente o HDL é reconstituído contendo ânions OH- intercalados que são deslocados pelo aminoácido conforme a concentração deste aumenta. Neste caso, Asp e Glu também apresentaram comportamentos semelhantes: as isotermas atingem um patamar onde a sorção torna-se constante e o aumento da temperatura diminui a quantidade sorvida. Para a Phe, a quantidade sorvida é muito maior que para os demais e não se observa o patamar de sorção constante. A temperatura não causa alteração significativa na quantidade sorvida. Os resultados de remoção dos aminoácidos, obtidos para o HDL calcinado se mostraram mais eficientes do que àqueles observados no HDL não calcinado. / Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs), are lamellar materials constituted of positively charged layers of two cations mixed hydroxide (a bi and a trivalent one), with hydrated anions in the interlayer domain. In spite of they being potential adsorbents, the study of the adsorption of amino acids on these solids has not been done yet. This is important, because it opens the perspective for the application of LDHs to remove and to recover amino acids from aqueous solutions, resultant from industrial processes. The aim of this work was to study the adsorption and the sorption of the amino acids: Aspartic Acid (Asp), Glutamic Acid (Glu) and Phenylalanine (Phe), from aqueous solutions, in [Mg-Al-CO3] LDHs, verifying the effect of the variables: temperature, pH and ionic strength of the medium. The adsorbent was prepared by the coprecipitation method and characterized with respect to their composition, structural organization, texture and morphology. The adsorption of Asp, Glu and Phe in LDH indicated that the substitution of the interlayer anion (CO32-) doesn\'t occur, but the adsorption process occurs by the interaction of the amino acid with the residual charges on the LDH surface. The process showed a dependence on the parameters studied. The adsorption of Asp and Glu presented similar behavior, although the ionic strength effect is more pronounced in pH 7 for Asp, and in pH 10 for Glu. Without the increase in ionic strength, the isotherms reach or approach a plateau, and the increasing in the temperature reduces the maximum amount adsorbed. The adsorption of Phe has similar behavior to the previous ones, except at higher ionic strength, in which a decrease in the adsorption was observed. The results for the sorption in calcined LDH showed that the LDH are reconstituted with the OH- anions intercalated at low amino acid concentrations. The intercalation of amino acid becomes important as their concentration increase. In this case, Asp and Glu also presented similar behaviors: the isotherms reach a plateau where the sorption becomes constant and the increase of the temperature reduces the amount of sorbed amino acid. For Phe, the amount sorbed is higher than those for the others amino acids and the plateau of constant sorption was not observed. The temperature doesn\'t cause any significant alteration in the sorbed amount. The results of removing the amino acids on calcined LDH showed to be more efficient than those observed for the adsorption in LDH.

Compostos lamelares do tipo da hidrotalcita ou hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDL), são materiais que possuem notáveis propriedades estruturais, químicas, eletrônicas, iônicas, ópticas e magnéticas. Em função dessas propriedades, os HDL apresentam uma diversidade de aplicações tais como adsorventes e catalisadores. Este trabalho tem por objetivo utilizar polímeros e macromoléculas na preparação e caracterização de HDL, visando melhorar as propriedades texturais dos HDL de MgAl-CO3 preparados em meio contendo polímeros orgânicos ou a intercalação direta de dendrímeros tipo PAMAM de gerações -0,5 e +0,5 em HDL do sistema Zn/Al. Os HDL de MgAl-CO3 foram preparados pela adaptação do método de coprecipitação a pH decrescente, com a presença de polímeros solubilizados no meio, como molde. Os materiais foram caracterizados por difração de Raios X, análise termogravimétrica, espectroscopia no infravermelho e medidas de área superficial por BET. Baseando-se nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que propriedades texturais dos HDL preparados são modificadas, quando na presença de alguns polímeros. Na maioria dos casos, os valores calculados de área superficial específica foram mais elevados, em comparação com aquele obtido para o HDL preparado em meio reacional sem polímero. Isto pode ser explicado pela diminuição do tamanho de partículas e aumento no diâmetro médio de poros dos materiais preparados, provocada pela presença de polímeros no meio reacional. Os HDL intercalados com dendrímeros PAMAM G-0,5 e PAMAM G+0,5 foram preparados por duas rotas diferentes: coprecipitação a pH constante e troca iônica em fase dupla. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por meio de difração de Raios X, análise de termogravimétrica associada à espectrometria de massas e espectroscopia no infravermelho. Utilizando os dois procedimentos de preparação, a intercalação de PAMAM G-0,5 deu origem a HDL com os mesmos espaçamentos basais, concordando com a intercalação dos ânions do dendrímero em um arranjo perpendicular à lamela do HDL, enquanto que para a intercalação do PAMAM G+0,5, espaçamentos basais muito menores do que o tamanho da molécula foram obtidos. A diferença entre a distância interlamelar observada e a esperada pode ser explicada por um arranjo peculiar das moléculas desse dendrímero em uma forma elipsoidal, devido às interações intramoleculares. Espectros no infravermelho confirmam a presença dos dendrímeros nos materiais Zn2Al-PAMAM G-0,5 e Zn2Al-PAMAM G+0,5. Finalmente, a presença destes dendrímeros foi confirmada por análise térmica associada com espectrometria de massas. Os estudos de Raios X com variação de temperatura in situ e as análises termogravimétricas revelaram que o material obtido pela intercalação do PAMAM G+0,5 é termicamente menos estável do que aquele intercalado com PAMAM G-0,5, concordando com a diferença de estabilidade entre os dendrímeros livres. / Hydrotalcite-like lamellar compounds or layered double hydroxides (LDH) are materials that present notable structural, chemical, electronic, ionic, optical and magnetic properties. Depending on these properties, the LDH present a great variety of applications such as adsorbents and catalysts. The aim of this work is to prepare and to characterize MgAl-CO3-LDH prepared in aqueous media containing organic polymer to improve textural properties, and to prepare HDL by intercalation of dendrimer (PAMAM) of generations -0.5 and +0.5 in ZnAl-HDL. MgAl-CO3-HDL samples were prepared by an adaptation of the coprecipitation method at decreasing pH, with the presence of polymers in the aqueous media as template. The materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, termogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and BET isotherms. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the textural properties of the prepared LDH were modified. The calculated values of specific surface area were higher in most of the cases compared with those obtained by the LDH prepared without polymer due to a decrease of the particle size and an increase in the average pore diameter of the prepared materials due to the presence of polymers. HDL with intercalated (PAMAM) dendrimers G-0.5 and G+0.5 were prepared by two different methods: coprecipitation at constant pH, and ionic exchange in double phase. The obtained materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis associated with mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy. X-ray powder diffraction patterns exhibit the characteristic profiles of the lamellar materials with basal spacing depending on the nature of the dendrimer. For both preparation methods, the intercalation of PAMAM G-0.5 gives rise to LDH with basal spacing in agreement with the dendrimer molecules perpendicular to the layer of the host structure, while for PAMAM G+0.5 a basal spacing smaller than the molecule size was obtained. The difference between the obtained and the expected value is explained by an accommodation of the dendrimer molecule in an ellipsoidal shape, due to the intra-molecular interactions. Infrared spectra confirm the presence of dendrimers in the Zn2Al-PAMAM G-0.5 and Zn2Al-PAMAM G+0.5 materials. Finally, thermal analyses associated with mass spectrometry confirm the presence of these dendrimers. Powder X-ray diffraction with in situ temperature variation reveals that the material obtained by the PAMAM G+0.5 intercalation is thermally less stable than that prepared by PAMAM G-0.5 intercalation, in agreement with the difference in the thermal stability of the free dendrimers.

Orientadoresr: Daniele Ribeiro de Araujo, Eneida de Paula / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:56:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme_VivianeAparecida_M.pdf: 3020599 bytes, checksum: ce06e2f6da5344128ba90d18a9b569f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Compostos anti-inflamatórios não esteroídais (AINEs) são amplamente utilizados para o combate da inflamação, mas frequentemente acarretam efeitos adversos que impedem a continuação do tratamento. Atualmente, a terapia a base de plantas tem sido bastante empregada a fim de desenvolver novos fármacos que apresentem eficácia analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Nesse contexto, a utilização de sistemas carreadores, como as nanopartículas de hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDL), visa melhorar propriedades biofarmacêuticas e farmacológicas dos compostos nelas intercalados. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a interação entre o ácido coumárico (AC), um composto fenólico extraído de plantas, e hidróxido duplo lamelares (HDL), nanopartículas inorgânicas, considerando parâmetros como a cinética de liberação in vitro, a citotoxicidade e as atividades analgésica-antiinflamatória em relação ao fármaco não intercalado. Os ensaios de liberação in vitro foram realizados utilizando uma célula de difusão vertical (com membrana de acetato de celulose, MWCO 1000 Da) e a viabilidade celular avaliada em células 3T3 pelo teste de incorporação do vermelho neutro (VN). Os testes farmacológicos realizados em camundongos swiss foram: a determinação do número de contorções abdominais, teste tail-flick, ensaios de peritonite e teste de formalina para o composto livre e intercalado nas concentrações de 10, 20 ou 30 mg/kg. Os ensaios de liberação in vitro mostraram que a intercalação reduziu significativamente a constante de liberação (Klib) do AC, em relação ao fármaco livre, sendo os valores de Klib de 41,6 ± 1,5 %.h-1 e 32,4 ± 1,5 %.h-1 , para o AC e AC-HDL, respectivamente. A viabilidade celular foi reduzida apenas em concentrações mais elevadas de AC e AC-HDL (10 e 12,5 mM). Porém, mesmo nestas concentrações foi observada porcentagem de viabilidade celular maior que 50%. Por fim, a avaliação farmacológica apontou o AC-HDL como um sistema de liberação com atividades analgésica e anti-inflamatória mais pronunciadas do que as observadas para anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais como a indometacina (p< 0,001). Esses efeitos foram obtidos para teste de tail-flick, quando o AC foi intercalado em HDL aumentou a duração da analgesia (~ 1,7 vezes) quando comparado com o grupo de controle indometacina. Assim, os resultados indicam que o AC intercalado em nanopartículas inorgânicas de HDL apresentou uma taxa de liberação lenta e também induziu uma atividade analgésica - anti-inflamatória, possivelmente, por um mecanismo semelhante ao observado para um anti-inflamatório não esteroidais como a indometacina / Abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to avoid inflammation, but these compounds can evoke some side effects, considering these as an important limitation to the treatment. Currently, the plant-based therapy has been widely employed to develop new drugs which have analgesic and anti-inflammatory pharmacological activities. In this context, the use of inorganic nanoparticles is important to improve biopharmaceutical and pharmacological properties of the intercalated molecules. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the interaction between coumaric acid (CA), a phenolic compound extracted from plants, and layered double hydroxide (LDH), inorganic nanoparticles, considering parameters such as the in vitro release kinetics cytotoxicity and analgesic-antiinflammatory activities compared to the non-intercalated-CA. In vitro release tests were performed using a vertical diffusion cell (with cellulose acetate membrane, MWCO 1000 Da) and cell viability assessed in 3T3 cells by the neutral red (NR) uptake test. Pharmacological assays were carried in Swiss mice out in order to determine the number of writhings, tail-flick test, peritonitis test and formalin test for the free compound at three different concentrations (10, 20 or 30 mg/kg). In vitro release tests showed that the release constant (Krel) value was significantly reduced when compared to the non-intercalated CA (Krel values of 41.6 ± 1.5 %.h-1 and 32.4 ± 1.5 %.h-1 for the free CA and CA-HDL, respectively). Cell viability was reduced only at higher concentrations (10 and 12.5 mM) of CA and CA-HDL. However, even at these concentrations the percentage of cell viability was more than 50%. Finally, the pharmacological evaluation reveal the CA-HDL as a drug-release system with more pronounced analgesic-antiinflammatory effects than those observed for classic NSAIDs, such as indomethacin (p <0.001). Those effects were obtained, specially, for tail-flick test, when the treatment with CA-LDH increased the duration of analgesia (~ 1.7 times), when compared with the control group (indomethacin). Thus, the results pointed out that the system CA-LDH showed a slow release rate and also induced in vivo analgesic-anti-inflammatory activities, possibly using similar mechanisms to that observed for classic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as indomethacin / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

The demands of software engineering increases with everyday passed and every organization shows interest to work on daily routine work in the computerized system to improve efficiency and accuracy of data. Most of organization demands different kinds of computerized software solutions that developed in modern technologies. There are different software development technologies that is getting popular with the passage of time and provide high quality product to their user. It is not an easy to decide which technology choose to develop computerized system where most software falls. The primary purpose of thesis is to compare two different modern software development technologies by develop an application with same functional requirements. This thesis report will help to user for selection of software development technology. Cash and bank financial application is choose to develop using .NET and Java Enterprise Edition. Microsoft Visual Studio development environment is used for .NET development and NetBeans IDE is used for Java Enterprise Edition application. .NET framework contains many language that are interrelated with each other like C#, VB, J#, C++ and F#. Cash and bank application is develop in C# and Java programming languages and persistence storage of data is design in Microsoft SQL Server. Cash and bank application is develop with three tier architecture and layer approach. The syntax of .NET and Java Enterprise Edition is quite similar but procedure to establish connection, data retrieval and handling the data in different way. NET platform provide built in libraries, components and efficient user controls that helps for fast development in short period of time.

For years, intrusion detection has been considered a key component of many organizations’ network defense capabilities. Although a number of approaches to intrusion detection have been tried, few have been capable of providing security personnel responsible for the protection of a network with sufficient information to make adjustments and respond to attacks in real-time. Because intrusion detection systems rarely have complete information, false negatives and false positives are extremely common, and thus valuable resources are wasted responding to irrelevant events. In order to provide better actionable information for security personnel, a mechanism for quantifying the confidence level in predictions is needed. This work presents an approach which seeks to combine a primary prediction model with a novel secondary confidence level model which provides a measurement of the confidence in a given attack prediction being made. The ability to accurately identify an attack and quantify the confidence level in the prediction could serve as the basis for a new generation of intrusion detection devices, devices that provide earlier and better alerts for administrators and allow more proactive response to events as they are occurring.

The effect of using the eventual consistency model is evaluated, compared to the effect of immediate consistency, by increasing the stabilization time in both models and using the immediate consistent system as a baseline for evaluations. The immediate consistent system performs better if the information and the decisions are replicated adequately fast throughout the system. When the stabilization time increases the effectiveness of eventual consistency emerges, which is most obvious when time constraints make it difficult to propagate information and decisions. By using a simulation to extract data for evaluations, it is verified in this research that as the stabilization time between different parts of a system increases, the eventual consistency will always outperform the immediate consistent system. This statement is valid in all situations where consistency models are useful. Of secondary importance in the research, by adding more decision layers to the eventual consistency model, the performance output is increased significantly, as swift and less well calculated decisions can be thwarted and corrected using the second decision layer.