Bei der Erstellung von Lernmaterialien für die Aus- und Weiterbildung in Unternehmen treffen verschiedene Anforderungen aufeinander: Die Kursmaterialien sollen fachlich richtig, didaktisch sinnvoll und gestalterisch ansehnlich aufbereitet sein. Zugleich finden sich in den Unternehmen unterschiedliche Zielgruppen und Einsatzzwecke, sodass hohe Ansprüche an den effektiven Einsatz und somit an die Wiederverwendbarkeit einmal erstellter Lerninhalte bestehen. Learning Content Management Systeme (LCMS) begegnen diesen Herausforderungen und stellen Funktionalitäten zur Erstellung, Bearbeitung, Verwaltung und Veröffentlichung von Lernobjekten und den daraus zusammengestellten Kursmaterialien bereit: Zentralisierte Lernobjektrepositorien für XML-basierte Lerninhalte erleichtern nicht nur die Wiederverwendung von Informations- und Lernobjekten in Kursmaterialien für verschiedene Lernszenarien, sondern sie ermöglichen erst die Überführung der Lerninhalte in verschiedene Verteilungsformate und Sprachversionen. Während der Umgang mit Lernobjekten für einzelne Autoren durch diese Funktionalitäten weitestgehend vereinfacht wird, fehlt es bislang an einer umfassenden Betrachtung, wie die Zusammenarbeit verschiedener Autoren im LCMS unterstützt werden kann. Mit der Dissertation werden Übertragungsmöglichkeiten von Kollaborationsprinzipien aus dem Web 2.0 untersucht, die als Vorbild für die gemeinsame Erstellung von Content und die dabei nötigen Abstimmungsprozesse durch nicht- bzw. flachstrukturierte, heterogene Autorengruppen dienen. Als methodische Klammer wird die DIN EN ISO/IEC 19796 (2009) herangezogen. Sie gibt einerseits die für die Analyse nötige Strukturierung der Prozesse bei der Lernangebotserstellung vor und liefert außerdem die für die Evaluation nötigen Qualitätskriterien.

A ifosfamida é um pró-fármaco que apresenta um átomo de fósforo quiral, disponível na clínica como mistura racêmica dos enantiômeros(+)-(R)-ifosfamida e (-)-(S)-ifosfamida para a utilização na quimioterapia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar a disposição cinética dos enantiômeros da ifosfamida em plasma de pacientes portadoras de câncer de colo do útero. As pacientes investigadas (n=6) receberam 2,5 g/m2 de ifosfamida racêmica administrada como infusão de 12 horas, sendo coletadas amostras de sangue imediatamente antes da administração e em 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20 e 22 horas após a administração do fármaco. Os enantiômeros da ifosfamida foram quantificados por LC-MS/MS, sendo separados na coluna OD-R em aproximadamente 14 min empregando como fase móvel mistura de acetonitrila e água (20:80) adicionada de 0,2% de ácido fórmico. O método é linear no intervalo de 1-100 ?g de cada enantiômero/mL de plasma a partir de extrações de alíquotas de 25 ?L de plasma, compatíveis com a aplicação em farmacocinética de infusão de curta duração da ifosfamida em pacientes com câncer de colo do útero.A disposição cinética da ifosfamidaéenantiosseletiva, com observação de maiores valores de AUC (437,31 vs349,18 h.?g/mL) e menores valores de clearance(4,17 vs5,22 L/h) para o enantiômero(+)-(R)-ifosfamida. / The prodrugifosfamide has a chiral phosphorus atom, and is available clinically as a racemic mixture of the enantiomers (+)-(R)-ifosfamide and (-)-(S)-ifosfamide for use in chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetic disposition of the enantiomers of ifosfamide in plasma of patients with cancer of the cervix. The investigated patients (n = 6) received 2.5 g/m2 of racemic ifosfamide administered as infusion of 12 hours and blood samples were collected immediately before administration and at 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 hours after drug administration. The enantiomers of ifosfamide were quantified by LC-MS/MS and were separated in an OD-R column in about 14 min using as mobile phase a mixture of acetonitrile and water (20:80) plus 0.2% of formic acid. The method is linear within the range of 1-100 mg of each enantiomer/mL of plasma from extractions of 25 mL aliquots of plasma, suitable for the application in pharmacokinetics of short duration infusion of ifosfamide in patients with cervical cancer. The kineticdisposition of ifosfamide is enantioselective, with observation of higher values of AUC (437.31 vs 349.18 h.?g/mL) and lower values of clearance (4.17 vs 5.22 L/h) for the enantiomer (+)-(R)-ifosfamide.

Uppsala University (UU) is a complex institution, which combines geographically disparate campuses, as well as distance education programs and metropolitan sites for international students. Like many other universities, UU is currently reviewing its e­learning and Learning Management Systems (LMS) situation. In effect, signalling the desire for a strategic change in the future management of learning and teaching arrangement. This thesis analyzes UU’s strategic position and current drivers of change from a LMS and e­learning perspective. Conclusions drawn on the results suggests both retarding and accelerating measure for effective LMS and e­learning engagement. The author contend that adoption of a LMS systems is likely to enhance an e­learning situation if engaged with indicated drivers of change. Illuminating potential LMS transition process, including summation for the upcoming transition.

Background: One key component in the development of sustainable farming and foodstuffs is to increase the cultivation of legumes, due to their environmental and health benefits. Legumes contain several essential vitamins and minerals, protein and fiber, but cultivation can be problematic due to their weak stem strength which results in loss of crops as a result of crop lodging and susceptibility to weed invasion. One possible solution is co-cultivation with cereal crops such as oats as they provide support and outcompete weed growth, however, it is still unknown if co-cultivation will affect the nutrient content of lentils. Aim: The thesis has two aims: first, to compare choline, betaine, folate, resistant starch and dietary fiber content in two different types of lentils: Gotland lentils and Anicia lentils; and second to examine if cocultivation with oats will affect the nutrient content of the two lentil types. Methods: Betaine and choline were analyzed through high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and folate through high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorometric/UV detection (HPLC-FL/UV). Resistant starch, non-resistant starch and dietary fiber were analyzed according to enzymatic assay kits by Megazyme. Results: Significant differences in nutrient content between Anicia and Gotland lentils were seen regarding resistant starch content, with Gotland showing a 50 % higher content. A significantly greater choline content was found in Anicia lentil samples that were co-cultivated with oats, showing approx. a 15 % higher choline content. Gotland lentils co-cultivated with oats showed a significantly greater choline, resistant starch and dietary fiber content by 15 %, 70 % and 10 %, respectively. Conclusions: There was no reported significant difference in choline, betaine, folate and dietary fiber content, but in resistant starch between the two lentil types, with Gotland lentil showing a higher resistant starch content. There appeared to be a positive effect of co-cultivation with oats since a significantly higher choline content in both lentil types co-cultivated with oats and a significant increase resistant starch and dietary fiber in Gotland lentils co-cultivated with oats was reported. This suggests that cocultivation can lead to an increase in nutritional content for some nutrients in Gotland and Anicia lentils. The dietary fiber analysis confirmed that legumes are a great source of fiber by one portion providing approx. half the recommended daily amount. Cultivation and consumption of lentils can give both environmental and health benefits. Further studies are needed to explore other pulses and effect on other nutrients. / Svenska ekologiska linser

Thesis (MSc (Plant Biotechnology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study of plants on a sub-cellular level is an important, yet challenging area and its application allows for novel insight into the understanding of metabolism and its regulation. In this study I describe the development of a reverse phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS) technique in which 29 phosphorylated and nucleotide sugars could be detected and quantified. The method was validated with the use of authentic standards and the system displayed very good linearity (Rª > 0.95), while the recovery of the standards added to the plant material before extraction was between 65 and 125%. Further, Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (Col-0) and adenylate kinase (adk1) mutant leaf discs were fed 13C labeled glucose over a period of 24 hours and harvested at defined time intervals. Non aqueous fractionation, and metabolite profiling via the above mentioned rpLC-MS method in conjunction with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) allowed for the detection and quantification of primary metabolites on a sub-cellular level as well as the determination of their relative isotopic label enrichments through primary carbon metabolism. Finally, a yeast complementation system was designed for the identification of tonoplast bound sucrose import proteins. The screening system identified 22 unique sequences from an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library. Four unknown sequences were identified, one of which displayed tonoplast membrane association upon in silico analysis. Three ATP-binding proteins were also identified as well as a sub-unit from the exocyst gene family. Further studies will include the functional characterization of the latter, as well as the development of additional cDNA libraries more suited for screening of sequences that encode sucrose importer proteins. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie van plante op a sub-sellulere vlak is ‘n belangrike maar uitdagende navorsingsarea en die toepassing daarvan dra by tot unieke insig tot ‘n beter begrip van metabolise regulasie. In die studie bespreek ek die ontwikkeling van ‘n teenoorgestelde fase vloeistof kromatografie massa spektrometrie (RPLC-MS) tegniek waarin 29 gefosforileerde en nukleotied suikers gevind en gekwantifiseer kon word. Geldigverklaring van die metode is bewerkstelling met die gebruik van oorspronklike standaarde and die systeem het baie goeie liniariteit (Rª > 0.95) getoon, terwyl die herstelbaarheid van standaarde wat bygevoeg is by die plant material voor ekstraksie tussen 65% en 125% was. Arabidopsis thaliana wilde type (Col-O) en die adenaliet kinase (adk1) mutant blaar dele is met 13C gemerkte glukose gevoed oor ‘n tydperk van 24 uur en geoes by spesifieke tydstippe. Nie-vloeibare fraksionering en metaboliet uitleg is vermag vanaf die genoemde RPLC-MS metode met behulp van gas kromotografie massa spektrometrie (GC-MS) wat die bepaling en kwantifikasie van primere metaboliete op n sub-sellulere vlak sowel as die bepaling van hul relatiewe isotropiese merker verrykers deur primere metabolisme toelaat. Verder is n gis komplementere systeem ontwerp vir die identifikasie van tonoplas gebinde sukrose invoer proteine. Die verkenningsysteem het 22 unieke volgordes opgelewer vanaf ‘n Arabidopsis thaliana kDNA biblioteek. Vier onbekende volgordes is geidentifiseer, een wat tonoplas membraan assosiasie toon met in silico analise. Drie ATP-bindings proteine is ook geidentifiseer asook ‘n sub-eenheid van die eksosyst geen familie. Verdere studies sal die funksionele karakterisering van die laaste protein insluit, asook die ontwikkeling van additionele kDNA biblioteke meer gepas vir verkenning sodiende identifiseer van volgordes wat sukrose invoer proteine vertaal.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The agribusiness has been incorporating new technologies in the production of meat, including good management of farms, health, balanced diet, breeding and integrated production. Allied to this, there is a growing concern with issues related to residues and contaminants in animals intended for food production. In the study, were compared four extraction methods based on the method QuEChERS for the determination of 79 pesticides and 15 veterinary drugs analyzed by Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry in samples of meat and pork liver, chicken and fish. The parameters evaluated were: linear range (6 concentration levels and 6 injections each), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), decision limit (CCα), capability of detection (CCβ) and matrix effect, as well as precision and accuracy, in terms of recovery. For this, we performed the fortification of matrices previously homogenized with solutions containing compounds at 3 levels of fortification (20, 50 and 100 μg kg-1), 6 replicates for each level, were performade. The modified QuEChERS extraction method consists in the extraction of 10 g of the matrix with 10 mL of acetonitrile containing 1% (v/v) of acetic acid and shaking vigorously by hand for 1 min. After, 4 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 1.7 g anhydrous sodium acetate were added and the agitation repeated. After the extract was centrifugated for 8 min (3500 rpm) and 2 mL of the extract was transferred to another tube containing 300 mg of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 50 mg of sorbent PSA, repeating the agitation and centrifugation. The extract was diluted (1:1 v/v) in the mobile phase and then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Analytical curves prepared in solvent and in extracts of matrices evaluated showed adequate linearity between 5 and 200 μg kg-1, with coefficients of determination greater than 0.99. The method showed satisfactory recovery values between 70 and 120% (RSD ≤ 20%) to about 95% of compounds in all matrices, except for liver showed satisfactory values to about 80% of the compound at levels of 20, 50 and 100 μg kg-1. The LOQ of method was 10 μg kg-1. CCα values were between 1.1 and 102.9 μg kg-1 and CCβ values were in the range 1.9 to 105.9 μg kg-1. The results of this study showed that the modified method QuEChERS is fast, simple and efficient and can be applied to the determination of pesticides and veterinary drugs in samples of meat and liver pork, chicken and fish fillet for routine analysis. Furthermore, the use of LC-MS/MS was efficent, allowing the determination and confirmation of a large number of compounds simultaneously at residues livels. / O agronegócio nacional vem incorporando novas tecnologias na produção de carnes, incluindo bom manejo das granjas, sanidade, alimentação balanceada, melhoramento genético e produção integrada. Aliado a este fato, há uma preocupação crescente com questões relacionadas à presença de resíduos e contaminantes em animais destinados a produção de alimentos. Neste estudo, comparou-se quatro métodos de extração baseados no método QuEChERS para a determinação de 79 agrotóxicos e 15 medicamentos veterinários por Cromatografia Líquida acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em Série em amostras de carne e fígado suíno, carne de frango e filé de peixe. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: faixa de linear das curvas analíticas (6 níveis de concentração e 6 injeções cada), limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), limite de decisão (CCα), capacidade de detecção (CCβ) e efeito matriz, bem como precisão e exatidão, em termos de recuperação. Para isso, efetuou-se a fortificação das matrizes previamente homogeneizadas, com soluções contendo os compostos em 3 níveis de fortificação (20, 50 e 100 μg kg-1), 6 réplicas para cada nível, e aplicou-se o método proposto. A extração pelo método QuEChERS modificado consistiu na extração de 10,0 g da matriz com 10 mL de acetonitrila contendo 1% (v/v) de ácido acético sob agitação manual e vigorosa por 1 min. Acrescentou-se 4,0 g de sulfato de magnésio anidro e 1,7 g de acetato de sódio anidro, repetindo-se a agitação. O extrato foi centrifugado por 8 min (3500 rpm) e após 2 mL de extrato foram transferidos para outro tubo contendo 300 mg de sulfato de magnésio anidro e 50 mg de sorvente PSA, repetindo-se a agitação e a centrifugação. O extrato foi diluído (1:1) na fase móvel e em seguida analisado por LC-MS/MS. As curvas analíticas, preparadas no solvente e nos extratos das matrizes avaliadas, apresentaram linearidade adequada entre 5 e 200 μg L-1, com valores de coeficiente de determinação maiores que 0,99. O método apresentou valores de recuperação satisfatórios entre 70 e 120% e (RSD ≤ 20%) para cerca de 95% dos compostos em todas as matrizes, exceto para fígado que apresentou valores satisfatórios para cerca de 80% dos compostos nos níveis de 20, 50 e 100 μg kg-1. O valor de LOQ do método foi de 10 μg kg-1. Os valores de CCα ficaram entre 1,1 e 102,9 μg kg-1 e os valores de CCβ ficaram na faixa de 1,9 a 105,9 μg kg-1. Os resultados desse estudo mostraram que o método QuEChERS modificado é rápido, simples e eficiente, podendo ser aplicado para a determinação de agrotóxicos e medicamentos veterinários em amostras de carne e fígado suíno, carne de frango e filé de peixe em análise de rotina. Além disso, o emprego da LC-MS/MS mostrou-se eficiente, permitindo a determinação e confirmação de um grande número de compostos simultaneamente em níveis de resíduos.

Bei der Erstellung von Lernmaterialien für die Aus- und Weiterbildung in Unternehmen treffen verschiedene Anforderungen aufeinander: Die Kursmaterialien sollen fachlich richtig, didaktisch sinnvoll und gestalterisch ansehnlich aufbereitet sein. Zugleich finden sich in den Unternehmen unterschiedliche Zielgruppen und Einsatzzwecke, sodass hohe Ansprüche an den effektiven Einsatz und somit an die Wiederverwendbarkeit einmal erstellter Lerninhalte bestehen. Learning Content Management Systeme (LCMS) begegnen diesen Herausforderungen und stellen Funktionalitäten zur Erstellung, Bearbeitung, Verwaltung und Veröffentlichung von Lernobjekten und den daraus zusammengestellten Kursmaterialien bereit: Zentralisierte Lernobjektrepositorien für XML-basierte Lerninhalte erleichtern nicht nur die Wiederverwendung von Informations- und Lernobjekten in Kursmaterialien für verschiedene Lernszenarien, sondern sie ermöglichen erst die Überführung der Lerninhalte in verschiedene Verteilungsformate und Sprachversionen. Während der Umgang mit Lernobjekten für einzelne Autoren durch diese Funktionalitäten weitestgehend vereinfacht wird, fehlt es bislang an einer umfassenden Betrachtung, wie die Zusammenarbeit verschiedener Autoren im LCMS unterstützt werden kann. Mit der Dissertation werden Übertragungsmöglichkeiten von Kollaborationsprinzipien aus dem Web 2.0 untersucht, die als Vorbild für die gemeinsame Erstellung von Content und die dabei nötigen Abstimmungsprozesse durch nicht- bzw. flachstrukturierte, heterogene Autorengruppen dienen. Als methodische Klammer wird die DIN EN ISO/IEC 19796 (2009) herangezogen. Sie gibt einerseits die für die Analyse nötige Strukturierung der Prozesse bei der Lernangebotserstellung vor und liefert außerdem die für die Evaluation nötigen Qualitätskriterien.

As chamadas club drugs compreendem um vasto grupo de substâncias frequentemente utilizadas em bares, festas e raves, com a finalidade de intensificar o contato social e a estimulação sensorial. Englobam desde substâncias sintéticas comumente conhecidas, como a anfetamina, a metanfetamina, o MDMA, até moléculas de surgimento mais recente, denominadas novas substâncias psicoativas. Isoladas ou associadas a outras drogas, é possível que sejam causa de morte per se, ou que predisponham o usuário a envolver-se em situações potencialmente fatais, sendo necessário que os órgãos de Perícia Criminal (Institutos Médico Legais e Institutos de Criminalística) estejam aptos a detectar e quantificar essas substâncias em amostras biológicas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um método analítico para identificação e quantificação de club drugs em sangue total, utilizando cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas com analisador híbrido quadrupolotempo de voo (LC-QTOF). Após o desenvolvimento do método, este foi validado utilizando as diretrizes do guia de validação do Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX), sendo analisados de linearidade, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, efeito matriz, precisão intradia, precisão interdia, exatidão e integridade de diluição, além de recuperação e eficiência do processo. O método desenvolvido compreendeu a determinação de MDA, MDMA, 2C-B, DOB, cetamina, mCPP, cocaína e cocaetileno. Amostras provenientes de casos reais de morte não natural, oriundas do Instituto Médico Legal Aristoclides Teixeira de Goiânia - GO foram analisadas pelo método desenvolvido. 56 casos foram selecionados, em sua maioria com histórico de morte por projétil de arma de fogo e acidente de transito. Das 56 amostras analisadas, 28,5% (n=16) foram positivas para cocaína e/ou cocaetileno. As demais substâncias pesquisadas não foram encontradas nas amostras. / Club drugs are a large group of substances consumed in pubs, parties and raves, aiming to intensify social contact and sensorial stimulation. The term comprises largely known substances such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenodioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), as well as so-called new psychoactive substances, which are synthetic drugs recently developed or recently introduced in drug market. Club drugs can be taken alone, combined with each other or, most frequently, with alcohol or other commonly abused drugs such as cocaine. In any of these situations, club drugs can possibly be the cause of death or potentialize the involvement of the user with crime and potentially fatal behavior. Thus, official organisms in charge of criminal investigation must be capable of identifying and quantifying these substances in biological samples. The present work aimed the development of an analytical method to identify and quantify club drugs in whole blood, using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry with hybrid analyzer quadrupole - time of flight (LC-QTOF). After analytical development, the method was validated according to do Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) guidelines, evaluating linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, matrix effect, precision, intermediate precision, bias and dilution integrity, besides recovery and process efficiency. The developed method comprised MDA, MDMA, 2C-B, DOB, ketamine, mCPP, cocaine and cocaethylene determination. Real samples related to non-natural deaths were collected at Institute of the Legal Medicine Aristoclides Teixeira, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, and analyzed by the developed method. 56 cases were selected, most of them related to fire gun injury and traffic events, 28,5% (n=16) of them being positive for cocaine and/or cocaethylene. None of the other drugs comprised in the analysis were detected in these samples.

As chamadas club drugs compreendem um vasto grupo de substâncias frequentemente utilizadas em bares, festas e raves, com a finalidade de intensificar o contato social e a estimulação sensorial. Englobam desde substâncias sintéticas comumente conhecidas, como a anfetamina, a metanfetamina, o MDMA, até moléculas de surgimento mais recente, denominadas novas substâncias psicoativas. Isoladas ou associadas a outras drogas, é possível que sejam causa de morte per se, ou que predisponham o usuário a envolver-se em situações potencialmente fatais, sendo necessário que os órgãos de Perícia Criminal (Institutos Médico Legais e Institutos de Criminalística) estejam aptos a detectar e quantificar essas substâncias em amostras biológicas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um método analítico para identificação e quantificação de club drugs em sangue total, utilizando cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas com analisador híbrido quadrupolotempo de voo (LC-QTOF). Após o desenvolvimento do método, este foi validado utilizando as diretrizes do guia de validação do Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX), sendo analisados de linearidade, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, efeito matriz, precisão intradia, precisão interdia, exatidão e integridade de diluição, além de recuperação e eficiência do processo. O método desenvolvido compreendeu a determinação de MDA, MDMA, 2C-B, DOB, cetamina, mCPP, cocaína e cocaetileno. Amostras provenientes de casos reais de morte não natural, oriundas do Instituto Médico Legal Aristoclides Teixeira de Goiânia - GO foram analisadas pelo método desenvolvido. 56 casos foram selecionados, em sua maioria com histórico de morte por projétil de arma de fogo e acidente de transito. Das 56 amostras analisadas, 28,5% (n=16) foram positivas para cocaína e/ou cocaetileno. As demais substâncias pesquisadas não foram encontradas nas amostras. / Club drugs are a large group of substances consumed in pubs, parties and raves, aiming to intensify social contact and sensorial stimulation. The term comprises largely known substances such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenodioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), as well as so-called new psychoactive substances, which are synthetic drugs recently developed or recently introduced in drug market. Club drugs can be taken alone, combined with each other or, most frequently, with alcohol or other commonly abused drugs such as cocaine. In any of these situations, club drugs can possibly be the cause of death or potentialize the involvement of the user with crime and potentially fatal behavior. Thus, official organisms in charge of criminal investigation must be capable of identifying and quantifying these substances in biological samples. The present work aimed the development of an analytical method to identify and quantify club drugs in whole blood, using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry with hybrid analyzer quadrupole - time of flight (LC-QTOF). After analytical development, the method was validated according to do Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) guidelines, evaluating linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, matrix effect, precision, intermediate precision, bias and dilution integrity, besides recovery and process efficiency. The developed method comprised MDA, MDMA, 2C-B, DOB, ketamine, mCPP, cocaine and cocaethylene determination. Real samples related to non-natural deaths were collected at Institute of the Legal Medicine Aristoclides Teixeira, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, and analyzed by the developed method. 56 cases were selected, most of them related to fire gun injury and traffic events, 28,5% (n=16) of them being positive for cocaine and/or cocaethylene. None of the other drugs comprised in the analysis were detected in these samples.

O consumo dos diferentes tipos de drogas está associado a problemas sociais, econômicos e de saúde pública, em todas as regiões no mundo. Dentre os problemas de saúde pública, podemos destacar a alta prevalência de comorbidade entre o uso de drogas e os transtornos mentais. A Cannabis, a cocaína e o crack são as drogas ilícitas mais consumidas no Brasil. A utilização do cabelo como matriz biológica para determinação destas drogas permite avaliar o uso crônicos pelos indivíduos, uma vez que o cabelo é uma matriz estável, de fácil manipulação e a janela de detecção depende apenas do comprimento do cabelo. Entretanto, a análise em cabelo ainda representa um desafio analítico. Foram desenvolvidos dois métodos para a detecção das diferentes drogas no cabelo, com diferentes enfoques analíticos. O primeiro método (desenvolvido durante o estágio de doutorado sanduíche na Itália) identificou e quantificou cocaína e metabólitos usando a técnica de column switching e detecção por LC-MS/MS. O segundo método foi desenvolvido para determinação de canabinóides nas amostras de cabelo utilizando GC-MS. O diferencial deste método foi a utilização de um novo dispositivo de extração em fase sólida (as ponteiras DPX) para concentração e purificação do extrato, utilizando menor quantidade de solventes. A determinação dos canabinóides e cocaínicos foi realizada nas amostras de cabelo da população atendida no CAPS - AD de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Além da coleta da amostra de cabelo, o sujeito foi submetido a uma entrevista, onde os seguintes instrumentos de avaliação foram aplicadas: Questionário sobre a saúde do Paciente 9, Inventário de fobia social, Self Report Questionnaire, Questionário de Ansiedade de Beck, Inventário de Depressão de Beck e Questionário sobre o uso da Cannabis, bem como um questionário elaborado pelo pesquisador para coleta de dados sociodemográficos, consumo de substâncias e dados sobre a amostra de cabelo, como comprimento, cor, tintura ou coloração. As amostras de cabelo foram analisadas e a média das concentrações de cada droga encontrada no cabelo foi correlacionada com os indicadores clínicos de transtorno mentais, obtidos através dos instrumentos de avaliação psiquiátrica. A maior prevalência de indicadores clínicos positivos para transtornos psiquiátricos entre a população estudada foi de transtornos mentais comuns, entre eles a ansiedade e depressão. A comparação da média de concentração de Cannabis, cocaína e crack no cabelo com os indicadores clínicos positivos para os transtornos não apresentou resultados estatisticamente significantes. Entretanto, podemos inferir que os sujeitos que apresentaram maior concentração média de Cannabis e cocaína no cabelo possuíam mais indicadores clínicos positivos para sintomas mentais comuns e depressão maior enquanto que os sujeitos usuários de crack possuíam mais indicadores clínicos positivos para sintomas ansiedade. Apesar de algumas limitações, podemos concluir que o estudo possibilitou estimar a prevalência da morbidade entre abuso de drogas ilícitas e transtornos psiquiátricos na população atendida no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e drogas de Ribeirão Preto. / Different kinds of drug use have been associated to social, economic and health public problems worldwide. Among the high prevalent public health problems is the comorbidity between drug abuse and psychiatric disorders. Cannabis, cocaine and crack are the most consumed illicit drugs in Brazil. Hair use as the biological matrix for the determination of these drugs allows to evaluate chronic use, once hair is a stable matrix, easy to manipulate and the window detection only depends on the size of the hair. However, hair analysis still represents an analytical challenge. It was developed two methods for the detection of the drugs in hair, with different analytical approach. The first method (developed during doctoral stage in Italy) had identified and quantified cocaine and metabolites using column switching technique and LCMS/ MS detection. The second method was developed for determination of cannabinoids in hair samples using GC-MS. Decontamination procedure was the same cited above. The differential of this method was the use of a new device in solid phase extraction (DPX tips) for the extracts concentration and purification, using less solvents volumes. Cannabinoids and cocaine analysis were performed in hair samples from people who were enrolled in the CAPS - AD of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Besides hair collection, the individual was submitted to an interview, where it was applied the following evaluation scales: Patient health questionnaire - 9, Social phobia inventory, Self report questionnaire, Beck anxiety inventory, Beck depression inventory and Cannabis research questionnaire as well as a questionnaire made by the author to collect sociodemographic data, substance consume and hair data. Hair samples were analyzed and the concentrations were correlated with positive clinical factors of mental disorders obtained through evaluation scales. The highest prevalence of positive clinical indicators for psychiatric disorders among the population studied was of common mental disorders, including anxiety and depression. The comparison of the average concentration of Cannabis, cocaine and crack in the hair with the positive clinical indicators for the disorders did not show statistically significant results. However, we can infer that the subjects who had higher average concentration of Cannabis and cocaine in hair had showed positive indicators for common mental symptoms and major depression as well as the subjects who had higher average concentration of crack in hair had showed positive indicators for anxiety. Despite of some limitations, we can conclude that the study had allowed estimating the prevalence of morbidity among illicit drugs abuse and psychiatric disorders in the population enrolled in the psychosocial care center in Ribeirão Preto.