This thesis reports the results from a study focused on the objects of learning. The aim is to analyse and describe how objects of learning are handled in three learning studies. The first question concerns how different aspects of learning is carried out in terms of the intended, enacted and lived objects of learning and their interrelations. The second question concerns the differences and similarities between an object of learning and a learning objective. The theoretical framework for the analysis of this study as well as for the planning instructions is variation theory. The theoretical assumption is that learning is always the learning of something, so as the ability to learn presupposes an experience of variation. Thus, the learner must discern variation in a dimension that corresponds to that aspect in spite of the background of invariance in other aspects of what is to be learned (i.e. the object of learning). In a classroom discourse, the teachers’ as well as the students’ activities constitute the space of learning, which refers to the learning opportunities the students are given, i.e. the enacted object of learning. The intentional object of learning describes the teachers’ intention with the lesson. The lived object of learning is what they actually learn. The object of learning is the compound of two aspects: the direct and the indirect object of learning. The former is defined in terms of content whereas the latter refers to the kind of capability that the students are supposed to develop. The method used is learning study, which can be seen as a hybrid between a design experiment and lesson study. A learning study is theoretically grounded which primary focus is on an object of learning. Here, the teachers and the researcher worked together and had equal status in the group. The objects of learning were chosen by the teachers. The findings should be seen as implications on students’ learning can be understood, depending on how an object of learning is constituted by a teacher in terms of the intended, enacted and lived objects of learning. Another finding is a contribution to the discussion of how teachers’ competences should be constituted.

E-learning is one of the common education types in Turkey elsewhere in the world because it has been a necessity for higher and continuous education of people but what about its quality? There are a diverse number of factors which affect the quality of e-learning education but one of the most important factors is the student. Because students are at the center of education and all of the teaching-learning operations are performed for them, their impressions are very important to gain idea about the quality and improvement of education. In order to obtain information from students about e-learning process, questionnaires applied to 267 students and 203 of them were used for this study. The results showed that students were not able to get adequate support from teachers and success rates of the students were affected negatively by lack of immediate feedback. It was also inferred that learning objectives of the course were shared at the beginning but they were not emphasized throughout the term therefore students did not have enough knowledge about them. Moreover, according to the students almost all of the e-learning courses have similar assessment methods and they were not selected according to the predetermined learning objectives. Lastly, students mentioned that e-learning courses they had taken were not more beneficial than traditional ones but they will continue preferring them in the future. This shows that although there are still problems related with e-learning, students still prefer it because of its advantages for the students.

The subject of the thesis is to determine the use of educational games in teaching the Czech language in primary schools, and verify their effectiveness compared with other teaching methods. The work is divided into four parts. The first part is focused on the definition of basic concepts such as play, didactic game, teaching and motivational methods. The second part discusses the occurrence of didactic games in textbooks of Czech language with a focus on the subject matter of the structure of the word. The third part evaluates the results of a questionnaire survey among Czech language teachers in primary schools from the point of view of integration into the phase of the lesson, the reach educational objectives, frequency of using games, etc. The fourth section examines effectiveness of using didactic games in comparison with other teaching methods on the ground of an experiment realized in parallel classes in the fourth grade in teaching the theory of word structure.

[pt] Demonstramos como aprender a função objetivo e as restrições de problemas de otimização enquanto observamos sua solução ótima no decorrer de múltiplas rodadas. Nossa abordagem é baseada em técnicas de Online Learning e funciona para funções objetivo lineares sob conjuntos viáveis arbitrários generalizando trabalhos anteriores. Os dois algoritmos, um para aprender a função objetivo e o outro par aprender as restrições, convergem a uma taxa de O (1 sobre raiz de T) que nos permitem produzir soluções tão boas quanto as ótimas em poucas observações. Finalmente, mostramos a eficácia e possíveis aplicações de nossos métodos em um amplo estudo computacional. / [en] We demonstrate how to learn the objective function and constraints of optimization problems while observing its optimal solution over multiple rounds. Our approach is based on Online Learning techniques and works for linear objective functions under arbitrary feasible sets by generalizing previous work. The two algorithms, one to learn objective function and other to learn constraints, converge at a rate of O (1 on t root) that allow us to produce solutions as good as the optimal in a few observations. Finally, we show the efficacy and possible applications of our methods in a significant computational study.

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