Bakgrund: Livmoderhalscancer är en av de vanligaste cancerrelaterade dödsorsakerna i utvecklingsländer. Humant papillomvirus (HPV) är ett sexuellt överförbart virus som kan, vid bestående infektioner, orsaka livmoderhalscancer. I Sveriges infördes år 2010 ett vaccin till flickor som skydd mot de typer av HPV som orsakar livmoderhalscancer med 70%. I Sverige erbjuds kvinnor mellan 23 till 50 år cellprov vart tredje år, vilket minskar risken att utveckla livmoderhalscancer med 90 %. Majoriteten av kvinnorna deltar dock inte i de erbjudna cellprovskontrollerna. Eftersom HPV är ett sexuellt överförbart virus kan det hos vissa vara stigmatiserat och leda till en känsla av skam. Människans syn på den sexuella hälsan och kroppen präglas av människans kulturella bakgrund och erfarenheter vilket påverkar människans värderingar och val. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa kvinnors erfarenheter av HPV-förebyggande åtgärder. Metod: Denna studie baserades på en litteraturöversikt av elva vetenskapliga artiklar som samlades in via noggrann analys och som ligger till grund för resultatet. Dessa artiklar bestod av vetenskapliga originalartiklar som samlades in från tre olika databaser. Analysen redovisades med två huvudteman och ett undertema. Resultat: Resultat framkom i två teman; Cellprov och HPV-vaccin. Under Cellprov tillfogades ett undertema; Självtest. Resultatet visade att kvinnors erfarenheter influerades av deras kulturella bakgrund och det i sig påverkade deras attityder mot preventiva åtgärder. Det visade sig även att den kulturella bakgrunden och mödrars erfarenhet av livmoderhalscancer påverkade mödrars attityd gentemot vaccin för sina döttrar. Deltagandet av cellprovstagning påverkades av kvinnors tidigare erfarenheter och skam/skuldkänslor gällande cellprov. Kvinnors erfarenhet av självtest var positivt då det ökade integriteten och därmed minskade känslan av skam. Diskussion: Kvinnors attityd till cellprov och HPV-vaccin präglades av kunskapsbrist och kulturell påverkan. Kvinnors önskan av en mer individanpassad information både språkligt och skriftligt ansågs som ett positivt och välbehövt inslag i vården. Mer vikt bör läggas på att öka deltagandet och kunskapen hos kvinnor genom att anpassa informationen som ges ut till individen. Madeleine Leiningers teori om transkulturell omvårdnad är ett hjälpfullt stöd för sjuksköterskor att anpassa vården utifrån individens kulturella bakgrund. Det gäller både den information som lämnas och omvårdnaden av patienter. / Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancer-related causes of death in developing countries. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus that, in case of permanent infections, causes cervical cancer. In Sweden, a vaccine for girls was introduced in 2010 to protect against the types of HPV causing 70% of cervical cancer. In Sweden, women between 23 and 50 years of age are offered cell samples every three years, which reduces the risk of developing cervical cancer by 90%. However, the majority of women do not participate in the offered cell sample checks. Because HPV is a sexually transmitted virus, it may in some cases be stigmatized and lead to a sense of shame. Human views of sexual health and the body is characterized by human cultural background and experiences, which affects human values and choices. Aim: The purpose was to highlight women's experiences of HPV prevention. Method: This study was based on a literature review of eleven scientific articles collected through careful analysis and is the basis for the outcome. These articles consisted of scientific original articles as they were collected from three different databases. The analysis was presented with two main themes and one sub theme. Results: Results emerged in two themes; Cell sample and HPV vaccine. Self-test was added as a subtheme under Cell sample. The results showed that women's experiences were influenced by their cultural background and in turn influenced their attitudes toward preventive measures. It also turned out that the cultural background and mothers' experience of cervical cancer affected mothers' attitude towards vaccines for their daughters. The participation of cell sampling was influenced by the women's previous experiences and shame/guilty feelings regarding cell samples. Women's self-test experience was positive as it increased integrity and thus reduced the sense of shame. Discussion: Women’s attitude towards Cell sample and HPV vaccine were characterized by lack of knowledge and cultural impact. Women's desire for more personalized information was considered a positive and well-needed feature in health care. More emphasis should be placed on increasing the participation and knowledge of women by adapting the information given to the individual. Madeleine Leininger's theory of transcultural care can help nurses to adapt their care based on the individual's cultural background. This applies to both the information provided and the care of patients.

Medical staff and therefore also nurses may currently more and more often meet patients from foreign countries. It is beyond question that these clients have their own specific biological, psychological and social needs which the nurses should respect. Theoretical part of this assignment describes the issue of trans-cultural nursing, defines it and explains its importance and historical development. It also deals with some of the multi-cultural care models, i.e. the models by Leininger, Giger-Davidhizar, Campinhy-Bacote and Bloch's Ethnic Nursing Care. In general it also mentions conceptual nursing models, their definitions, origin and importance. The following goals were set for this dissertation: Goal 1: Map the issues related to the Leininger's and Giger-Davidhizar's models and their practical use in selected hospitals in the Czech Republic. Goal 2: Find out if nurses use aspects of multi-cultural nursing within their nursing care for foreign patients. Goal 3: Find out how the nurses benefit from using the trans-cultural nursing models for foreign patients within their nursing process. Goal 4: Formulate nursing documents suitable for application of nursing care for foreign patients. Based on the above goals, several research questions were defined: 1. What nursing models are used in selected hospitals in the Czech Republic? 2. How do nursing documents in selected hospitals in the Czech Republic respect nursing process specifics when foreign patients are concerned? 3. Are nurses aware (and in what scope) of the principles of the Leininger's and Giger-Davidhizar's models? 4. How do nurses use trans-cultural nursing models when caring for foreign patients? 5. How do nurses, in their opinion, satisfy foreign patients' biological, psychological and social needs with respect to their cultural differences? 6. How do nurses educate themselves in multi-cultural care? In practical part of the work, nursing documents or anamneses from selected hospitals in the Czech Republic were collected and their content was analysed with focus on multi-cultural aspects identification. Gathered results were then plot in charts. In the next phase of the investigation, semi-structured interviews were held with ten nurses working in standard wards of selected health-care facilities which provided nursing anamneses. Each of the nurses worked in different hospital. The outcome of my dissertation is a draft of nursing anamnesis based on the Leininger's model which is suitable for data collection from patients coming from different cultural backgrounds.

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