Submitted by Juliane Luzia Camargo null (julianel.camargo@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-23T00:34:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final.pdf: 14775152 bytes, checksum: c30c87c08b575a7422a970fdba621563 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Laura Akie Saito Inafuko (linafuko@assis.unesp.br) on 2018-03-23T12:45:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camargo_jl_me_assis.pdf: 14775152 bytes, checksum: c30c87c08b575a7422a970fdba621563 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T12:45:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camargo_jl_me_assis.pdf: 14775152 bytes, checksum: c30c87c08b575a7422a970fdba621563 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / La dissertazione è dedicata allo studio delle missive dello scrittore italiano Italo Calvino (1923-1985) contenute nel libro I libri degli altri (1991), a cura di Giovanni Tesio. Analizzate dalle loro caratteristiche, le lettere costituiscono un’importante testimonianza della letteratura italiana del XX secolo, specialmente tra gli anni 1947 e 1969. Considerata come un genere letterario, la corrispondenza – la prima manifestazione di sé – ci permette di penetrare nello spazio culturare, sociale e storico dello scrittore e ci assicura di osservare le azioni che sono inerenti alla sua personalità non solo come redattore e critico letterario, ma come individuo attivo nella politica del suo paese. La lettura delle lettere dello scrittore italiano rivela l’atmosfera delle sue attività critico-letterarie, così come i suoi pensieri acquisiti dalle sue esperienze personali e preofessionali dalla Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Il primo capitolo affronterà quindi il contesto storico che precede la prima lettera del libro datata 26 novembre 1947, e lo scenario descritto include la partecipazione dell'Italia alla Seconda Grande Guerra, le ripercussioni del disastro sulla politica, l'economia e nella vita della popolazione, oltre al movimento della Resistenza: la lotta armata dell'opposizione al fascismo. Il resoconto è importante per la comprensione delle future manifestazioni letterarie di Italo Calvino, soprattutto nel suo ruolo come critico nella editora Einaudi. Famosa per le sue discussioni letterarie e politiche, la casa editrice è stata una delle scene principali della discussione artistica e antifascista di questo periodo, considerata un grande laboratorio intellettuale e responsabile della promozione di un significativo sviluppo culturale in Italia nell'immediato dopoguerra. Il secondo capitolo si concentra sullo studio delle missive e l'inserimento di queste narrative intime nella letteratura. Per l'esplorazione del genere epistolare, comprendiamo l'importanza di considerare, tra le altre, le analisi del filosofo Michel Foucault (1926-1984) e dello esperto in autobiografie Philippe Lejeune (1938), che favoriscono uno sguardo più attento al ruolo stabilito dalle lettere sin dalle sue prime apparizioni. Il panorama e la produzione letteraria degli anni '40 e '60 sono ritratti nel terzo capitolo con il supporto della corrispondenza dello scrittore italiano e, di conseguenza, il contesto storico e sociale di quel tempo. Come parte del suo ufficio editoriale, Italo Calvino ha stabilito dialoghi attraverso lettere con i principali intellettuali del suo tempo, discutendo, correggendo manoscritti e commentando le novità nel campo letterario. Giulio Einaudi, Carlo Salinari, Elio Vittorini, Elémire Zolla e Natalia Ginzburg sono alcuni dei loro corrispondenti principali. / A dissertação é dedicada ao estudo das missivas do escritor italiano Italo Calvino (1923-1985) contidas no livro I libri degli altri (1991), de organização de Giovanni Tesio. Analisadas a partir de suas características próprias, as cartas configuram um importante testemunho sobre a literatura italiana do século XX, neste caso, especialmente, entre os anos de 1947 e 1969. Considerada como gênero literário, a correspondência – primeira manifestação das escritas de si – ao permitir adentrarmos o espaço cultural, social e histórico do missivista, nos garante observar ações que são inerentes à sua personalidade não só como editor e crítico literário, mas como indivíduo atuante na política de seu país. A leitura das cartas do escritor italiano revela o ambiente de suas atividades crítico-literárias, bem como seus pensamentos adquiridos a partir de suas vivências pessoais e profissionais a partir da Segunda Guerra Mundial. O primeiro capítulo, então, tratará do contexto histórico que precede à primeira carta do livro datada de 1947, e o cenário descrito inclui a participação da Itália na Segunda Grande Guerra, os reflexos do desastre na política, na economia e na vida da população, além do movimento de Resistência: a luta armada de oposição ao fascismo. O relato é importante para o entendimento das futuras manifestações literárias de Italo Calvino, em especial no seu ofício como crítico na editora Einaudi. Famosa por suas discussões literárias e políticas, a editora foi um dos principais palcos de discussão artística e antifascista deste período, tida como um grande laboratório intelectual e responsável pela promoção de um significativo desenvolvimento cultural na Itália no imediato pós-guerra. O segundo capítulo é centrado no estudo das missivas e a inserção destas narrativas íntimas na Literatura. Para a exploração do gênero epistolar, entendemos a importância de considerar, dentre outras, as análises do filósofo Michel Foucault (1926-1984) e do especialista em autobiografias Philippe Lejeune (1938), que favorecem um olhar mais atento sobre o papel estabelecido pelas cartas desde suas primeiras aparições. O panorama e o fazer literário das décadas de 1940 e 1960 são retratados no terceiro capítulo com o apoio das correspondências do escritor italiano e, por consequência, o contexto histórico e social da época. Como parte de seu ofício editorial, Italo Calvino estabeleceu diálogos por meio de cartas com os principais intelectuais de seu tempo, discutindo, corrigindo manuscritos e opinando sobre as novidades no campo literário. Giulio Einaudi, Carlo Salinari, Elio Vittorini, Elémire Zolla e Natalia Ginzburg são alguns de seus principais correspondentes. / The dissertation is dedicated to the study of the missives of the Italian writer Italo Calvino (1923-1985) contained in the book I libri degli altri (1991), organized by Giovanni Tesio. Analyzed by their own characteristics, the letters constitute an important testimony on Italian literature of the twentieth century, in this case, especially between the years of 1947 and 1969. Considered as a literary genre, correspondence - the first manifestation of the self-writing - allowing us to penetrate the cultural, social and historical space of the writer, assures us to observe actions that are inherent to his personality not only as an editor and literary critic, but as an active individual in the politics of his country. The reading of the letters of the Italian writer reveals the atmosphere of his critical-literary activities, as well as his thoughts acquired from his personal and professional experiences from the World War II. The first chapter will discuss the historical context that precedes the first letter of the book dating from 1947, and the scenario described includes Italy's participation in World War II, the repercussions of the disaster on politics, economy and the life of the population, in addition to the Resistance movement: the armed struggle of opposition to fascism. The account is important for the understanding of the future literary manifestations of Italo Calvino, especially in his occupation as a critic in the publisher Einaudi. Famous for its literary and political discussions, the publisher was one of the main ambiences of artistic and antifascist discussion of this period, considered as a great intellectual laboratory and responsible for promoting a significant cultural development in Italy in the immediate postwar period. The second chapter focuses on the study of missives and the insertion of these intimate narratives in Literature. For the exploration of the epistolary genre, we understand the importance of considering, among others, the analyzes of the philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984) and the specialist in autobiographies Philippe Lejeune (1938), that favor a closer look to the role established by the letters since their first appearances. The panorama and the literary making of the 1940s and 1960s are portrayed in the third chapter with the support of the Italian writer's correspondences and, consequently the historical and social context of the time. As part of his editorial occupation, Italo Calvino established dialogues through letters with the main intellectuals of his time, discussing, correcting manuscripts, and commenting on news in the literary field. Giulio Einaudi, Carlo Salinari, Elio Vittorini, Elémire Zolla and Natalia Ginzburg are some of his main correspondents.

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This dissertation is a historical biography of F.V. Engelenburg (1863-1938) and covers the period from 1889 to 1938, when Engelenburg lived and worked in South Africa. The study situates Engelenburg in the historical landscape of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The focus is mainly on Engelenburg’s journalistic career at De Volksstem, but attention is also given to his many other interests, including the development and promotion of Afrikaans and the Afrikaans academic culture, especially in the northern parts of South Africa. His work pertaining to the development of architecture, literature, aviation, the visual and performing arts, history, libraries, museums and educational institutions comes under the spotlight. His private life is considered as well in order to portray his versatility as a person. The chapters have been subdivided to highlight the variety of matters he was involved in, and a chronological approach has been followed as is customary in a biography. The study is based on archival research. In particular, Engelenburg’s private collections were used, as well as the private collections of some of his contemporaries. Engelenburg assumes a central place in the biography, with special focus on how he perceived and experienced conditions and everyday life in South Africa from the point of view of his transnational European background. His role as influential opinion-maker and political commentator on local and international politics is highlighted. His ties with political leaders and his involvement in government affairs are emphasised. The study also refers to his continued contact with his motherland, the Netherlands, and with the Dutch language. After the Anglo- Boer War, he realised that the languages of the future in South Africa would be Afrikaans (not Dutch), alongside English. His continuing support for Afrikaans as a language of instruction in schools and universities and the development of the Afrikaans literature, as well as his support for the standardization of Afrikaans helped to establish Afrikaans as an official language alongside English and Dutch in South Africa. Engelenburg’s active contribution to the work of the Zuid-Afrikaanse Akademie voor Taal, Lettere en Kuns (now the Suid- Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns), helped to put the organization on a sound footing for future development. The Akademie can be seen as a living monument to his work in South Africa. / PhD (History)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015.

This dissertation is a historical biography of F.V. Engelenburg (1863-1938) and covers the period from 1889 to 1938, when Engelenburg lived and worked in South Africa. The study situates Engelenburg in the historical landscape of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The focus is mainly on Engelenburg’s journalistic career at De Volksstem, but attention is also given to his many other interests, including the development and promotion of Afrikaans and the Afrikaans academic culture, especially in the northern parts of South Africa. His work pertaining to the development of architecture, literature, aviation, the visual and performing arts, history, libraries, museums and educational institutions comes under the spotlight. His private life is considered as well in order to portray his versatility as a person. The chapters have been subdivided to highlight the variety of matters he was involved in, and a chronological approach has been followed as is customary in a biography. The study is based on archival research. In particular, Engelenburg’s private collections were used, as well as the private collections of some of his contemporaries. Engelenburg assumes a central place in the biography, with special focus on how he perceived and experienced conditions and everyday life in South Africa from the point of view of his transnational European background. His role as influential opinion-maker and political commentator on local and international politics is highlighted. His ties with political leaders and his involvement in government affairs are emphasised. The study also refers to his continued contact with his motherland, the Netherlands, and with the Dutch language. After the Anglo- Boer War, he realised that the languages of the future in South Africa would be Afrikaans (not Dutch), alongside English. His continuing support for Afrikaans as a language of instruction in schools and universities and the development of the Afrikaans literature, as well as his support for the standardization of Afrikaans helped to establish Afrikaans as an official language alongside English and Dutch in South Africa. Engelenburg’s active contribution to the work of the Zuid-Afrikaanse Akademie voor Taal, Lettere en Kuns (now the Suid- Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns), helped to put the organization on a sound footing for future development. The Akademie can be seen as a living monument to his work in South Africa. / PhD (History)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015.

Affrontando lo studio della Letteratura Italiana risulta evidente l'omissione dai manuali, ad eccezione di Primo Levi, degli scritti di coloro che sono stati deportati tra il 1939 e il 1945 in seguito alle persecuzioni razziali. Il tempo trascorso dalla Shoah ha, invece, dimostrato la presenza di un ingente quantità di opere che costituiscono il corpus della Letteratura Concentrazionaria, ossia la letteratura dei campi di concentramento. Gli autori di questa letteratura sono poco conosciuti e considerati minori, ma la loro scrittura raggiunge spesso un'ineguagliabile altezza intellettuale, morale, stilistica. La narrazione dei loro ricordi traumatici è il risultato di precise decisioni: quali fatti raccontare, in che ordine cronologico, ma soprattutto attraverso quale forma. Questi testi concentrazionari, infatti, possono essere studiati da diversi punti di vista, quello più inusuale è la divisione per generi: racconto, autobiografia, saggio, romanzo, diario, lettera, poesia. Non sempre la distinzione fra questo o quel genere è netta, ma è molto significativo che a partire da una tragedia, quale l'Olocausto, si possa scegliere di raccontare la propria esperienza prestando attenzione al modo di esprimerla. È il primo segno che dimostra quanto anche di fronte al male l'uomo non perda il desiderio di ricercare il vero ed il bello. / Such a long time has passed since the end of the Shoah and it has become clear that there are a lot of works written in those years which now form the corpus of literature based on the experiences in concentration camps. The authors of these works are not very well-known and they are usually considered minor but their works have often reached highly intellectual, moral and stylistic results. The narration of their traumatic memories is the result of precise decisions, i.e. what to tell, in what chronological order, but especially in what forms. The texts based on the experiences in concentration camps can in fact be studied from different points of view. The most unusual is their study through genres: short story, autobiography, essay, novel, journal, letter, poetry. The distinction between one genre and another is not often clear-cut. What is interesting to underline is that in front of a tragedy, as the Holocaust was, it is possible to choose to tell one's own experience by paying special attention to the way of expressing it. This is evidence that in front of evil man does not ever lose the desire to look for truth and beauty.

Fino ad oggi, la storiografia occupatasi dell'atteggiamento tenuto dai vescovi italiani nel corso del primo conflitto mondiale aveva affrontato il tema in base a un’ottica essenzialmente politica, volta a stabilire la maggiore o minore adesione dell'episcopato agli ideali patriottici e il suo grado di sostegno alla guerra. In questo studio, da una parte l'analisi del discorso pastorale pubblicamente prodotto dall'episcopato italiano sulla e nella Grande Guerra, dall'altra l'analisi del discorso indirizzato all'interno della gerarchia ecclesiastica sia verso il basso (sacerdoti-soldati e chierici combattenti) sia verso l'alto (S. Sede), consentono di evidenziare le reali categorie interpretative con cui l'evento-guerra venne compreso e giudicato dai vescovi. Il quadro che ne emerge appare variamente articolato: se la retorica patriottica non mancò di manifestarsi, il discorso dominante fu tuttavia rappresentato dalla lettura provvidenzialistica del conflitto, che, culminando nell'attribuzione di un significato salvifico alla morte per la patria in guerra, svolse una funzione decisiva nel legittimare la partecipazione dei fedeli ad essa. L'analisi della corrispondenza tra i vescovi e i chierici combattenti e tra i vescovi e la S. Sede mostra l'esistenza di sfumature e di altre sensibilità, certamente importanti da registrare, ma non sufficienti a mutare il profilo complessivo emerso dall'analisi del discorso pubblico. / Until today, the historiography concerning the attitude of Italian bishops during the First World War dealt with the subject from essentially a political perspective, focused on bishops' commitment to patriotic ideals and the level of support for the war. This research takes into account, on the one hand, the analysis of the pastoral discourse made publicly by the Italian bishops about and during the «Great War», and on the other hand, the analysis of the discourse inside of the church hierarchy addressed both downwards (to priest-soldiers and fighting seminarists) and upwards (to the Holy See). Thus, the actual explanatory categories by which the war-event was understood and judged by bishops are revealed. The picture that emerges is heterogeneous: beyond patriotic rhetoric, the most dominant finding is represented by providential reading of the conflict. By attaching a redemptive meaning to death from fighting for one's country, it proved to be a decisive factor in legitimising the participation of the faithful. The analysis of the correspondence between the bishops and fighting seminarists, and between the bishops and the Holy See demonstrates the existence of different tones and sensibilities. Although worth recording, they do not seem to change the overall picture that the public discourse displays.