O-LiFE est un observatoire de l’environnement dédié à l’étude des ressources et de la biodiversité dans la zone critique à la vie, focalisé sur la méditerranée. C’est aussi une structure à l’interface entre la recherche fondamentale et les porteurs d’enjeux. Cette plateforme initiée en collaboration entre des équipes libanaises et françaises se focalise d’abord sur l’observation systémique du milieu naturel, autour des thématiques de l’eau, la biodiversité et la gestion de l’environnement. Le fondement de l’observatoire est la mise en oeuvre d’une approche transdisciplinaire du défi du changement global. Structurer, partager, pérenniser et valoriser les données environnementales constitue un objectif prioritaire pour permettre à une large communauté de converger vers une approche réellement systémique et transdisciplinaire des enjeux environnementaux en Méditerranée. La construction d’un système d’information permettant cette mise en relation complète des données est donc prioritaire. Cependant cette mise en oeuvre est rendu complexe par plusieurs défis à relever pour répondre aux utilisateurs finaux et producteurs de données qui ne partagent pas les mêmes besoins, et pour tenir compte de l’hétérogénéité naturelle des données.Dans cette thèse, nous détaillons par conséquent les réflexions et travaux menés pour la mise en place de l’architecture du SI de l’observatoire. Le travail a été initié par une enquête permettant de mieux connaître les sources de données existantes. Nous avons ensuite proposé d’utiliser les environnements de gestion de données d’observations basés sur des ontologies partagées et les recommandations des consortiums reconnus (OGC). Des extensions sont proposées pour permettre la prise en compte de points de vue distincts sur les données via des multi-mapping. Cette extension permet un découplage entre la vision initiale du producteur de données et les multiples utilisations possibles des données à l’aide de croisement avec d’autres sources de données et/ou d’autres points de vue.Nous avons enfin appliqué la méthodologie sur les données O-LiFE et avons pu extraire des croisements de données inter-bases (entre deux sources de données distinctes) et intra-bases (en juxtaposant des points de vue distincts sur une même source de données). Ce travail est une démonstration du rôle fondamental des outils du SI et des observatoires dans le rapprochement indispensable des communautés scientifiques autant que des porteurs d’enjeux pour la résolution des grands défis sociétaux environnementaux, notamment en Méditerranéen. / O-LiFE is an environmental observatory dedicated to the study of resources and biodiversity in the critical area of life, focused on the Mediterranean. It is also a structure at the interface between basic research and the holders of issues. This platform initiated in collaboration between Lebanese and French teams focuses first on systemic observation of the natural environment around the themes of water, biodiversity and environmental management. The foundation of the observatory is the implementation of a transdisciplinary approach to the challenge of global change.Organize, share, sustain and enhance environmental data is a priority objective to enable the wider community to converge towards a truly systemic and transdisciplinary approach to environmental issues in the Mediterranean. The construction of an information system allowing complete connection of data is therefore a priority. However, this implementation is complicated by a number of challenges to meet the end users and data producers expectations who do not share the same needs, and to take into account thenatural heterogeneity of data.In this PhD, we detail brainstorming and work needed for the development of the architecture of the information system of the observatory. The work was initiated by a survey to better understand theexisting sources of data. We then proposed to use observational data management environments based on shared ontologies and the recommendations of recognized consortia (OGC). Extensions are proposed to enable the inclusion of different perspectives on data through multi-mapping. This extension allows a decouplingbetween the original vision of the data producer and the many possible uses of the data with crossbreeding with other data sources and / or other views.We then applied the methodology on the O-LiFE data and were able to extract inter-data analysis (between two distinct data sources) and intra-bases analysis (by juxtaposing different points of view on the same data source). This work is a demonstration of the fundamental role of IS tools and observatories in the essential gathering of the scientific communities as much as stakeholders to resolve major environmental challenges facing society, particularly in Mediterranean.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas, 2007. / Submitted by Kathryn Cardim Araujo (kathryn.cardim@gmail.com) on 2009-10-20T16:53:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_SaraFreireSimoesAndrade.pdf: 689736 bytes, checksum: 10bc53788c39d27daf397c81f63ef082 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tania Milca Carvalho Malheiros(tania@bce.unb.br) on 2009-11-10T11:22:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_SaraFreireSimoesAndrade.pdf: 689736 bytes, checksum: 10bc53788c39d27daf397c81f63ef082 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-10T11:22:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_SaraFreireSimoesAndrade.pdf: 689736 bytes, checksum: 10bc53788c39d27daf397c81f63ef082 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Na literatura brasileira contemporânea, personagens de origem árabe saem de um lugar antes relegado às margens da ficção para então ocupar o centro das narrativas. Um número crescente de escritores (muitos originários de comunidades libanesas) tem explorado a imigração dessa etnia em sua escrita. Esta dissertação analisa a representação do imigrante libanês nos romances dos escritores Milton Hatoum, Raduan Nassar, Salim Miguel e Ana Miranda e sua (des) vinculação com o discurso hegemônico nacionalista. Pergunta-se como ocorre a representação dessa imigração, como se constituem as famílias dos personagens imigrantes ou de seus descendentes, quais imagens e estereótipos são recorrentes, que “Oriente” é aqui reconstruído e, afinal, que lugar esses imigrantes ocupam na nova terra. Adota-se a perspectiva da relação entre literatura, sociedade e suas produções simbólicas, tendo como aporte teórico os conceitos de mímesis, trabalhado por Luiz Costa Lima; orientalismo, por Edward Said; construções de estereótipos, por Homi Bhabha; assim como as reflexões de Bhabha e Stuart Hall sobre nação imaginada. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / In contemporary Brasilian literature individuals of arabian origin are moving out of the margins of fiction to eventually occupy the centre of narratives. A growing number of writers, many from libanese communities, are dealing with the immigration of this ethnic group in their writings. This dissertation analyses the representation of the libanese immigrant in the novels of Milton Hatoum, Raduan Nassar, Salim Miguel and Ana Miranda and its connection with the hegemonic, nationalist discourse. It asks how the representation of this immigration manifests itself, how the families of the immigrants and their descendants are depicted, what images and stereotypes reoccur, what image of the “Orient” is constructed and, finally, what place in the “new society” the immigrantes are occupying. This dissertation looks at the relationship between literature, society and its symbolic productions, having as a theoretical background the concept of mimesis by Luiz Costa Lima, orientalism by Edward Said, the construction of stereotypes by Homi Bhabha, as well as reflections of Bhabha and Stuart Hall about the imagined nation.

La tesi analizza l'impatto di percorsi di reinterpretazione della tradizione religiosa sciita sul tessuto sociale e sulle forme di mobilitazione politica della comunità sciita libanese nel corso del ventesimo secolo. La creazione di un'identità sciita distinta viene studiata nel quadro della formazione di una "ideologia islamica" e nel contesto del consolidamento del modello istituzionale confessionalista libanese, prima nel periodo mandatario e poi dopo l'indipendenza, in un intreccio fluido di fattori transnazionali e locali e di meccanismi di identità e di alterità. Le pratiche rituali e i costrutti simbolici connessi alla commemorazione di Ashura sono, in particolare, il sito di una battaglia per la legittimazione e per la definizione dell'identità collettiva: l'interpretazione radicale di Ashura è usata per legittimare forme di dissenso e resistenza. L'impegno religioso espresso nello spazio pubblico dà vita a numerose forme associative e assistenziali che creano un sistema alternativo di offerta di servizi sociali, rafforzando i legami comunitari e sostenendo stili di vita e modelli di comportamento islamicamente corretti, in ciò che definiamo come la sfera pubblica islamica. Questo progetto di modernità alternativa comprende anche l’assimilazione selettiva di pratiche e modelli della globalizzazione e di forme di mercificazione. I discorsi e i documenti analizzati mostrano infine la formazione di una metanarrazione della resistenza, in cui, reinterpretando temi del paradigma di Karbala', la comunità sciita viene descritta come prima linea della resistenza contro la tirannia e l’oppressione, in una visione teleologica della storia. / This dissertation investigates the impact of patterns of reinvention and reinterpretation of Shi'a religious tradition on the social fabric and the politics of the Shi'a community of Lebanon during the twentieth century. We firstly explore the theorization of doctrines that discharge "Western"-oriented modernizing projects as the only legitimate patterns of development and governance for Muslim societies. This theoretical framework is conceived and conveyed mainly by a transnational Shi'i clerical milieu. We examine how a distinct Shi'a collective identity is formed, partly as a result of the formation of an "Islamic ideology", and partly as a collateral effect of the confessionalist system that is implemented in Lebanon during the Mandate and after the independence. We observe a fluid, complex interplay of transnational, domestic, and parochial factors, and how they shape mechanisms of identity and otherness. In particular, we analyze how the ritual practices and symbolic constructs related to the commemoration of Ashura and the battle of Karbala' become a site of ideological dispute for legitimacy and self-identity. In particular, we see how a radical reading of Ashura is used to legitimize forms of political dissent and resistance. We then explore how religious commitment and forms of public piety are related to social activism and the provision of multiple services through a vast network of charitable institutions. This alternative system of social welfare and assistance strengthens communal relations and pious lifestyles, envisaging a religiously-inspired society that we define as Islamic public sphere. We also question how this project of alternative modernity is shaped by a selective assimilation of practices and models marked by globalization and commodification, where scientific and technical development is accepted but a vast array of values and behaviors are discharged as un-Islamic. We finally examine the tropes of a metanarrative of resistance through a reading of major documents of Hezbollah and public speeches. We analyze a narrative construct where the Shi’a community, as part of the disinherited and the injustly oppressed of the world, is pitted – along the same lines of Ashura and the battle of Karbala' – against the forces of oppression and tyranny, in a teleological view of human history. We evaluate how this discourse is framed in the public sphere and how it is productive of symbolic capital and legitimacy at a political and social level.

Questa ricerca definisce il concetto di riduzione del rischio di conflitto e fornisce una strategia di gestione del rischio di conflitto. Lo scopo è quello di contribuire alla Peace Research e ai Conflict studies costruendo un approccio di prevenzione basato sul rischio. La metodologia utilizzata in questo studio è interdisciplinare. Questo aspetto ha permesso di convalidare il quadro analitico sviluppato attraverso l'analisi di un caso studio che ha incluso un lavoro sul campo con l'impiego di strumenti antropologici. Il caso libanese è stato scelto per la recente storia conflittuale e le odierne condizioni in cui versa il paese, sottoposto a innumerevoli pressioni socioeconomiche. Infatti, la crisi siriana e i massicci flussi di rifugiati hanno avuto un impatto significativo sul Libano, destabilizzando ulteriormente un paese già fragile e scatenando diverse ondate di violenza, la cui manifestazione ha avuto e ha luogo a livello micro e macro in diverse forme. La storia conflittuale e le esperienze di migrazione, le pressioni economiche e sociali e i pregiudizi derivanti dall’errata percezione reciproca tra libanesi e siriani costituiscono la base da una parte per un alto rischio di micro-conflitti, e dall’altra, a livello macro, un possibile input per una destabilizzazione socioeconomica che sfoci in una contrapposizione conflittuale che tenga conto delle dinamiche irrisolte della società libanese. Considerando l'obiettivo pratico di questo lavoro, che si concentra sull’elaborazione di una strategia di gestione dei rischi di conflitto, sarà fornita un'analisi programmatica, tenendo conto delle buone pratiche implementate da Organizzazioni Internazionali e ONG. / This research aims at defining the concept of Conflict Risk Reduction and providing a Conflict Risk Management Strategy. The purpose is to contribute to the Peace research and Conflict Studies field by offering a conflict risk-based prevention approach. The methodology used in this study is of interdisciplinary nature. This, in subsequence allowed me to apply the case study approach to validate the analytical created framework and to perform prolonged fieldwork employing anthropological tools. The Lebanese case represents a rich field for these research purposes due to its recent conflict history that crucially marked the country and its consequences that are still fathomable today in addition to the current pressure circumstances. Indeed, the Syrian crisis and the massive refugee flows have a significant impact on Lebanon leading to several waves of violence. The country’s history of conflict and migration, the economic and social grievances and the misperception among Lebanese and Syrian refugees constitute the base for a high risk of micro conflicts in Lebanon. Considering the practical aim of this work which focuses on Conflict Risk Disaster Management strategy, a programmatic analysis will be provided, taking into account the best practices implemented by International Organisations and NGOs.

La tesi cerca di rispondere alla domanda: 'La libanese intifadha al-Iqtad poteva essere prevista?'. la tesi prima definisce l'evento politico, e. Successivamente esamina le condizioni epistemologiche in base alle quali una predizione del futuro possa essere considerata scientifica. In terzo luogo, propone uno schema di previsione organizzato in funzione del coinvolgimento degli agenti nella creazione della storia umana. Infine, analizza la intifadha al-Iqtad in base allo schema analitico proposto. / The thesis aims to answer the question 'could the Lebanese Intifadha al-Iqtad have been predicted?' In order to do so, it first of all tries to define the political event, in terms of features, dynamic, and outcome. Secondly, it outlines the epistemological assumptions on which a scientific prediction of the future could be based. Thirdly, it puts forward a framework for foreseeing the future organised on different levels and divided into macro-categories. Finally, it analyses the Lebanese Intifadha al-Iqtad according to the proposed framework.