Dans les pays importateurs d’énergie de la région Est-Méditerranée, comme la Syrie et le Liban, le secteur du bâtiment est le plus gros consommateur d’énergie. Une extension urbaine dynamique et une croissance démographique importante sont les caractéristiques des villes côtières de cette région, avec une absence totale d’application de règlements thermiques ou énergétiques pour les constructions. L’objectif de ce travail est de mettre en place une certification énergétique pour les bâtiments résidentiels neufs dans la région côtière de l’Est-Méditerranée. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons réalisé une série d’enquêtes sur le terrain pour mettre en évidence les problématiques énergétiques des bâtiments résidentiels dans la ville de Tartous, et établir une base de données servant de référentiel sur les modes de construction, les systèmes énergétiques accessibles et les usages des occupants. Le choix de la RT2012 est le résultat d’une analyse critique et comparative des six labels les plus répandus dans le monde, en vue d’une extension à la région Est-Méditerranée. L’originalité de notre travail est d’aborder la réalité du terrain en adoptant un outil de STD et en nous appuyant sur les spécificités de fonctionnement et d’usage du bâtiment et ses équipements de chauffage, de climatisation, d’eau chaude sanitaire et d’électroménager. Les limites d’amélioration de la performance énergétique, due à l’utilisation des solutions techniques accessibles sur le site, avec un valorisation globale des points de vue énergétique, économique et de confort, nous permettront de déterminer les nouvelles valeurs des indices réglementaires caractérisant notre nouveau label énergétique RT2012-EM. Ce label énergétique, destiné aux différents acteurs du bâtiment pour la conception de bâtiments résidentiels neufs, vise à promouvoir une politique d’utilisation rationnelle de l’énergie, grâce à des bâtiments à basse consommation énergétique. / In the countries which importing energy in the region of the East-Mediterranean, such as Syria and Lebanon, the building sector is the largest consumer of energy . A dynamic urban expansion and population growth are important characteristics of the coastal towns of this region, with a total lack of application of heat or energy regulations for buildings. The objective of this work is to develop an energy certification for new residential buildings in the coastal region of East Mediterranean. To achieve this goal, we conducted a series of field surveys to highlight energy issues of residential buildings in the city of Tartous, and establish a database for the repository construction methods, energy systems access and usage of the occupants. The choice of the RT2012 is the result of a critical and comparative analysis of the six most popular labels in the world, for an extension to the East Mediterranean region. The originality of our work is to address the reality of the field by adopting a tool of a dynamic thermal simulation and relying on the specific operation and use of the building and equipment of heating, cooling, hot water and appliances. The limits of improving energy performance, due to the use of available technical solutions on site, with a total valuation of viewpoints energy, economic and comfort, will let us determine the new values of the regulatory indices of our new RT2012-EM energy label. The energy label for the different actors of the building to the design of new residential buildings, designed to promote a policy of rational use of energy, through buildings with low energy consumption.

Národní bezpečnostní systém v Libanonu Jan Kužvart Abstract Diploma thesis "The National Security System of the Republic of Lebanon" (the LSS) deals with the system which keeps order and stability in Lebanon. The thesis also focuses on the possibility of its reform (i.e. security sector reform, SSR). The LSS contains army and other various security apparatus institutions and superior control bodies. It also includes external actors who are participating in SSR (for example the EU and the USA) or actors who are helping the Lebanese state to maintain security inside of its territory (e.g. UNIFIL). The LSS has strong normative dimension as well. It comprehends the unwritten rules of the game, the Lebanese foreign relations and fundamental Lebanese constitutional documents. The thesis delineates objects which the LSS is supposed to protect (i.e. Lebanon and its citizens) and threats which the LSS faces.

The purpose of this paper is to understand how national identity is discursively constructed by Hizbullah at a time of national crisis, and to shed light on its potential effects on the social world. The critical discourse analysis focuses on how difference and otherness are constructed on Hizbullah’s television channel Al-Manar. It illuminates Hizbullah’s discursive construal of a national in-group and an ‘enemy’ out-group, and identifies the main discourses that Hizbullah draws upon. The backdrop is the violent events in the Lebanese town of Arsal, erupting in early August 2014 and soon amounting to a national crisis. How Hizbullah, one of the main political actors in Lebanon and the region, constructs the world discursively does arguably have impact on the social world. The analysis identifies an order of discourse that on the one hand is permeated by pluralism and inclusion and on the other hand influenced by an exclusionary discourse connecting the out-group to terrorism. The author suggests that the Western discourse of ‘war on terrorism’ has been recontextualised by Hizbullah, and argues that there are reasons to pay close attention to the potentially harmful socially constructive effects of this discourse. Nevertheless, a cross-confessional national unity is simultaneously highlighted in Hizbullah’s discourse.

Dans les pays importateurs d’énergie de la région Est-Méditerranée, comme la Syrie et le Liban, le secteur du bâtiment est le plus gros consommateur d’énergie. Une extension urbaine dynamique et une croissance démographique importante sont les caractéristiques des villes côtières de cette région, avec une absence totale d’application de règlements thermiques ou énergétiques pour les constructions. L’objectif de ce travail est de mettre en place une certification énergétique pour les bâtiments résidentiels neufs dans la région côtière de l’Est-Méditerranée. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons réalisé une série d’enquêtes sur le terrain pour mettre en évidence les problématiques énergétiques des bâtiments résidentiels dans la ville de Tartous, et établir une base de données servant de référentiel sur les modes de construction, les systèmes énergétiques accessibles et les usages des occupants. Le choix de la RT2012 est le résultat d’une analyse critique et comparative des six labels les plus répandus dans le monde, en vue d’une extension à la région Est-Méditerranée. L’originalité de notre travail est d’aborder la réalité du terrain en adoptant un outil de STD et en nous appuyant sur les spécificités de fonctionnement et d’usage du bâtiment et ses équipements de chauffage, de climatisation, d’eau chaude sanitaire et d’électroménager. Les limites d’amélioration de la performance énergétique, due à l’utilisation des solutions techniques accessibles sur le site, avec un valorisation globale des points de vue énergétique, économique et de confort, nous permettront de déterminer les nouvelles valeurs des indices réglementaires caractérisant notre nouveau label énergétique RT2012-EM. Ce label énergétique, destiné aux différents acteurs du bâtiment pour la conception de bâtiments résidentiels neufs, vise à promouvoir une politique d’utilisation rationnelle de l’énergie, grâce à des bâtiments à basse consommation énergétique. / In the countries which importing energy in the region of the East-Mediterranean, such as Syria and Lebanon, the building sector is the largest consumer of energy . A dynamic urban expansion and population growth are important characteristics of the coastal towns of this region, with a total lack of application of heat or energy regulations for buildings. The objective of this work is to develop an energy certification for new residential buildings in the coastal region of East Mediterranean. To achieve this goal, we conducted a series of field surveys to highlight energy issues of residential buildings in the city of Tartous, and establish a database for the repository construction methods, energy systems access and usage of the occupants. The choice of the RT2012 is the result of a critical and comparative analysis of the six most popular labels in the world, for an extension to the East Mediterranean region. The originality of our work is to address the reality of the field by adopting a tool of a dynamic thermal simulation and relying on the specific operation and use of the building and equipment of heating, cooling, hot water and appliances. The limits of improving energy performance, due to the use of available technical solutions on site, with a total valuation of viewpoints energy, economic and comfort, will let us determine the new values ​​of the regulatory indices of our new RT2012-EM energy label. The energy label for the different actors of the building to the design of new residential buildings, designed to promote a policy of rational use of energy, through buildings with low energy consumption.

The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the democratization process in the Middle East after 9/11. After 9/11 the US made a drastic change in their foreign policy towards the Middle East aiming on a “Freedom Agenda and fighting the “war on Terrorism” to ensure their national security.  Therefore, the main effort of the policy was made on democracy promotion in the Middle East in order for the Bush Administration to achieve their goals. Democracy is a widely used concept in the West describing a ruling system that secures peace and stability since it ensures the citizens all their freedoms and human rights. A definition of democracy and its arenas will be given according to the definition of Linz and Stephan with a main focus on Civil and Political Society. Lebanon will be brought up as an example of a somehow democratic Middle Easter Country. The Lebanese political system is based on confessionalism thus it is important to show how democracy is preserved within Lebanon presenting both the civil and political society within the country. The study in question shows how the US approached the region and which efforts were made in the democratization process in the Arab Middle East and it will also deal with the outcome 9/11 had on the Lebanese-US relation. The conclusion of the thesis showed that the Bush Administrations new foreign Policy faced many backlashes. Even though the US managed to overthrow the Taliban’s and remove Saddam’s Regime, the policy’s main goal of achieving democracy in the Middle East was not successful. In the case of Lebanon the research concludes that to achieve a successful democratic policy the Lebanese strong confessional structures must be combined with the fundamentals of democracy. It further showed that there has not been a drastic change in the Lebanese-US relation due to 9/11.

No description available.

The thesis "Framing of the conflict in the Middle East in Czech Daily Newspapers" explores how Czech print media report on the conflict in the Middle East through the analysis of Mladá fronta Dnes and Právo news coverage of the Second Lebanon War (2006) and the Gaza war (2008- 2009). The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the role of the media in times of war and focuses mainly on the popular even though somewhat fragmented concept of media framing, which became the basis for the analysis of the above mentioned newspapers. The research draws on the extensive literature on media framing as well as foreign research on framing of the Arab- Israeli conflict, combining quantitative and qualitative analytical tools. The aim of the quantitative part of the analysis was to obtain hitherto missing data about the framing of the conflict in the Middle East by Czech media that could be compared to similar data that are already available for foreign media. Quantitative analysis also focused on news sources and topics used while referring about the Middle East conflict. The purpose of the qualitative analysis was to gain a deeper insight into the problem and generate a list of specific frames used to interpret the conflict in the Middle East by Czech print media.

This thesis investigates Swedish trade promotion in Lebanon from 1920 to 1975. The aim is to increase knowledge about how actors in a small open western economy tried to develop their economic interests in an emerging market characterized by great uncertainty. Here, the promising economic outlook coincided with a high degree of political instability. The study analyzes the interactions between Swedish trade related authorities, organizations and companies in their efforts to develop Swedish business interests in Lebanon: a developing country in a conflict-affected area with potentially large and emerging markets, where the cultural distance to Sweden was significant. In this study a model, which is known as the Uppsala model, forms an analytical interpretative framework for studying the actions and strategies of the trade related authorities and organizations despite the model's specific perspective on the establishment process of firms abroad. Based on the taxonomy, which is the basis of this interpretative model, this interpretative framwork has been possible to apply because of the assumed interactions between trade related authorities/organizations and companies when establishing commercial presence in new markets. The assumption is that the trade related authorities and organizations enhance for companies in various ways, while there is an economic-political interest that the state strives to reach by encouraging companies to set up business in new markets. By using this model, the events have been systematized through a historical generalization and periodization of Swedish trade promotion and organization. Added with the type of knowledge development that has taken place. In this way, the role of authorities and organizations in trade promotion and organizational build-up abroad has been highlighted. The results show that Swedish trade promotion attempts and organization in Lebanon took place in close cooperation with Swedish trade related authorities and organizations through their information inflows. In practice the companies' needs for information and assistance were reflected in the work that has been exercised by the authorities and organizations. By playing an important role in information building, escalating network positions and at the same time providing the companies with specific information, the trade related authorities and organizations became key actors in the development of Swedish trade relations with Lebanon. The study concludes that new perspectives can be obtained by including trade related authorities and organizations when using the Uppsala model in future studies. / Denna avhandling studerar svenska handelsfrämjande åtgärder i Libanon 1920-1975. Syftet är att öka kunskapen om hur aktörer i en liten öppen västekonomi försökte utveckla sina ekonomiska intressen på en ny framväxande marknad präglad av stor osäkerhet, där lovande ekonomiska utsikter sammanföll med en hög grad av politisk instabilitet. I studien analyseras samspelet mellan svenska handelsrelaterade myndigheter, organisationer och företag i deras strävan att utveckla svenska handels- och affärsintressen i Libanon: ett land som betraktas här som ett utvecklingsland i ett konfliktdrabbat område med potentiellt stora och nya marknader med ett betydande kulturellt avstånd till Sverige. I studien utgör den så kallade Uppsalamodellen den analytiska tolkningsramen för att studera myndigheternas och intresseorganisationernas agerande och strategier, trots att modellens perspektiv bygger på företagens utlandsetablering. Med utgångspunkt i den taxonomi som är grunden i modellen har denna tolkningsram varit möjlig på grund av det samspel som antas finnas mellan företag och myndigheter, särskilt när det gäller etablerandet av en affärsmässig närvaro på en ny och osäker marknad. Antaganden är att myndigheterna på olika sätt underlättar för företagen, samtidigt som det finns ett statligt ekonomisk-politiskt intresse att få företag att etablera sig på nya marknader. Med hjälp av modellen har händelseförloppen systematiserats genom en historisk generalisering och periodisering av svenska handelsfrämjande åtgärder med avseende på organisation och den typ av kunskapsuppbyggnad som skett. Därmed belyses också myndigheternas och organisationernas roll vid företagsetableringar i utlandet. Resultaten visar att företagsetableringsförsöken och organisationen av svensk handel i Libanon skedde i nära samarbete mellan svenska myndigheter och organisationer genom utbyte av information. I praktiken avspeglades företagens behov av information och hjälp i myndigheternas och organisationernas arbete. I och med att myndigheterna/organisationerna deltog i informationsuppbyggnaden, skapandet av nätverkspositioner och samtidigt förmedlade information mellan företagen var dessa betingade som centrala aktörer vid etableringen av svenska handelsförbindelser med Libanon. Studiens slutsats är att nya perspektiv gällande företagsetableringar på utländska marknader kan erhållas genom att inkludera myndigheters och organisationers agerande vid tillämpningen av Uppsala modellen i framtida studier.