As Decretais de Gregório IX (Decretales ou Liber Extra) é uma compilação de direito canônico publicada em 1234, que havia ficado sob incumbência do canonista Raimundo de Penyafort e da qual ainda não existe tradução em português e em outras línguas faladas hoje. Nascida no período de direito canônico clássico e do chamado ius novum ou ius decretalium, ela se caracteriza por incluir principalmente (não apenas) decretais papais desse período, isto é, tanto declarações com o conselho da cúria romana – ou sem a participação da mesma – sobre matérias jurídicas após uma provocatio da hierarquia inferior, como ainda sentenças judiciais, quando estas chegavam à cúria romana, além de outras manifestações papais dadas a particulares. De caráter particular, elas tornaram-se universais ainda antes de serem incluídas nas Decretais. A obra se divide em 5 livros, os quais se subdividem em títulos e capítulos, abordando vários tipos de normas, que de forma excessivamente resumida são: o processo canônico ou ordem de juízo (matéria processual civil eclesiástica e de processo criminal), disciplina do clero secular e regular, a administração eclesiástica, normas sobre o casamento, determinação sobre os vários tipos de crimes, previsão de penas, regras litúrgicas, entre outras. A tradução é feita sobre os dois primeiros títulos do livro 5, tratando de três modos processuais canônicos (acusação, denunciação e inquirição) – que exerceram e ainda exercem uma influência determinante sobre o direito de países da Europa e da América – e das penas aplicadas aos caluniadores no desenrolar dos referidos modos processuais. A tradução é feita ainda sobre parte da Glosa Ordinária, apenas quando se entendeu que ela fosse fundamental doutrinariamente para completar as normas ou quando indispensável para o entendimento de certos trechos. Essa glosa segue a mesma ordem do texto latino, mas é apresentada em notas finais, as quais são interpretativas e fazem uso concomitante de outros tipos de meios bibliográficos. A introdução se divide em duas partes. Na primeira é abordada a natureza da fonte traduzida, os elementos constituintes, o trabalho editorial de Raimundo de Penyafort a partir de coleções de decretais anteriores, e se discute a edição impressa do Corpus Juris Canonici utilizada para a tradução. Na segunda parte se trata de entender a complexidade do material contido na tradução, cuja leitura por si só torna difícil o entendimento da matéria. A sociedade brasileira e aquelas de vários países do Ocidente estão organizadas através de legislações que possuem um desenvolvimento operado há muitos séculos. Apesar de principalmente voltado à estrutura eclesiástica, o direito canônico acabava atingindo a sociedade laica (secular) cristã e isso deixou marcas na atualidade. Tal como o direito contemporâneo brasileiro, o direito canônico, embora assentado em uma firme estrutura original, estava em constante aperfeiçoamento e era adequado ao seu tempo, o que incluíam as regras processuais criminais quando se percebia a impunidade e a constância no cometimento dos crimes, a despeito de ambos os direitos caracterizarem-se pela mitigação na aplicação das sentenças judiciais, excetuando-se determinados crimes, considerados graves em seus tempos. / The Decretals of Gregory IX (Decretales or Liber Extra) is a compilation of Canon Law published in 1234, which had been in charge of the canonist Raymond of Penyafort and from which there is still no translation in Portuguese and in other languages spoken today. Born in the classical Canon Law period and the so-called ius novum or ius decretalium, it includes mainly (not only) papal decretals of that period, namely both statements made by the Roman curia council – or without its participation – on legal matters upon a provocatio of the lower hierarchy, or court rulings, when they reached the Roman curia, as well as on other papal manifestations given to private affairs. Despite having a particular character, they became universal even before being included in the Decretals. The compilation is divided into five books, which are divided into titles and chapters, covering various types of regulations, which are, in sum: The canonical process or ordo iudiciarius (ecclesiastical civil procedural and criminal proceedings), discipline of secular and regular clergy, the ecclesiastical administration, rules about marriage, determination of the various types of crimes, punishment predictions, liturgical rules, among others. The translation was carried out on the first two titles of book 5, dealing with three canonical procedural modes (accusation, denunciation and inquisition) – that exerted and still exert a decisive influence on the laws of countries in Europe and America – and penalties applied to calumniators during the course of these procedural modes. Translation was further carried out on part of the Ordinary Gloss, only when it was understood that it was essential to doctrinally complete the norms or where essential for the understanding of certain passages. This gloss follows the same order of the Latin text, but it is presented in the form of endnotes, which are interpretative notes and make concomitant use of other types of bibliographic resources. The introduction is divided into two parts. The first addresses the nature of the translated source, the elements, the editorial work of Raimundo Penyafort from previous collections of decretals, and discusses the printed edition of the Corpus Juris Canonici used for the translation. The second part deals with the understanding of the complexity of the material contained in the translation, whose reading alone makes it difficult to understand the matter. The Brazilian society and the societies of many Western countries are organized based on laws whose development occurred many centuries ago. Although mainly focused on the ecclesiastical structure, canon law strongly affected the Christian lay (secular) society, whose effects can still be perceived today. Just like the Brazilian contemporary law, canon law, although laid on a firm original structure, was constantly improving and was appropriate to its time, which included criminal procedural rules when impunity and constancy in the practice of crimes were perceived, despite both types of law are characterized by a mitigation in the enforcement of legal judgments, except for certain crimes considered serious offences in their times.

As Decretais de Gregório IX (Decretales ou Liber Extra) é uma compilação de direito canônico publicada em 1234, que havia ficado sob incumbência do canonista Raimundo de Penyafort e da qual ainda não existe tradução em português e em outras línguas faladas hoje. Nascida no período de direito canônico clássico e do chamado ius novum ou ius decretalium, ela se caracteriza por incluir principalmente (não apenas) decretais papais desse período, isto é, tanto declarações com o conselho da cúria romana – ou sem a participação da mesma – sobre matérias jurídicas após uma provocatio da hierarquia inferior, como ainda sentenças judiciais, quando estas chegavam à cúria romana, além de outras manifestações papais dadas a particulares. De caráter particular, elas tornaram-se universais ainda antes de serem incluídas nas Decretais. A obra se divide em 5 livros, os quais se subdividem em títulos e capítulos, abordando vários tipos de normas, que de forma excessivamente resumida são: o processo canônico ou ordem de juízo (matéria processual civil eclesiástica e de processo criminal), disciplina do clero secular e regular, a administração eclesiástica, normas sobre o casamento, determinação sobre os vários tipos de crimes, previsão de penas, regras litúrgicas, entre outras. A tradução é feita sobre os dois primeiros títulos do livro 5, tratando de três modos processuais canônicos (acusação, denunciação e inquirição) – que exerceram e ainda exercem uma influência determinante sobre o direito de países da Europa e da América – e das penas aplicadas aos caluniadores no desenrolar dos referidos modos processuais. A tradução é feita ainda sobre parte da Glosa Ordinária, apenas quando se entendeu que ela fosse fundamental doutrinariamente para completar as normas ou quando indispensável para o entendimento de certos trechos. Essa glosa segue a mesma ordem do texto latino, mas é apresentada em notas finais, as quais são interpretativas e fazem uso concomitante de outros tipos de meios bibliográficos. A introdução se divide em duas partes. Na primeira é abordada a natureza da fonte traduzida, os elementos constituintes, o trabalho editorial de Raimundo de Penyafort a partir de coleções de decretais anteriores, e se discute a edição impressa do Corpus Juris Canonici utilizada para a tradução. Na segunda parte se trata de entender a complexidade do material contido na tradução, cuja leitura por si só torna difícil o entendimento da matéria. A sociedade brasileira e aquelas de vários países do Ocidente estão organizadas através de legislações que possuem um desenvolvimento operado há muitos séculos. Apesar de principalmente voltado à estrutura eclesiástica, o direito canônico acabava atingindo a sociedade laica (secular) cristã e isso deixou marcas na atualidade. Tal como o direito contemporâneo brasileiro, o direito canônico, embora assentado em uma firme estrutura original, estava em constante aperfeiçoamento e era adequado ao seu tempo, o que incluíam as regras processuais criminais quando se percebia a impunidade e a constância no cometimento dos crimes, a despeito de ambos os direitos caracterizarem-se pela mitigação na aplicação das sentenças judiciais, excetuando-se determinados crimes, considerados graves em seus tempos. / The Decretals of Gregory IX (Decretales or Liber Extra) is a compilation of Canon Law published in 1234, which had been in charge of the canonist Raymond of Penyafort and from which there is still no translation in Portuguese and in other languages spoken today. Born in the classical Canon Law period and the so-called ius novum or ius decretalium, it includes mainly (not only) papal decretals of that period, namely both statements made by the Roman curia council – or without its participation – on legal matters upon a provocatio of the lower hierarchy, or court rulings, when they reached the Roman curia, as well as on other papal manifestations given to private affairs. Despite having a particular character, they became universal even before being included in the Decretals. The compilation is divided into five books, which are divided into titles and chapters, covering various types of regulations, which are, in sum: The canonical process or ordo iudiciarius (ecclesiastical civil procedural and criminal proceedings), discipline of secular and regular clergy, the ecclesiastical administration, rules about marriage, determination of the various types of crimes, punishment predictions, liturgical rules, among others. The translation was carried out on the first two titles of book 5, dealing with three canonical procedural modes (accusation, denunciation and inquisition) – that exerted and still exert a decisive influence on the laws of countries in Europe and America – and penalties applied to calumniators during the course of these procedural modes. Translation was further carried out on part of the Ordinary Gloss, only when it was understood that it was essential to doctrinally complete the norms or where essential for the understanding of certain passages. This gloss follows the same order of the Latin text, but it is presented in the form of endnotes, which are interpretative notes and make concomitant use of other types of bibliographic resources. The introduction is divided into two parts. The first addresses the nature of the translated source, the elements, the editorial work of Raimundo Penyafort from previous collections of decretals, and discusses the printed edition of the Corpus Juris Canonici used for the translation. The second part deals with the understanding of the complexity of the material contained in the translation, whose reading alone makes it difficult to understand the matter. The Brazilian society and the societies of many Western countries are organized based on laws whose development occurred many centuries ago. Although mainly focused on the ecclesiastical structure, canon law strongly affected the Christian lay (secular) society, whose effects can still be perceived today. Just like the Brazilian contemporary law, canon law, although laid on a firm original structure, was constantly improving and was appropriate to its time, which included criminal procedural rules when impunity and constancy in the practice of crimes were perceived, despite both types of law are characterized by a mitigation in the enforcement of legal judgments, except for certain crimes considered serious offences in their times.

This dissertation explores Early Modern cosmographical imagining and historical writing in the Andean region of the Americas. Following the European invasion of the Americas in the sixteenth century, prominent Western cosmographical and historical treatises like Sacro Bosco's de Sphera Mundi and the Nuremberg Liber Chronicarum became outdated regional works that lacked any information about American landmasses and indigenous people. The voids shown by these previously authoritative sources create a need for new ideas.In this dissertation, analyzing written and visual sources, I investigate how Indigenous, mestizo, and European scholars in the Early Modern Andes from the 1550s to the 1650s reinvented cosmographical and antiquarian practices to envision the world as an integrated entity in time and space. They combined non-written pre-Columbian structures, ruins, fossils, monoliths, megaliths, mythical landscapes, and indigenous narratives with ancient Biblical and Classical knowledge. By doing so, they established a new archive that became the foundation for further antiquarian and cosmographical knowledge, and revealing the that the so-called New World was full of history. I examine how innovative imaginings of historical time and cosmographical spaces were created in the Early Modern Andes. Authors demonstrated how the world was one since the very beginning of time by tracing connected world landscapes (worldscapes) to explain the geographical unity of the different continents and entangled chronological architectures (chronotectures) that linked the ancient ages of various societies, including places and people previously unthought of as part of the same world history.

In the context of the growing political instability and deepening economic crisis in Uruguay during the 1960s and early 1970s, the thesis examines two propositions. The first is that politically informed intellectuals, though disaffected or marginalised, will integrate themselves into the political mainstream if circumstances demand and a suitable vehicle allows them to participate usefully in the political process. The second is that, in the Uruguayan case, an expanded notion of dialogue is essential in analysing how this was accomplished, partly because the idea of dialogue was a necessary part of how they worked together and communicated with their public, and partly because dialogue was seen as a crucial element in reforming the nation and as the basis of the relationship between the political party that was to be the agent of such reform and its potential constituency. The thesis begins by examining how the so-called 1945 and 1960s generations overcame intergenerational squabbles and worked together, with the help of an expanding publishing industry, to create a public for their meditations on Uruguay's problems. Then, after briefly outlining the importance of dialogue to the essay as a genre and its role in developing national identity in Latin America, the study examines essays on the state of Uruguay by four major writers in the 1960s: Roberto Ares Pons, Alberto Methol Ferr??, Carlos Maggi and Washington Lockhart. The thesis then traces the intelligentsia's role in the several attempts to heal the rifts within the Uruguayan left and in the formation of the centre left coalition, the Frente Amplio, in 1971, to show how the notion of dialogue was incorporated into its structure, mode of operation and political program. The final section, a case study of Mario Benedetti's political activities and propagandist essays of 1971-1973, examines the contradictions of working as a committed intellectual when the very conditions necessary for intellectual life are breaking down. The thesis concludes that the resurrection of the nation as a site for dialogue with and among all members of society, a project in which the intelligentsia had enthusiastically participated, foundered because drastic political polarisation permitted only one militarist and monologic solution.

In the context of the growing political instability and deepening economic crisis in Uruguay during the 1960s and early 1970s, the thesis examines two propositions. The first is that politically informed intellectuals, though disaffected or marginalised, will integrate themselves into the political mainstream if circumstances demand and a suitable vehicle allows them to participate usefully in the political process. The second is that, in the Uruguayan case, an expanded notion of dialogue is essential in analysing how this was accomplished, partly because the idea of dialogue was a necessary part of how they worked together and communicated with their public, and partly because dialogue was seen as a crucial element in reforming the nation and as the basis of the relationship between the political party that was to be the agent of such reform and its potential constituency. The thesis begins by examining how the so-called 1945 and 1960s generations overcame intergenerational squabbles and worked together, with the help of an expanding publishing industry, to create a public for their meditations on Uruguay's problems. Then, after briefly outlining the importance of dialogue to the essay as a genre and its role in developing national identity in Latin America, the study examines essays on the state of Uruguay by four major writers in the 1960s: Roberto Ares Pons, Alberto Methol Ferr??, Carlos Maggi and Washington Lockhart. The thesis then traces the intelligentsia's role in the several attempts to heal the rifts within the Uruguayan left and in the formation of the centre left coalition, the Frente Amplio, in 1971, to show how the notion of dialogue was incorporated into its structure, mode of operation and political program. The final section, a case study of Mario Benedetti's political activities and propagandist essays of 1971-1973, examines the contradictions of working as a committed intellectual when the very conditions necessary for intellectual life are breaking down. The thesis concludes that the resurrection of the nation as a site for dialogue with and among all members of society, a project in which the intelligentsia had enthusiastically participated, foundered because drastic political polarisation permitted only one militarist and monologic solution.

Ce mémoire s’articule autour de trois sections distinctes : dans la première, nous examinons la figure divine de Liber Pater et la perception de cette divinité dans l’Italie romaine. Liber ne cesse de surprendre les chercheurs entre autres grâce à son association avec Dionysos, c’est pourquoi il est nécessaire de s’attarder à une question simple, mais cruciale : qui est Liber Pater? Nous soulignons à travers cette section que Liber est une divinité agraire reconnue au sein du panthéon de Rome et recevant ainsi un culte public à travers les Liberalia et la triade qu’il forme avec Cérès et Libera. La pérennité de Liber sur la libertas y est aussi remise en jeu : plutôt que de concevoir une liberté politique, il faut s’attarder à une liberté physique et mentale. Dans la deuxième section, nous établissons une connexion sur le territoire italien entre Liber et Dionysos-Bacchus grâce au processus d’acculturation qui s’est concrétisé avec l’arrivée de Dionysos en Grande-Grèce au VIIIe et VIIe siècle av. J.-C. Nous explorons par la suite, à travers la tutelle de Liber et Bacchus sur le vin ainsi que la répression des Bacchanales, les formes hétérogènes qu’ont pu prendre les rituels et les cultes dédiés à ces divinités. Finalement, notre dernière section se penche sur le culte de Liber en Italie au Haut-Empire. Pour y parvenir, nous utilisons le cadre méthodologique de la lived ancient religion qui s’intéresse au spectre des stratégies religieuses pouvant être mises en place pour communiquer avec Liber, que ce soit à travers le don, la prière, le geste, le sacrifice, etc. Ce modèle d’analyse nous donne l’opportunité de nous intéresser au culte vécu de Liber, nous rapprochant ainsi de l’expérience religieuse des individus. Nous démontrons, grâce à un corpus épigraphique comportant plusieurs types d’inscriptions, que de nombreuses stratégies de communication étaient utilisées, notamment les rituels du votum, de la dedicatio, et de la consecratio à travers le don d’objets tels des autels et des statues. En groupe, ces stratégies se complexifient puisque le phénomène associatif produit une diversification cultuelle significative : plusieurs associations romaines, toutes différentes les unes des autre dans leurs pratiques et leur composition, honoraient Liber et ses bienfaits. / This dissertation is structured in three distinct sections: in the first one, we examine the divine figure of Liber Pater and the perception of this divinity in Roman Italy. Liber never ceases to surprise scholars, mostly because of his association with Dionysus, so it is necessary to address a simple but crucial question: who is Liber Pater? We emphasize in this section that Liber is an agrarian deity recognized within the pantheon of Rome and thus receives a public cult through the Liberalia and the triad that he forms with Ceres and Libera. The tutelage of Liber on libertas is also questioned: rather than understanding it in terms of political freedom, we must rather focus on a physical and mental freedom. In the second section, we establish a connection on the Italian territory between Liber and Dionysus-Bacchus thanks to the process of acculturation that took place with the arrival of Dionysus in Magna Graecia in the 8th and 7th century BC. We then explore, through the tutelage of Liber and Bacchus over wine as well as the repression of the Bacchanalia, the heterogeneous forms that the rituals and cults dedicated to these deities may have taken. Finally, our last section dives into the cult of Liber in Italy in the Early Empire. To do so, we use the methodological framework of lived ancient religion, which focuses on the spectrum of religious strategies that can be put in place to communicate with Liber, be it through donation, prayer, gesture, sacrifice, etc. This model of analysis gives us the opportunity to focus on the lived worship of Liber, therefore bringing us closer to the religious experience of individuals. We demonstrate, through an epigraphic corpus comprising several types of inscriptions, that numerous communication strategies were used, notably the rituals of votum, dedicatio, and consecratio through the donation of objects such as altars and statues. In groups, these strategies become more complex since the associative phenomenon produces a significant cult diversification: several Roman associations, all different from one other in their practices and composition, honored Liber and his benefits.

This dissertation comprises the first study of the poetry of the Portuguese humanist Diogo de Teive (1513-14 – c. 1569). It examines and presents a scholarly edition of the Epithalamium which Teive composed on the occasion of the marriage of Princess Maria of Portugal to Alessandro Farnese in 1565. It also critically explores the work in which the poem was published, the Epodon libri tres (Lisbon, 1565). Because both this and the Epithalamium bring together different strands of Teive’s literary work, Chapter One analyses the development of his literary career, linking it to the ideological and cultural transformations which took place in Portugal from the 1540s to the 1560s, and the author’s attempt to carve his identity and space in the Portuguese literary scene. Chapter Two explores the concepts of ‘imitatio’ and ‘mimesis’ in the Epodon libri tres, shedding light on specific aspects of the Epithalamium. In the eyes of his readers, Teive emerges as a Catholic Horace. This is achieved by means of formal imitation, ‘aemulatio’, and allusion to Horace, a process whereby Teive introduces significant and ideologically motivated differences representative of the impact of Counter-Reformation upon literary writing. The ‘aemulatio’ of Prudentius’s Peristephanon in book II is to be understood in this light. Part Two engages with Teive’s comments on questions of verbal representation in the Epodon libri tres. Chapter Three analyses the Epithalamium from a generic perspective, arguing that it presents instances of generic enrichment, and that these are an example of the appropriation of occasional poetry for the purpose of authorial self-representation. One of the instances of generic enrichment is the incorporation of a didactic passage indebted to the tradition of the ‘speculum principum’, which is analysed in Chapter Four. Part One interprets the rewriting and appropriation of Plutarch and Erasmus as authorising strategies whereby Teive represents himself as an advisor of kings in the Epodon libri tres. Part Two discusses the author’s political thought and opinions, drawing from an analysis of the Epithalamium. Finally, Chapter Five comprises the study of the transmission of the poem, its metrical analysis, edition, translation, and commentary.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alberto Tadeu Acaiaba dos Santos.pdf: 1898301 bytes, checksum: dff408eb33e28cabba94fce850811da9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The contribution of Leonardo de Pisa for the commercial mathematics of XIII century, from the publication of the Líber Abacci and the spreading of the hindu arabian numbers in the Europe in substitution to the Roman numbers, thus facilitating the commercial transactions between the peoples after the opening of the ports. We will analyze the importance of the Pisa s Leonardo de Pisa Book publication, mainly the relative aspect the commercial mathematics, the applicability of the methods of conversion developed by it, the social political moment that had favored its success and the recognition of its excellence at a time marked for a long period of ostracism. The aim of this dissertation is the analysis of the importance of the publication of the book; why of the success of the same and, although some problems even though it s time to be considered of little use the workmanship if supported during the turbulence of the period. For this he will be analyzed the problems of the book as primary source (digitalized edition) and will have theoretical subsidies from the workmanship History of the mathematics of Carl B. Boyer and will be supported in the theoretical workmanships of Dirk Struik, Rubens Gouvêa Lintz, Ubiratan D Ambrosio, Russell, the social moment and philosophical Thomas will be based in the writings of Santo Tomás de Aquino who had great influence in this period of the Europe. This project is excellent for the studies of the Mathematics History because we can verify that Science and History are strict on throughout the times, discoveries are supported or refuted, thus forming some of the fundamental questions in history of Science, of that we must reflect on the past, not to look at it with an anachronistic vision, therefore thus we will be able to understand questions and moments. When analyzing the Pisa s Leonardo book, I intend to show that science is supported at the historical moment and that if Fibonacci got success where others if had not failed, had not shown in such a way, this if must to the general contextual moment of the time. But history is not discontinued as they think, as well as nothing appears for one passes of magician, has a link that they join the ideas and accomplishments for the introduction hindu-arabic numbers in the Europe, has a social moment that determines its acceptance or and mainly it does not have the fertile mind of Fibonacci that knew to lancer the effective situations and assim to get success where others had failed, thus giving a light in the tunnel s end for a period of considered by some until the present as one period of darkness s in the scientific field / A colaboração de Leonardo de Pisa para a matemática comercial do século XIII, a partir da publicação do Líber Abacci e a divulgação dos números hindu - arábicos na Europa, em substituição aos números romanos, passou a facilitar assim as transações comercial entre os povos após a abertura dos portos. Desse modo, analisamos, por meio deste trabalho, a importância da publicação do Livro de Leonardo de Pisa, principalmente o aspecto relativo à matemática comercial, a aplicabilidade dos métodos de conversão desenvolvidos por ele e o momento sócio-político que favoreceram seu sucesso e o reconhecimento do seu brilhantismo em uma época marcada por um longo período de ostracismo. A finalidade desta dissertação é a análise da importância da publicação do livro, o porquê do sucesso de seu sucesso e, apesar de alguns problemas, até mesmo para sua época, ou seja, o fato de a obra ser considerada de pouco uso, pôde sustentar-se durante a turbulência do período. Para isto, analisaram-se os problemas do livro como fonte primária (edição digitalizada) e como subsídios teóricos optamos por adotar a obra História da matemática de Carl B. Boyer, amparada nas obras teóricas de Dirk Struik,Rubens Gouvêa Lintz,Ubiratan D Ambrosio,Bertran Russell,Quanto ao momento social e filosófico, esse foi embasado nos escritos de Santo Thomás de Aquino que teve grande influência neste período da Europa. Trata-se de um trabalho relevante para os estudos da História da matemática porque podemos verificar que Ciência e História têm estado, ao longo dos anos, estritamente ligadas. descobertas são amparadas ou refutadas na, com e por meio dessa inter-relação, formando assim algumas das questões basilares em História da Ciência, ou seja, a de que devemos refletir sobre o passado e não olhá-lo com uma visão anacrônica, pois assim poderemos entender questões e momentos. Ao analisar o livro de Leonardo de Pisa, pretende-se mostrar que a ciência está amparada no momento histórico e que se Fibonacci obteve sucesso onde outros ,se não fracassaram, não brilharam tanto, isto se deve ao momento contextual geral da época. Todavia, a História não é descontinuada como pensam alguns, assim como nada surge em um passe de mágica, há um elo que une as idéias e realizações para a introdução dos números hindu-arábicos na Europa , há um momento social que determina sua aceitação ou não, e, principalmente, há a mente fértil de Fibonacci que soube relacionar as situações vigentes e obter êxito onde outros falharam , dando assim uma luz ao fim do túnel para um período, considerado por alguns até os dias de hoje, como um período de trevas no campo cientifico

This thesis explores the representation of gender, desire, and identity in elegiac discourse. It does so through the lens of post‐structural and psychoanalytic theory, referring to the works of Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, Jessica Benjamin, and Laura Mulvey in their analyses of power, gender performativity, and subjectivity. Within this thesis, these concepts are applied primarily to the works of Tibullus, Propertius, and Sulpicia, ultimately demonstrating that the three love elegists seek, in their poetry, to construct subversive discourses which destabilise the categories by which gender and identity were determined in Augustan Rome. This discussion is supplemented by the investigation of Ovid’s use of elegiac discourse in Book 10 of his Metamorphoses, and the way in which it both comments upon Augustan love elegy and demonstrates a number of parallels with its thematic content. This thesis focuses especially on the representation of power relations within elegiac discourse, the various levels on which such relations operate and, finally, the possibilities for the contestation of and resistance to power, in addition to the motivations that might lie behind the poet‐lover’s frequent attraction and submission to it.

By considering sixteenth-century English chorister training, modern singers of Renaissance vocal music are informed of the practical and academic demands unique to Elizabethan musicians and audiences. Clauses in relevant choirmaster contracts provide an insight into pedagogical expectations of teachers and their choristers. Studies included plainchant, grammar, Latin, rhetoric, improvisation, poetry, morality, instrumental instruction on organ and viols, and composition. For those not associated with cathedrals and collegiate chapels, Thomas Morley outlined the educational sequence of his teacher's generation in his 1597 publication, "A plaine and easie introduction to practicall musicke." Morley presented education as discourse between students and teacher, and covered the fundamentals of singing, improvisation, and composition. With the digitization of and online access to Renaissance performing sources, present-day performers can readily examine the design of sixteenth-century manuscript and printed partbooks. Performance practice recommendations can be gleaned from the physical nature of the music that once equipped the Renaissance chorister with the visual means necessary for expression. Combined with principles of chorister training, this project suggests learned choices in pronunciation, tone, intonation, phrasing, pitch, text underlay, musica ficta, rhetoric, and expression for the prima pars of William Byrd's middle period motet, "Tristitia et anxietas." With the digitization of and online access to Renaissance performing sources, present-day performers can readily examine the design of sixteenth-century manuscript and printed partbooks. Performance practice recommendations can be gleaned from the physical nature of the music that once equipped the Renaissance chorister with the visual means necessary for expression. Combined with principles of chorister training, this project suggests learned choices in pronunciation, tone, intonation, phrasing, pitch, text underlay, musica ficta, rhetoric, and expression for the prima pars of William Byrd's middle period motet, "Tristitia et anxietas."