Ce travail est une contribution à l’évaluation environnementale des projets d’aménagements en phase amont de conception. Il porte plus spécifiquement sur l’intégration des questions de morphologie urbaine à l’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) appliquée à l’environnement bâti à l’échelle du quartier. La performance énergétique des bâtiments est en partie conditionnée par les choix de conception en termes d’aménagement, et notamment par la forme urbaine (géométrie et types de surfaces) et ses interactions avec le climat. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer aux équipes de conception d’opérations d’aménagement un moyen de prendre en compte l’influence de la forme urbaine sur les potentiels énergétiques du quartier avec perspective cycle de vie.Une étude préalable a permis d’expliciter l’influence de la forme urbaine sur les potentiels énergétiques à l’échelle du quartier. Une approche de modélisation de l’énergie grise et de l’empreinte carbone des bâtiments est proposée, sur la base de laquelle une analyse de sensibilité à la forme urbaine et une analyse de contribution sont réalisées. Les résultats démontrent notamment l’influence primordiale de la forme des bâtiments ainsi qu’un lien très fort entre énergie grise et compacité du bâti. Une approche d’évaluation du potentiel de chauffage passif et du potentiel de confort d’été passif à l’échelle du quartier est également développée. Elle repose sur la réduction d’un quartier en quartier équivalent (réseau régulier de bâtiments parallélépipédiques), et sur l’application de métamodèles d’un moteur de simulation thermique. La méthode est testée est discutée sur un corpus de 45 cas d’étude. Ces développements méthodologiques ont vocation à être intégrés dans un outil existant d’ACV à l’échelle du quartier (NEST). / This work is a contribution to the environmental assessment of urban development projects in the upstream design phase. It focuses on integrating urban morphology issues with life cycle analysis (LCA) applied to the built environment at the neighborhood scale. The energy performance of buildings is partly determined by design choices relating to the urban form and its interactions with climate. The objective of this thesis is to provide to the design teams a way to take into account the influence of the urban form on the energy potentials of a neighborhood with a life cycle perspective.A preliminary study was conducted on two neighborhoods to detail the influence of the urban form on their energy potentials. An approach to modeling the embodied energy and embodied carbon of buildings is proposed. A sensitivity analysis and a contribution analysis of this model are performed on two generic building shapes. The results demonstrate the key influence of the shape of the buildings and a very strong link between the embodied energy and the building’s compactness. An approach to assessing the passive heating potential and passive summer comfort potential at the neighborhood scale is also developed. It is based on the transformation of a neighborhood in an equivalent urban form (regular array of block buildings), and on the application of metamodels of a thermal simulation engine. The method is tested and discussed on a corpus of 45 case studies. These methodological developments are intended to be integrated into an existing tool for neighborhood LCA (NEST).

Lately the construction industry has become more interested in designing and constructing environmentally friendly buildings (e.g. sustainable buildings) that can provide both high performance and monetary savings. Analyzing various parameters during sustainable design such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy consumption, lighting simulation, green building rating system criteria and associated cost of building components at the conceptual design stage is very useful for designers needing to make decisions related to the selection of optimum design alternatives. Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers designers the ability to assess different design options and to select vital energy strategies and systems at the conceptual stage of proposed buildings. This thesis describes a methodology to implement sustainable design for proposed buildings at their conceptual stage. The proposed methodology is to be implemented through the design and development of a model that simplifies the process of designing sustainable buildings, evaluating their Environmental Impacts (EI), assessing their operational and embodied energy and listing their potential accumulated certification points in an integrated environment. Therefore, a Decision Support System (DSS) is developed by using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to help design team decides and selects the best type of sustainable building components and design families for proposed projects based on three main criteria (i.e. Environmental, Economical factor «cost efficiency » and Social wellbeing) in an attempt to identify the influence of design variations on the sustainable performance of the whole building. The DSS outcomes are incorporated in an integrated model capable of guiding users when performing sustainable design for building projects. The proposed methodology contains five modules: 1) Database Management System (DBMS), 2) Energy and lighting analysis, 3) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 4) LEED and 5) Life Cycle Cost (LCC). To improve the workability of the proposed model, a use case of abovementioned modules are going to be created as plug-ins in BIM tool. The successful implementation of such a methodology represents a significant advancement in the ability to attain sustainable design of a building during the early stages, to evaluate its EI, and to list its potentially earned certification points and associated soft costs.

O principal instrumento de avaliação dos impactos ambientais do ciclo de vida de produtos é a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Uma de suas fases, a Avaliação de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida (AICV) refere-se ao processo quantitativo e/ou qualitativo aplicado na caracterização e avaliação dos impactos associados ao inventário do ciclo de vida. Dentre os impactos ambientais avaliados, estão aqueles relacionados ao uso da terra. Um dos grandes desafios no campo da ACV refere-se diferenciação espacial e temporal nos métodos de AICV, sobretudo para impactos devido à transformação e ocupação da terra. Torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de modelos de caracterização e/ou adaptação daqueles já existentes de maneira que possam considerar as características ambientais regionais de cada país, visando à obtenção de resultados mais consistentes e precisos. Assim, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a aplicabilidade e a regionalização dos principais modelos de caracterização de impactos do uso da terra para a Avaliação do Impacto do Ciclo de Vida no Brasil. Para tanto foi conduzida uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática, a qual subsidiou a descrição e análise de dezesseis principais modelos de caracterização para avaliação de impactos do uso da terra. Durante a etapa de análise, as informações referentes a cada modelo foram classificadas de acordo com diferentes critérios, como: abordagem midpoint/endpoint, área de cobertura, área de coleta dos dados, diferenciação bio-geográfica, tempo de recuperação, situação de referência, robustez científica e relevância ambiental. Observou-se que seis modelos, de abrangência de aplicação global, apresentam robustez científica e relevância ambiental satisfatória para a avaliação dos impactos nos serviços ecossistêmicos e na biodiversidade: Brandão & Milà i Canals (2013); Müller-Wenk & Brandão (2010); Nunez et al. (2010); Saad, Koellner, Margni (2013); Souza (2010); Souza et al. (2013). Outra contribuição do trabalho refere-se às recomendações para a adaptação de modelos de caracterização, visando a regionalização, para a qual uma série de elementos-chave deve ser considerada, tais como o mecanismo ambiental modelado, a tipologia de uso do solo, o nível de diferenciação bio-geográfica usado para o cálculo dos fatores de caracterização e a situação de referência utilizada. / The main technique for assessing the environmental impacts of the product life cycle is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). One of its phases, the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) refers to quantitative and / or qualitative process applied to the characterization and assessment of impacts associated with the life cycle inventory. Among the environmental impacts evaluated in LCA are those related to land use. A major challenge in the field of LCA refers to spatial and temporal differentiation in LCIA methods, especially for impacts due to land occupation and land transformation. It becomes necessary to develop models for the characterization and / or adapting existing ones so that they can consider regional environmental characteristics of each country, in order to obtain more consistent and accurate results. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the applicability and regionalization of the land use impacts characterization models in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment in Brazil. To achieve that, a systematic literature review was performed, which subsidized the description and analysis of sixteen major characterization models for land use impact assessment. During the analysis, the information regarding each model were classified according to different criteria, such as midpoint/ endpoint approach, coverage area, area of data collection, bio-geographical differentiation, recovery time, reference land use situation, scientific robustness and environmental relevance. It was observed that six models, with a global scope, present scientific robustness and environmental relevance sufficient for the assessment of impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services: Brandão & Milà i Canals (2013); Müller-Wenk & Brandão (2010); Nunez et al. (2010); Saad, Koellner, Margni (2013); Souza (2010); Souza et al. (2013). Another contribution of this work were the recommendations for adapting characterization models, for which a number of key elements must be considered, such as the modelled land use impact pathways, the land use typology, the level of bio-geographical differentiation used for the characterization factors and the reference land use situation.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-20T14:26:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Roberto Dos Santos.pdf: 2805393 bytes, checksum: 05385968aee97107c3fb2c3af54f225c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T14:26:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Roberto Dos Santos.pdf: 2805393 bytes, checksum: 05385968aee97107c3fb2c3af54f225c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-21 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the eco-efficiency of the transformation of industrial waste in potential profitable co-products, as a business approach to reducing environmental impacts within the supply chain. The paper was based on to the following research question: How to measure the eco-efficiency of companies that value their industrial waste to allocate or offer them as alternative raw material for other industries? In this context, bottom ash resulting from the coal combustion in power plants was evaluated as a alternative raw material replacing sand in the production of ceramic materials and clinker in Portland cement industry, as an approach to eco-efficiency in power plants. The methodological procedures have been carried out in three phases: data collection through interviews; secondary data collection in thesis and periodical articles for the Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] preparation and the data evaluation. Pollutant emissions to atmosphere, water and soil were measured in numerical terms, relating to the production process of electric power and its waste, focused on bottom ash. All pollutants emissions to atmosphere, water and soil in numerical terms relating to the production process of sand and clinker were also measured. The evaluation has been carried out following the ABNT NBR ISO 14045 standard. The inventory calculation was based on primary data collected directly in the studied company and secondary data collected from the literature and regulatory agencies and analyzed by the software SimaPro. Within the limits of this research, it can be inferred that the eco-efficiency measure is carried out in two steps: 1) assessment of environmental impacts through research of the environmental aspects involved in the production process from the extraction of raw materials to the final disposal of waste and compare them to the production process to include the use of such waste. For this evaluation it was essential to measure LCA of waste (or wastes) to be evaluate and to compare the two processes (using and without using residue) so you can check what the major impacts are. Calculate the eco-efficiency of the process; 2) survey the probable cost’s uses of this waste in other production processes so that you can check for a monetary threshold that can afford possible valuation resulting from the new operations additions to the delivery of waste to another industrial sector. Based on these two phases it was possible to established eco-efficiency of the project, from both environmentally and economic perspectives. This research used the ReCiPe endpoint score method that presented the following results: a) Eco-efficiency of the generation of bottom ash for use in the ceramic industry compared with the generation of bottom ash by thermal plant and replacing the sand by the bottom ash in the production of ceramic tiles, thermal plant eco-efficiency spend 0.2% lower to 0.97% higher; b) Eco-efficiency of generation of bottom ash for use in cement industry compared with the generation of bottom ash by thermal plant and replacing the clinker by between 15-50%, have eco-efficiency values ranging from 2.4% to 11.5%. The use of bottom ash total replacement scenario of industrial sand in the production of ceramic tiles can use 91% of the amount spent on the acquisition of sand to buy the bottom ash. The use of bottom ash in the partial replacement scenario clinker in Portland cement production is that 91.4% of the clinker value can be used in the purchase of bottom ash. We can infer that it is possible to measure the eco-efficiency by measuring the environmental impacts through the ACV of the waste and, together, economically test the feasibility of their use. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a ecoeficiência da transformação de resíduos industriais em potenciais coprodutos rentáveis, como uma abordagem empresarial para a redução dos impactos ambientais dentro de uma cadeia de suprimentos. Este trabalho teve como referência a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Como medir a ecoeficiência das empresas que valorizam seus resíduos sólidos industriais ao destiná-los como matéria-prima alternativa para outros setores industriais? Nesse contexto, foi avaliada a valorização de cinzas pesadas, provenientes da combustão de carvão mineral em usinas termelétricas, como matéria-prima alternativa em substituição da areia na produção de materiais cerâmicos e também na substituição do clínquer na indústria de cimento Portland, como uma abordagem de ecoeficiência em termelétricas. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram realizados em três fases: levantamento dos dados por meio de questionários e entrevistas; levantamento de dados secundários em teses e artigos de periódicos para elaboração da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida [ACV]; e a avaliação dos dados. Foram dimensionadas as emissões de poluentes para atmosfera, água e solo em termos numéricos relativos ao processo produtivo de energia elétrica e seus resíduos, com o foco nas cinzas pesadas. Foram dimensionadas também todas as emissões de poluentes para atmosfera, água e solo em termos numéricos relativos ao processo produtivo da areia e do clínquer. A avaliação foi realizada segundo a norma ABNT NBR ISO 14045. O cálculo do inventário foi baseado em dados primários levantados diretamente na empresa estudada e os dados secundários coletados na literatura e nas agências reguladoras e analisados pelo software SimaPro. No limite desta pesquisa, pode-se inferir que a medida de ecoeficiência seja realizada em duas etapas: 1) avaliação dos impactos ambientais por meio da pesquisa dos aspectos ambientais envolvidos no processo produtivo desde a extração das matérias-primas até a disposição final dos resíduos e sua comparação com o processo produtivo com a inclusão do uso desses resíduos. Para essa avaliação, é fundamental dimensionar a ACV do resíduo (ou dos resíduos) a ser valorizado e comparar os dois processos (sem uso e com do resíduo) para que se possa verificar quais são os maiores impactos. Calcular o valor da ecoeficiência do processo; 2) levantamento dos prováveis custos do uso desses resíduos em outros processos produtivos para que se possa verificar se há uma margem monetária que possa arcar com possíveis valores decorrentes do acréscimo de novas operações até a entrega do resíduo para outro setor industrial. Baseado nessas duas etapas, foi possível estabelecer a ecoeficiência, tanto ambiental quanto econômica do projeto. Esta pesquisa utilizou o método ReCiPe endpoint H pontuação única, que apresentou os seguintes resultados: a) Ecoeficiência da geração de cinzas pesadas para uso na indústria de revestimentos cerâmicos comparada com a geração de cinzas pela termelétrica e a substituição da areia pelas cinzas pesadas na produção de revestimentos cerâmicos, a ecoeficiência da termelétrica passaria de 0,2% inferior para 0,97% superior; b) Ecoeficiência da geração de cinzas pesadas para uso na indústria de cimento comparada com a geração de cinzas pela termelétrica e a substituição do clínquer por cinzas pesadas em quantidades de massa entre 15-50%, têm-se valores de ecoeficiência variando de 2,4% a 11,5%. O uso das cinzas pesadas no cenário de substituição total da areia industrial na produção de revestimentos cerâmicos poderá usar 91% do valor gasto na aquisição de areia para comprar as cinzas pesadas. No uso das cinzas pesadas no cenário de substituição parcial do clínquer na produção de cimento Portland tem-se que 91,4% do valor do clínquer poderá ser utilizado na compra das cinzas pesadas. Pode-se inferir que é possível medir a ecoeficiência medindo-se os impactos ambientais, por meio da ACV do resíduo e, em conjunto, verificar economicamente a viabilidade do seu uso.

Många länder försöker minska sitt användande av fossila bränslen och istället använda sig utav förnyelsebara alternativ. Ett vanligt sätt att göra detta är att gå från bensindrivna motorer till eldrivna. Denna studie undersöker därför produkter ur samma produktsortiment som har samma grundfunktion och användningsområde men olika drivmedel. Syftet med detta är att få ökad förståelse för produkternas kostnader samt öka förståelsen för hur deras drift påverkar miljön. Studien genomfördes som en fallstudie på Swepac i Ljungby. Studiens genomförande följer delar ur LCC, LCA, CELA och break-even metoder för att kunna uppnå syftet. Miljöpåverkan mäts i koldioxidekvivalenter och en omräkningsfaktor används för att omvandla utsläppen till ett monetärt värde som går att använda i beräkningar av kostnader. Resultatet visar att ett break-even mellan maskinerna uppstår efter 6.9 år, livslängden är dock 5 år. Både miljöpåverkan, drift- och underhållskostnader är lägre för den eldrivna, dock gör den stora skillnaden i inköpspris att det tar lång tid innan ett break-even uppstår. / Many countries are trying to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and instead they are trying to find renewable alternatives. A common way to do this is to go from gasoline engines to electric engines. The purpose of the study is to gain a greater understanding of the products costs and environmental impact during their usage. The study was conducted as a case study at Swepac, Ljungby. The study’s implementation follows parts from LCC, LCA, CELA and the breakeven method in order to achieve the purpose. The environmental impact is measured in carbon dioxide equivalents and a conversion factor is used to convert the emissions to a monetary value that can be used in calculations of costs. The result shows that breakeven between the machines arises after 6.9 years, however, the service life is only 5 years. Both environmental impact, operating and maintenance costs is lower for the electrical option, however, the big difference in purchase price makes it take a long time for a breakeven to occur.

This diploma thesis is focused on evaluating an environmental impact of using LCA methodology. LCA is a methodology of powder varnishing. The first part of the thesis is concerned with technologies modifying metal surfaces. An analysis of LCA technology was executed and a technological process was described. As a part of theoretical part, a description of available methods evaluating environmental impact was made. According to description the LCA methodology was chosen. In practical part of the thesis an analysis of material and energetic inputs of each process was made.

This Diploma thesis is focused on the assessment of environmental load of a bottle crown cork. The theoretical part describes the current global environmental problems and a chosen environmental legislation, which may also apply to engineering companies. In thesis is included the description of a various methodologies for assessing the environmental load, from which was a method LCA (product life cycle assessment) for solving the problem chosen. The thesis describes the crown cork and its production. In practical part is made the environmental load evaluation of this product. Three variants of the crown cork are selected, whose life cycles are simulated and analysed. The results of the variants are afterwards compared.

Le concept de bioraffinerie, développé afin de se substituer aux ressources fossiles, vise à concevoir une grande variété de produits (carburants, matériaux, molécules plateformes pour la chimie fine…) en se basant sur la valorisation de ressources renouvelables telles que la biomasse végétale. La mise en place de bioraffineries doit se baser sur de nouveaux procédés, éco-conçus, afin d'optimiser la performance environnementale de la chaine de transformation de la biomasse. Néanmoins, l'écoconception de procédés émergents peut être complexe en raison des multiples configurations possibles et du manque important de données précises et spécifiques sur ces technologies. L’objectif de ces travaux vise donc à développer une méthode d’évaluation multiindicateurs pour l’éco-conception des procédés agro-industriels et de bioraffineries. La démarche générale consiste à coupler les domaines du Génie des Procédés et de l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie. En effet, la modélisation, à partir de modèles physiques ou semi-empiriques (notamment issus de plans d’expériences) puis la simulation de procédés sont utilisées afin de faciliter la phase de réalisation de l’inventaire du cycle de vie en obtenant des bilans matière et énergie détaillés. Ces bilans peuvent ensuite être utilisés pour effectuer une Analyse du Cycle de Vie prospective du procédé. Par itération, il est ainsi possible de réaliser de la prévision de données et de tester de nombreux jeux de conditions opératoires pour le procédé afin d’optimiser sa performance environnementale, en déterminant les conditions opératoires optimales et les opérations unitaires les plus respectueuses de l’environnement. Cette méthodologie et son outil associé ont été testés sur différents procédés de bioraffinerie,impliquant diverses biomasses : micro-algues, coproduits de culture de blé, bois / The biorefinery concept, developed to face fossil resources dependence, aims to design a wide variety of products (biofuels, materials, chemicals ...) based on the development of renewable resources such as plant biomass. The establishment of biorefineries must be based on ecodesigned processes to optimize the environmental performance of the biomass processing chain. Nevertheless, eco-designing innovative processes can be complex due to multiple configurations and the lack of related specific and reliable data. Thereby, the aim of this research work is to develop a multi-indicator evaluation method for the eco-design of agro-industrial and biorefinery processes. The general approach is based on coupling Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment fields. Indeed, process modeling, based on mathematical or semi-empirical models (notably resulting from designs of experiments) and process simulation are applied to facilitate the life cycle inventory step by predicting detailed mass and energy balances. Then these data can be used to perform a prospective Life Cycle Assessment of the process. By iteration, it is possible perform data prediction and to test several operating conditions sets for the process, to enhance its environmental performance, by determining optimal operating conditions and by identifying the most environmentally friendly unit operations. The methodology and its associated tool have been tested on different biorefinery processes, involving various biomasses: micro-algae, wheat coproducts and wood

Extensive published literature shows that hydrated lime improves Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) durability. Its impact on the environmental impact of HMA has not been investigated. This paper presents a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for the use of HMA without hydrated lime (classical HMA) and with hydrated lime (modified HMA) for the lifetime of a highway. System boundaries cover the life cycle from cradle-to-grave, meaning extraction of raw materials to end of life of the road. The main assumptions were: 1. Lifetime of the road 50 years; 2. Classical HMA with a life span of 10 years, maintenance operations every 10 years; 3. Modified HMA with an increase in the life span by 25%, maintenance operations every 12.5 years. For the lifetime of the road, modified HMA has the lowest environmental footprint compared to classical HMA with the following benefits: 43% less primary total energy consumption resulting in 23% lower emissions of greenhouse gases. Partial LCAs focusing only on the construction and/or maintenance phase should be used with caution since they could lead to wrong decisions if the durability and the maintenance scenarios differ. Sustainable construction technologies should not only consider environmental impact as quantified by LCA, but also economic and social impacts as well. Avoiding maintenance steps means less road works, fewer traffic jams and hence less CO2 emissions.

The Well-To-Wheels (WTW) methodology is widely used for policy making in the transportation sector. In this paper updated WTW calculations are provided, relying on 2013 statistic data, for the carbon intensity (CI) of the European electricity mix; detail is provided for electricity consumed in each EU Member State (MS). An interesting aspect presented is the calculation of the GHG content of electricity traded between Countries, affecting the carbon intensity of the electricity consumed at national level. The amount and CI of imported electricity is a key aspect: a Country importing electricity from another Country with a lower CI of electricity will lower, after the trade, its electricity CI, while importing electricity from a Country with a higher CI will raise the CI of the importing Country. In average, the CI of electricity used in EU at low voltage in 2013 was 447 gCO2eq/kWh, which is the 17% less compared to 2009. Then, some examples of calculation of GHG emissions from the use of electric vehicles (EVs) compared to internal combustion engine vehicles are provided. The use of EVs instead of gasoline vehicles can save (about 60% of) GHG in all or in most of the EU MSs, depending on the estimated consumption of EVs. Compared with diesel, EVs show average GHG savings of around 50% and not savings at all in some EU MS.