<p>This research proceeds via a mixed methods paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a case study research design. A conceptual framework of mutually interacting variables influencing each other and impacting on and defining the roles teachers have to execute to deal effectively with HIV and AIDS challenges, is provided to facilitate the research process. This conceptual framework in conjunction with a theoretical framework which includes critical constructivist theory and the pedagogical models of Delors and Bronfenbrenner, guide the course of this study. The main recommendation of this study was that formal focused training should be given to teachers. This formal training should emphasise the role of the teacher as counselor, the teacher as an anti-stigma, anti-discrimination and anti-prejudice agent, a HIV-aware, HIV-competent and HIV-safe teacher and pastoral carer having the competence to deal with the practical issues around HIV and AIDS.</p>

<p>This research proceeds via a mixed methods paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a case study research design. A conceptual framework of mutually interacting variables influencing each other and impacting on and defining the roles teachers have to execute to deal effectively with HIV and AIDS challenges, is provided to facilitate the research process. This conceptual framework in conjunction with a theoretical framework which includes critical constructivist theory and the pedagogical models of Delors and Bronfenbrenner, guide the course of this study. The main recommendation of this study was that formal focused training should be given to teachers. This formal training should emphasise the role of the teacher as counselor, the teacher as an anti-stigma, anti-discrimination and anti-prejudice agent, a HIV-aware, HIV-competent and HIV-safe teacher and pastoral carer having the competence to deal with the practical issues around HIV and AIDS.</p>

This research proceeds via a mixed methods paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a case study research design. A conceptual framework of mutually interacting variables influencing each other and impacting on and defining the roles teachers have to execute to deal effectively with HIV and AIDS challenges, is provided to facilitate the research process. This conceptual framework in conjunction with a theoretical framework which includes critical constructivist theory and the pedagogical models of Delors and Bronfenbrenner, guide the course of this study. The main recommendation of this study was that formal focused training should be given to teachers. This formal training should emphasise the role of the teacher as counselor, the teacher as an anti-stigma, anti-discrimination and anti-prejudice agent, a HIV-aware, HIV-competent and HIV-safe teacher and pastoral carer having the competence to deal with the practical issues around HIV and AIDS. / Philosophiae Doctor - PhD

In die Grondslagfase is Lewensvaardighede een van drie leerprogramme wat deur die Departement van Onderwys voorgeskryf en verder in die Nasionale Kurrikulumverklaring uiteengesit word. Lewensvaardighede fokus op die ontwikkellng van lewenswaardes en stel die ontwikkeling van verantwoordelike en gedissiplineerde landsburgers. van Suid-Afrika ten doe!. Teen die agtergrond van die bogenoemde oorkoepelende uitkoms van Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding, was die doel van die studie om antwoorde op die volgende navorsingsvrae te ViFld: • Wat is Grondslagfase-onderwysers se houding teenoor Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding? • Is daar 'n verband. tussen sekere biografiese veranderlikes en Grondslagfaseonderwysers se houding teenoor Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding? • Hoeveel tyd bestee Grondslagfase-onderwysers daagliks aan die onderrig van leerders se lewensvaardighede? • Verskil die daaglikse tydsbesteding aan die onderrig van Lewensvaardighede, Gesyferdheid en Geletterdheid betekenisvol van mekaar? • Is daar faktore wat Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding in die Grondslagfase belemmer? • Watter aanbevelings kan gemaak word om die onderrig van Lewensvaardighede in die Grondslagfase te bevorder? Ten einde bogenoemde vrae te beantwoord is 'n gekombineerde (kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe) navorsingsmetode geTmplementeer. Data is deur middel van 'n gestruktureerde vraelys by 'n steekproef van Grondslagfase-onderwysers in die Potchefstroom en Klerksdorpskooldistrikte van die Noordwes Provinsie ingesamel en die inllgting is statrsties geanaliseer: Die kwantitatiewe fase van die ondersoek is opgevolg deur 'n kwalitatiewe fase waartydens onderhoude met Grondslagfase-onderwysers gevoer is. Voortspruitend uit die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe resultate, is die volgende gevolgtrekkings gemaak, wat in diepte in die verhandeling bespreek sal word: • Grondslagfase-onderwysers se houding teenoor Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding is oor die algemeen oorwegend positief. • Daar is 'n verband tussen sekere biografiese veranderlikes en Grondslagfaseonderwysers se houding teenoor Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding. • Die meerderheid van die Grondslagfase-onderwysers bestee tussen 25% en 35% van hulle daaglikse tyd aan die onderrig van Lewensvaardighede. • Die tyd wat 'Grondslagfase-onderwysers daagliks aan die onderrig' van Lewensvaardighede, Gesyferdheid en Geletterdheid bestee, verskil betekenisvol van mekaar. Die meeste tyd word daagliks aan die onderrig van Geletterdheid bestee, gevolg deurGesyferdheiden Lewensvaardighede. • Daar is bepaalde faktore wat die suksesvolle. aanbieding van Lewensvaardighede -in die GroRdslagfase belemmer. Op grond van die bevindinge van die ondersoek, is bepaalde aanbevelings aan die hand gedoen om die onderrig van Lewensvaardighede in die Grondslagfase te bevorder. / Life Skills, as prescribed by the Department of education, is one of three learning programmes in the Foundation Phase as reflected in the Nationa1 Curriculum Statement. Life Skills focuses on the development of values for life and has as a goal, the development of responsible and disciplined citizens for South-Africa. Against the-background of the above mentioned super ordinate outcome of Life Skills education the aim of the study was to find answers to the following research questions: • What is the attitude of Foundation Phase teachers towards the teaching of Life Skills? • Is there a connection between specific biographical variables and the Foundation Phase teacher's attitude towards Life Skills? • How much time do Foundation Phase teachers spend daily on teaching Life Skills to learners? • Is there a significant difference on the time spent daily on die teaching of Life Skills, Numeracy and Literacy? • Are there factors that hinder the teaching of Life Skills in the Foundation Phase? • What recommendations can be made to promote the teaching of Life Skills in the Foundation Phase? In order to answer the above questions, a mixed research method (quantitative and qualitative) was implemented. Data were gathered by means of a structured questionnaire from a random sample of Foundation Phase teachers in the Potchefstroom and Klerksdorp school districts of the North West Province, and the information was analysed statistically. The quantitative phase of the investigation was followed bya qualitative phase during which personal interviews with Foundation Phase teachers were conducted. Originating from the quantitative and qualitative results, the following recommendations were made that will be intensiv.ely discussed in the dissertation: • The attitude of Foundation Phase teachers towards Life Skills education are in general positive. • There is a correlation between some biographical variables and the Foundation Phase teachers' attitude towards Life Skills education. I • The majority of the Foundation Phase teachers spend between 25% and 35% of their daily time on the education of Life Skills. • The daily .input that Foundation Phase teachers spend on the teaching of Life Skills, Numeracy and Literacy differ meaningfully from each other. Most of the time is spent on the teaching of Literacy, followed by Numeracy and Life Skills. • There are specific factors that hinder the successful presentation of life Skills in the Foundation Phase. Based on the results of the investigation, specific recommendations were made to promote the teaching of Life Skills in the Foundation Phase. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

In die Grondslagfase is Lewensvaardighede een van drie leerprogramme wat deur die Departement van Onderwys voorgeskryf en verder in die Nasionale Kurrikulumverklaring uiteengesit word. Lewensvaardighede fokus op die ontwikkellng van lewenswaardes en stel die ontwikkeling van verantwoordelike en gedissiplineerde landsburgers. van Suid-Afrika ten doe!. Teen die agtergrond van die bogenoemde oorkoepelende uitkoms van Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding, was die doel van die studie om antwoorde op die volgende navorsingsvrae te ViFld: • Wat is Grondslagfase-onderwysers se houding teenoor Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding? • Is daar 'n verband. tussen sekere biografiese veranderlikes en Grondslagfaseonderwysers se houding teenoor Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding? • Hoeveel tyd bestee Grondslagfase-onderwysers daagliks aan die onderrig van leerders se lewensvaardighede? • Verskil die daaglikse tydsbesteding aan die onderrig van Lewensvaardighede, Gesyferdheid en Geletterdheid betekenisvol van mekaar? • Is daar faktore wat Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding in die Grondslagfase belemmer? • Watter aanbevelings kan gemaak word om die onderrig van Lewensvaardighede in die Grondslagfase te bevorder? Ten einde bogenoemde vrae te beantwoord is 'n gekombineerde (kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe) navorsingsmetode geTmplementeer. Data is deur middel van 'n gestruktureerde vraelys by 'n steekproef van Grondslagfase-onderwysers in die Potchefstroom en Klerksdorpskooldistrikte van die Noordwes Provinsie ingesamel en die inllgting is statrsties geanaliseer: Die kwantitatiewe fase van die ondersoek is opgevolg deur 'n kwalitatiewe fase waartydens onderhoude met Grondslagfase-onderwysers gevoer is. Voortspruitend uit die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe resultate, is die volgende gevolgtrekkings gemaak, wat in diepte in die verhandeling bespreek sal word: • Grondslagfase-onderwysers se houding teenoor Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding is oor die algemeen oorwegend positief. • Daar is 'n verband tussen sekere biografiese veranderlikes en Grondslagfaseonderwysers se houding teenoor Lewensvaardigheidsopvoeding. • Die meerderheid van die Grondslagfase-onderwysers bestee tussen 25% en 35% van hulle daaglikse tyd aan die onderrig van Lewensvaardighede. • Die tyd wat 'Grondslagfase-onderwysers daagliks aan die onderrig' van Lewensvaardighede, Gesyferdheid en Geletterdheid bestee, verskil betekenisvol van mekaar. Die meeste tyd word daagliks aan die onderrig van Geletterdheid bestee, gevolg deurGesyferdheiden Lewensvaardighede. • Daar is bepaalde faktore wat die suksesvolle. aanbieding van Lewensvaardighede -in die GroRdslagfase belemmer. Op grond van die bevindinge van die ondersoek, is bepaalde aanbevelings aan die hand gedoen om die onderrig van Lewensvaardighede in die Grondslagfase te bevorder. / Life Skills, as prescribed by the Department of education, is one of three learning programmes in the Foundation Phase as reflected in the Nationa1 Curriculum Statement. Life Skills focuses on the development of values for life and has as a goal, the development of responsible and disciplined citizens for South-Africa. Against the-background of the above mentioned super ordinate outcome of Life Skills education the aim of the study was to find answers to the following research questions: • What is the attitude of Foundation Phase teachers towards the teaching of Life Skills? • Is there a connection between specific biographical variables and the Foundation Phase teacher's attitude towards Life Skills? • How much time do Foundation Phase teachers spend daily on teaching Life Skills to learners? • Is there a significant difference on the time spent daily on die teaching of Life Skills, Numeracy and Literacy? • Are there factors that hinder the teaching of Life Skills in the Foundation Phase? • What recommendations can be made to promote the teaching of Life Skills in the Foundation Phase? In order to answer the above questions, a mixed research method (quantitative and qualitative) was implemented. Data were gathered by means of a structured questionnaire from a random sample of Foundation Phase teachers in the Potchefstroom and Klerksdorp school districts of the North West Province, and the information was analysed statistically. The quantitative phase of the investigation was followed bya qualitative phase during which personal interviews with Foundation Phase teachers were conducted. Originating from the quantitative and qualitative results, the following recommendations were made that will be intensiv.ely discussed in the dissertation: • The attitude of Foundation Phase teachers towards Life Skills education are in general positive. • There is a correlation between some biographical variables and the Foundation Phase teachers' attitude towards Life Skills education. I • The majority of the Foundation Phase teachers spend between 25% and 35% of their daily time on the education of Life Skills. • The daily .input that Foundation Phase teachers spend on the teaching of Life Skills, Numeracy and Literacy differ meaningfully from each other. Most of the time is spent on the teaching of Literacy, followed by Numeracy and Life Skills. • There are specific factors that hinder the successful presentation of life Skills in the Foundation Phase. Based on the results of the investigation, specific recommendations were made to promote the teaching of Life Skills in the Foundation Phase. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The purpose of this study was to gain insight into a teacher’s experience in implementing the asset-based approach to teach Life Orientation to a Grade 7 class. More specifically I explored expected and unexpected benefits as well as challenges in relation to the implementation of asset-based teaching. My working assumptions were that both teachers and learners possess assets that may support teaching and learning and that the process of asset-based teaching can support teachers to attend to a variety of needs in one classroom. Nested within the wider positive psychology paradigm I relied on the asset-based approach as theoretical framework. I conducted qualitative research following an instrumental case study research design, applying participatory action research principles. Meta-theoretically I framed the study within Interpretivism in order to obtain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. One Grade 7 teacher was selected as participant through purposeful sampling. A government primary school in Pretoria was selected conveniently. I used semi-structured interviews, analysis of existing documents and artefacts, and observation to collect data, that were documented in the form of verbatim transcripts, photographs, field notes and a research journal. Following thematic data analysis three main themes emerged related to the process of asset-based teaching, positive changes of assetbased teaching, and challenges associated with asset-based teaching. In identifying assets within the classroom (Theme 1), the teacher in this study became aware of both the learners’ and her own assets that could be mobilised to support teaching and learning. Assets identified within the different systems of the bio-ecological model and own action plan were used to support the mobilisation of assets. Ownership and commitment formed an essential part of the phase of managing assets. Positive changes that were identified subsequent to implementing asset-based teaching (Theme 2) relate to increased confidence and self-knowledge of learners and the teacher, identification of assets, enablement in the classroom, recognising the value of reflection in teaching, focusing away from learners’ needs towards their assets and strengths, increased motivation and trust amongst learners, a decrease in behaviour difficulties, and learners working more independently. Challenges that were identified in implementing asset-based teaching (Theme 3) include an increased workload and responsibility in teaching, difficulty to focus away from needs to strengths, lack of sustainability of positive changes, behaviour challenges, limited understanding of asset-based terminology, difficulty to integrate asset-based teaching into the curriculum of various learning areas, high teacher-learner ratios, socio-economic challenges, the needs-based orientation of society, and limited support to learners from home. Based on the findings of the study I conclude that asset-based teaching can be viewed as a suitable alternative way of teaching, following the dynamic process of identifying, mobilising and managing assets. In this manner, the diverse needs of learners may be addressed in one classroom. In addition the study indicates that asset-based teaching may support adolescents in dealing with developmental changes. # Additional information of the Appendices are kept on Level 3 Merensky Library. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Educational Psychology / Unrestricted

Thesis (Ph.D. (Health Sciences)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Background: The purpose of this study was to develop, implement and evaluate a Health Promoting School (HPS) training programme for educators in the high schools of the Mankweng Circuit, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods: This is an explanatory mixed method study conducted among high school learners to identify risk behaviours, physical environmental and school climate factors to develop, implement and evaluate a Health Promoting School training programme for educators in the high schools of Mankweng Circuit. A structured questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide were used to collect data. Quantitative data was collected from a total of (n=828) learners on risk behaviours, environmental and the school climate factors including curriculum and policy factors from (n=12) schools, while the key informants involved in decision making at the schools provided qualitative data on the same topics. The study highlighted potential areas for the initiation of Health Promoting Schools in Limpopo Province. Results: About 828 learners participated in this study, of which, 416 (50.2%) were males and 412 (49.8%) were females. More males than females indicate that they consumed alcohol (47% versus 24%, p<0.05), while 11% (90/840) of the learners report to have smoked cigarettes, a higher proportion of which are males rather than females (18% versus 4%, p<0.05). Quantitative results were further explored through analysis of the qualitative data from key informants who confirmed that the use of substances such as tobacco, alcohol and dagga (marijuana) is rife among school learners. Factors relevant to develop a training programme for educators were identified from the findings. The identified factors informed the development of the HPS training programme. Educators received training on HPS programme and the implementation was evaluated. Conclusion: The Health Promoting School (HPS) Training Programme improved the educator’s knowledge, understanding and skills of how schools can become Health Promoting Schools.

The introduction of Outcomes-Based Curriculum 2005, has meant that the learning area of Life Orientation has undergone significant changes. These changes encompass both the scope of the learning area of Life Orientation, and the implementation of Life Orientation. The aim of this investigation has been to examine the implications of Outcomes-Based Curriculum 2005, for Life Orientation as well as to propose a method of assisting this implementation. The training of facilitators has met with mixed results and there is still confusion surrounding Curriculum 2005, and the learning area of Life Orientation. The development of an implementation model was therefore proposed and developed to assist Life Orientation facilitators to make the transition from a theoretical understanding to the practical implementation. The results of the study determined that the facilitators were overwhelmingly in support of the implementation model. They found it provided a logical and comprehensive framework, which would be helpful in assisting them with planning their learning programmes. In order to understand more fully the effectiveness of the implementation model in the classroom reality, it will however be necessary to undertake a study over a longer term with participating facilitators. A number of other issues also were investigated as part of this study. From this it was determined that facilitators feel they require more training to implement an Outcomes-Based appro'ach particularly with regard to assessment. Facilitators have also not yet fully understood what constitutes the learning area of Life Orientation, nor their tasks as a facilitator. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The introduction of Outcomes-Based Curriculum 2005, has meant that the learning area of Life Orientation has undergone significant changes. These changes encompass both the scope of the learning area of Life Orientation, and the implementation of Life Orientation. The aim of this investigation has been to examine the implications of Outcomes-Based Curriculum 2005, for Life Orientation as well as to propose a method of assisting this implementation. The training of facilitators has met with mixed results and there is still confusion surrounding Curriculum 2005, and the learning area of Life Orientation. The development of an implementation model was therefore proposed and developed to assist Life Orientation facilitators to make the transition from a theoretical understanding to the practical implementation. The results of the study determined that the facilitators were overwhelmingly in support of the implementation model. They found it provided a logical and comprehensive framework, which would be helpful in assisting them with planning their learning programmes. In order to understand more fully the effectiveness of the implementation model in the classroom reality, it will however be necessary to undertake a study over a longer term with participating facilitators. A number of other issues also were investigated as part of this study. From this it was determined that facilitators feel they require more training to implement an Outcomes-Based appro'ach particularly with regard to assessment. Facilitators have also not yet fully understood what constitutes the learning area of Life Orientation, nor their tasks as a facilitator. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Persuasion communication, elaboration likelihood model, intrinsic persuasion variables, extrinsic persuasion variables, Life Orientation, HlV/Aids, grade 9 learners, guidance counselling, persuasion campaigns, credibility, motivation, capacity, youth The elaboration likelihood model (Petty & Caccioppo, 1996:l-309) in the field of persuasion communication explains the role that variables can play in the measure to which the youth can be influenced and persuaded by messages aimed at changing sexual risk behaviour. In order to offer the North West Province Department of Education's Life Orientation learning area, which is marked by a life skills approach, a better chance of success, it is important to determine which of the intrinsic and/or extrinsic variables-as is hypothesised by the elaboration likelihood model-play a role with grade 9 learners. Thus, the persuasion messages within Life Orientation could be adapted accordingly. The purpose of this study was to determine what role the intrinsic and/or extrinsic persuasion variables have in the presentation of Life Orientation classes to selected grade 9 learners at three Potchefstroom high schools. Relevant literature was analysed in regard to HlV/Aids campaigns and programmes that had been launched in South Africa, especially in instances where the theoretical framework corresponded with this study. The empirical study was done by way of methodological triangulation. An overall picture was formed by way of a quantitative survey questionnaire of the persuasion variables that are found among grade 9 learners in Potchefstroom, Promosa and Ikageng. Qualitative methods (focus groups, personal interviews and non-participatory observation) were employed to investigate the deeper seated aspects of the persuasion variables. The results of the study confirm the premise of the elaboration likelihood model, and proved that intrinsic persuasion variables play an important role with grade 9 learners when HlV/Aids persuasion messages are conveyed to them through Life Orientation classes. Thus, it can be inferred that grade 9 learners of the three selected Potchefstroom schools would process these persuasion messages via the central route, which enhances the chances of long term persuasion. Further, it appears that in this study extrinsic persuasion variables mostly played a strengthening role with regard to persuasion messages. The study deduces, therefore, that Life Orientation, and specifically the content that is focused on HIV/Aids, led to the successful persuasion of grade 9 learners in the selected schools. However, the study also makes important recommendations on how the impact of these persuasion messages can be even more heightened within the context of the elaboration likelihood model. / Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006