Dans beaucoup de pays, surtout dans des pays avec des ressources limitées, des efforts importants sont investis dans la mise en œuvre des initiatives innovantes à petite échelle, qui connaissent beaucoup de succès au niveau local mais qui subséquemment n’arrivent pas à être soutenues et étendues, et déclinent avec le temps. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre et d’approfondir les enjeux liés aux processus de mise en œuvre, de mise à l’échelle et de pérennisation des initiatives innovantes dans des pays avec des ressources limitées. Ce sujet est important vu les défis majeurs auxquels sont actuellement confrontés les systèmes de santé dans ces pays. Cette thèse analyse la mise en œuvre, la mise à l’échelle et la pérennisation des initiatives innovantes selon la théorie de l’action sociale de Talcott Parsons. Cette théorie stipule que toute action sociale est composée de petites sous-unités de systèmes d’action interreliées et imbriquées les unes avec les autres, interagissant entre elles et avec leur propre environnement. La théorie de l’action sociale permet d’effectuer des analyses portant sur différents phénomènes liés et imbriqués, et situés à différents niveaux systémiques et temporels comme les processus de mise en œuvre, de mise à l’échelle et de pérennisation. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous concevons le système d’action sociale du processus de mise à l’échelle comme un système d’action sociale du processus de mise en œuvre à un niveau supérieur dans l’espace, et le système d’action du processus de pérennisation comme un système d’action du processus de mise en œuvre continue dans le temps au même niveau ou à un niveau supérieur. Dans le cadre de la recherche, nous avons étudié ces trois processus dans un contexte de pays avec des ressources limitées, à l’aide d’une étude de cas multiples basée sur une recherche qualitative avec des niveaux d’analyse imbriqués. Quatre initiatives innovantes introduites dans le secteur de la santé tunisien entre 1964 et 2010 ont fait l’objet de l’étude. Il s’agit de : la stratégie mobile pour les services de planification familiale (1964), le projet de réforme de la gestion des hôpitaux universitaires (1991), le programme national de développement des circonscriptions sanitaires (1994), et le projet d’optimisation de la chaîne d'approvisionnement des vaccins (2010). Les données ont été collectées par le biais d’entrevues semi-dirigées, suivies d'une période d'observation de dix jours (et de discussions informelles), et d'un examen des documents officiels pour chaque initiative étudiée. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide d'une analyse de contenu dans le logiciel QDA-Miner (version 4.1.27). Cette recherche empirique nous a permis de mettre en évidence la nature et le niveau d’influence de plusieurs déterminants contextuels qui permettent d’expliquer les différents niveaux de mesure (structurel, processuel et effectif) de mise en œuvre, de mise à l’échelle et de pérennisation proposés par le cadre théorique de l’étude. Les résultats de cette recherche soutiennent la proposition qu’il est possible que les systèmes d’action sociale des processus de mise en œuvre et de mise à l’échelle (quel que soit le niveau) soient principalement influencés par des déterminants structurels (engagement politique, contexte historique et juridique, etc.) et organisationnels (leadership, expertise technique, disponibilité des ressources, collaborations, etc.), tandis que des déterminants individuels (niveau des compétences, engagement, confiance et motivation) et des caractéristiques liées aux initiatives innovantes (pertinence, compatibilité pratique et technique avec le contexte local, simplicité, etc.) soient davantage impliqués dans le système d’action sociale du processus de pérennisation. Ces résultats envoient un signal aux bailleurs de fonds et décideurs qui voudraient réussir la mise en œuvre, la mise à l’échelle et la pérennisation des initiatives innovantes dans le domaine de la santé dans un contexte de ressources limitées. Au regard de ces résultats, nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche intégratrice permettant de mieux appréhender l’analyse des processus de mise en œuvre, de mise à l’échelle et de pérennisation des initiatives innovantes dans les systèmes de santé. Cette approche considère les processus de mise en œuvre, de mise à l’échelle et de pérennisation comme étant des systèmes d’action sociale imbriqués et interreliés, qui sont en constante évolution et en interaction avec un environnement commun englobant plusieurs déterminants de succès ou d’échec agissant à différents niveaux (structurel, organisationnel, individuel et intervention). / In many countries, especially in countries with limited resources, significant efforts are invested in the implementation of small-scale innovative initiatives, which are very successful at the local level, but subsequently fail to be expanded and decline over time. The objective of this thesis is to understand and explain the issues related to the implementation, scaling up and sustainability processes of innovative initiatives in countries with limited resources. This topic is important given the major challenges currently facing health systems in these countries. This thesis analyzes the implementation, scaling up and sustainability of innovative initiatives according to Talcott Parsons’ social action theory. This theory states that all social action is composed of small subunits of interrelated and interlocking systems of action interacting with each other and with their own environment. The social action theory allows for analysis of different related and embedded phenomena at different systemic and temporal levels such as implementation, scaling up and sustainability processes. As part of this thesis, we design the social action system of the scaling up process as a social action system of the implementation process at a higher level in space, and the social action system of the sustainability process as a social action system of the continuous implementation process over time at the same level or at a higher level. As part of the research, we investigated these three processes in a country context with limited resources, using a multiple case study based on qualitative research with nested levels of analysis. Four innovative initiatives introduced in the Tunisian health sector between 1964 and 2010 were the subject of the study. These include the Mobile Strategy for Family Planning Services (1964), the Hospital Management Reform Project (1991), the National Health District Development Program (1994), and the Vaccine Supply Chain Optimization Project (2010). Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, followed by a ten-day observation period (and informal discussions) and review of official documents for each initiative. The data was analyzed using a content analysis in the QDA-Miner software (version 4.1.27). This empirical research has allowed us to highlight the nature and the level of influence of the contextual determinants that make it possible to explain the different levels of implementation, scale up and sustainability measures (structural, procedural and effective) proposed by the theoretical framework of the study. The results of this research support the proposition that social action systems of implementation and scaling up processes (at any level) may be primarily influenced by structural determinants (political commitment, historical and legal context, etc.) and organizational (leadership, technical expertise, availability of resources, collaborations, etc.), while individual determinants (level of skills, commitment, trust and motivation) and characteristics related to innovative initiatives ( relevance, practical and technical compatibility with the local context, simplicity, etc.) are more involved in the social action system of the sustainability process. These results send a signal to donors and policymakers who would like to successfully implement, scale up and sustain innovative health initiatives in the context with limited resources. In light of these results, we have proposed a new integrative approach to better understand the analysis of implementation, scaling up and sustainability processes of innovative initiatives in health systems. This approach considers the processes of implementation, scaling up and sustainability as interconnected and interlocking social action systems, in constant evolution and interaction with a common environment encompassing several contextual determinants of success and challenges operating at different levels (structural, organizational, individual and intervention).

PhD (Health Sciences) / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Preterm birth is an unresolved health issue; globally it is the largest contributor to mortality among children under 5 years of age. Worldwide, approximately 9.6% of all births are preterm which the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes as one of the top ten causes of neonatal deaths. The alarming rates of preterm births and deaths may be directly linked to the shortage of resources and an inadequate database of midwifery care guidelines for midwives in South Africa resulting in poor maternal care in public health. This study sought to develop midwifery practice guidelines to promote quality care of preterm babies in resource-limited obstetric units of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The convergent parallel mixed method was used, explorative, descriptive and contextual qualitative design were run concurrently with the descriptive quantitative approach. For the qualitative design, non-probability purposive sampling was used to select midwives and managers from Limpopo Province. In-depth one-to-one interviews were conducted with 11 midwives and 4 managers. Tesch’s eight steps of open-coding was used to analyze qualitative data. Trustworthiness was ensured through credibility, confirmability, dependability and transferability. For the quantitative approach, 31 midwives and 24 managers completed the Likert scale questionnaire. The non-probability method was employed to select midwives and managers to make up a sample size of 55 participants. Reliability and validity of the instrument was ensured through extensive literature review and a pilot study. Data were analyzed with the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis yielded three themes as follows: the role of midwives in reduction of preterm births and deaths in obstetric units; challenges faced by midwives whilst executing their role during preconception, antenatal, labour and v puerperium period; support needed by midwives during provision of maternal and neonatal care to reduce preterm births and deaths. In the discussion of the findings, qualitative findings were supported by quantitative findings. The WHO model (PICOS & GRADES) was adapted in the development of the guidelines. The group then validated the guidelines using a closed-ended checklist to verify whether the guidelines were congruent with practice. The results were analyzed through simple descriptive statistics where the data were summarized using frequency / NRF

Course: Degree project in Supply Chain Management, Master of science within business and economics, 30 credits Title: To secure limited material for smaller enterprises - A case study on KG ListAuthors: Oskar Olsen & Axel StrandbergSupervisor: Åsa GustavssonExaminator: Peter Berling Background: In an increasingly competitive business market, the sourcing process needs to be optimized to gain advantages over competitors. Companies using limited resources suffer from not being able to secure material in different ways. Being a small enterprise also gives additional negative consequential effects. To be able to decrease the effects, working methods with solutions and key performance indicators need to be found. Smaller enterprises in the wood industry have been identified as actors suffering from the consequential effects. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to identify negative consequential effects experienced by smaller enterprises regarding the securing of limited resources. In addition, the aim is to describe a working method with solutions and associated key performance indicators to counteract the consequential effects regarding the securing of limited resources. Research questions: RQ1: What consequences do smaller enterprises experience when securing limited material?RQ2: What solutions and key performance indicators can be applied to counteract identified consequential effects when securing limited material for smaller enterprises?Method: The paper uses a deductive approach while applying a qualitative research method with elements of quantitative data. The primary empirical data was collected by unstructured and semistructured interviews, observations and the in-depth method focus-group interviews. Results: The study shows multiple consequential effects of not being able to secure limited resources as a smaller enterprise. The three major findings were: uncertainty in supply, decreased purchasing power due to being a smaller enterprise in the industry, and being forced to import materials. The study finds working methods with solutions and associated key performance indicators to counteract each effect. With supply chain resilience the effects of uncertainty in supply decreases. The purchasing power could increase by developing supplier relationships or increase the purchase price. By outsourcing a part of or the whole production process the effects of being forced to import could be counteracted. The key performance indicators for each solution needs to be developed individually for every company and should focus on critical moments related to the consequential effects.   Keywords: Limited resources, smaller enterprises, securing resources, consequential effects, solutions, key performance indicators, KPI, sourcingprocess, purchasing power, resilience, supply chain, supplier relationships, outsourcing, supplier pool, the wood industry, oak, oak log

Telemetry system, Optimisation, Sensoric networks, Smart Grid, Internet of Things, Sensors, Information security, Cryptography, Cryptography algorithms, Cryptosystem, Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication, Data freshness, Non-Repudiation.