Les systèmes multi-porteuses sont utilisés depuis longtemps, et dans de nombreux standards de communication tels qu'ADSL, DVB-T, WiMax et LTE.la modulation OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) est aujourd'hui la technologie dominante. Cependant, l'innovation qu'est l'agrégation de spectres permet aux systèmes de communication de mieux exploiter le spectre radio, aujourd'hui rare, cher et sous-utilisé.Les futures communications 5G devront trouver le moyen d'exploiter ce spectre fragmenté de manière aussi flexible que possible.Le standard PMR (Private Mobile Radio) fait face aux mêmes problèmes vis-à-vis de l'introduction de services large bande dans un spectre déja surchargé.Ces problématiques nécessitent des formes d'onde dont l'occupation spectrale est presque parfaite, afin de limiter au possible les bandes de garde entre différents utilisateurs. L'occupation spectrale d'OFDM n'est tout simplement pas assez bonne pour satisfaire ces impératifs. Parmi les nouvelles formes d'onde prises en considération dans ce cadre, les systèmes FBMC/OQAM (Filter Bank Multicarrier/Offset QAM) sont conçus de manière à fournir une bien meilleure occupation spectrale que les systèmes OFDM, avec un débit optimal, et sans le besoin d'ajouter un préfixe cyclique.Cependant, un des grands inconvénients des systèmes multi-porteuses tels qu'OFDM ou FBMC/OQAM est leur enveloppe non-constante. Les signaux générés présentent de nombreux pics de puissance élevée qui apparaissent quand les sous-porteuses modulées indépendamment puis sommées sont en phase les unes avec les autres.Cela fait que les signaux multi-porteuses sont très sensibles aux non-linéarités des composants électroniques des systèmes de communication, et tout particulièrement à celles de l'amplificateur de puissance (PA) à l'émission. Ces non-linéarités génèrent des distorsions en dedans et en dehors de la bande utile, ce qui crée des remontées spectrales qui viennent dégrader l'occupation spectrale des signaux.Le but de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'impact que le PA peut avoir sur les performances spectrales du signal FBMC/OQAM, et de réduire la sensibilité de la forme d'ondes à ces non-linéarités.Nous basons nos travaux sur des simulations Matlab et des mesures expérimentales, en utilisant le signal OFDM comme référence.Nous commençons par confirmer que le signal FBMC/OQAM a de meilleures performances spectrales que le signal OFDM. Puis nous quantifions l'effet des non-linéarités de l'amplificateur sur les deux signaux.Ensuite, nous proposons une méthode améliorée de contrôle de la dynamique de l'enveloppe du signal, basée sur une technique de précodage, qui a pour but de réduire la sensibilité du signal FBMC/OQAM aux non-linéarités, pour un coût de complexité modeste.Nous étudions les différents paramètres de cette méthode pour en déduire le paramétrage optimal.Enfin, nous présentons des simulations et des mesures de la capacité de cette méthode à réduire les remontées spectrales en dedans et en dehors de la bande utile quand le signal FBMC/OQAM subit les non-linéarités du PA. / Multi-carrier systems are well established in many different communication standards such as ADSL, DVB-T, WiMax, and LTE.The dominant technology for broadband communications today is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing).However the introduction of frequency bands aggregation is allowing systems to deal with a spectrum that is scarce, expensive and underutilized.Future 5G communications must find a way to exploit this fragmented spectrum as flexibly as possible.Similar problems are present also for introducing future broadband PMR (Private Mobile Radio) standards in the already crowded PMR spectrum.This requires waveforms with almost perfect spectrum occupation in order to limit the guard frequency band between users.OFDM's spectral occupation is not good enough to fulfill these requirements.Among the considered waveform approaches, FBMC/OQAM (Filter Bank Multicarrier/Offset QAM) systems are designed to provide a much better spectral occupation than OFDM systems, with optimal data rate, and no need for a cyclic prefix.However, a major disadvantage of a multi-carrier system such as OFDM or FBMC/OQAM is the resulting non constant envelope with numerous high power peaks that appear when the independently modulated sub-carriers are added coherently.This results in a high sensitivity to the non-linearities of electronic components, especially to the PA (Power Amplifier).PA non-linearities generate distortions in-band and out-of band, creating spectral regrowth which degrades the spectral occupation of the signals at the transmitter.The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of the PA on the FBMC/OQAM signal's spectral performances, and to reduce the waveform's sensitivity to those non-linearities.Through simulations and experimental measurements, using the OFDM signal as a basis for comparison, we first confirm FBMC/OQAM's better spectral occupation than OFDM, and then quantify the effect of the PA non-linearities on the FBMC/OQAM an OFDM signals.We then propose an improved precoding method for dynamic envelope control, which aims to reduce the FBMC/OQAM signal's sensitivity to PA non-linearities with limited additional complexity. We study the various parameters in order to provide the optimal parameter choice.Finally, we present simulations and measurements of the method's ability to reduce spectral regrowth in and out of band when the FBMC/OQAM signal is subjected to the PA nonlinearities.

<p>This thesis discusses non-linearities associated with a sampling switch and compares transmission gate, bootstrapping and bulk-effect compensation architectures at circuit level from linearity point of view for 0.35 um CMOS process. All switch architectures have been discussed and designed with an additional constraint of switch reliability.</p><p>Results indicate that for a specified supply of 3.3 Volts, bulk-effect compensation does not improve third-order harmonic distortion significantly which defines the upper most limit on linearity for a differential topology. However, for low-voltage operations bulk-effect compensation improves third-order harmonic noticeably.</p>

This thesis discusses non-linearities associated with a sampling switch and compares transmission gate, bootstrapping and bulk-effect compensation architectures at circuit level from linearity point of view for 0.35 um CMOS process. All switch architectures have been discussed and designed with an additional constraint of switch reliability. Results indicate that for a specified supply of 3.3 Volts, bulk-effect compensation does not improve third-order harmonic distortion significantly which defines the upper most limit on linearity for a differential topology. However, for low-voltage operations bulk-effect compensation improves third-order harmonic noticeably.

Mecanismos flexíveis, nos quais a deformação elástica é aproveitada na atuação cinemática, têm grande empregabilidade em dispositivos de mecânica de precisão, engenharia biomédica, e mais recentemente em microeletromecanismos (MEMS). Entre as diversas técnicas empregadas para o seu projeto, a otimização topológica tem se mostrado a mais genérica e sistemática. A grande dificuldade destes projetos é conciliar os requisitos cinemáticos com a resistência mecânica da estrutura. Neste trabalho, é implementado um critério de resistência dentro da formulação do problema de otimização, com o intuito de gerar mecanismos que cumpram a tarefa cinemática desejada mas ao mesmo tempo não ultrapassem limites de tensão predeterminados. Esta restrição adicional também visa aliviar o problema bastante conhecido do aparecimento de articulações. Não linearidade geométrica e de material (hiperelasticida de compressível) são implementadas na solução das equações através do método dos elementos finitos para levar em conta os grandes deslocamentos do mecanismo. O método das assíntotas móveis é usado para a atualização das variáveis de projeto. As derivadas do problema de otimização são calculadas analiticamente, pelo método adjunto. Técnicas de projeção são aplicadas para a garantia de topologias livres de instabilidades numéricas comuns em otimização topológica, e projetos otimizados mais próximos de um espaço 0/1 para as densidades físicas. / Compliant me hanisms, in whi h the elasti strain is the basis for kinemati a tua- tion are widely used in pre ision me hani s devi es, biomedi al engineering, and re ently in mi roele trome hani al systems (MEMS). Among several te hniques applied in ompliant me hanisms design, topology optimization has been one of the most general and systemati . The great hallenge in these designs is to ouple both the kinemati s and the me hani al strength riteria requirements. In this work, a strength riteria for the optimization problem is applied, with the aim of generating ompliant me hanisms that ful ll the desired kine- mati tasks while omplying with a stress threshold. The addition of a stress onstraint to the formulation for ompliant me hanisms in topology optimization also aims to allevi- ate the appearan e of hinges in the optimized topology, a well known issue in the design of ompliant me hanisms. Geometri al and material ( ompressible hyperelasti ity) nonlin- earities are applied to the nite element equilibrium equations, to take into a ount large displa ements. The method of moving asymptotes is applied for design variables updating. The derivatives are al ulated analyti ally, by the adjoint method. Proje tion ltering te h- niques are applied, in order to guarantee topologies free of ommon numeri al instabilities in topology optimization, and optimized designs near the 0/1 solution for the physi al densities.

Mecanismos flexíveis, nos quais a deformação elástica é aproveitada na atuação cinemática, têm grande empregabilidade em dispositivos de mecânica de precisão, engenharia biomédica, e mais recentemente em microeletromecanismos (MEMS). Entre as diversas técnicas empregadas para o seu projeto, a otimização topológica tem se mostrado a mais genérica e sistemática. A grande dificuldade destes projetos é conciliar os requisitos cinemáticos com a resistência mecânica da estrutura. Neste trabalho, é implementado um critério de resistência dentro da formulação do problema de otimização, com o intuito de gerar mecanismos que cumpram a tarefa cinemática desejada mas ao mesmo tempo não ultrapassem limites de tensão predeterminados. Esta restrição adicional também visa aliviar o problema bastante conhecido do aparecimento de articulações. Não linearidade geométrica e de material (hiperelasticida de compressível) são implementadas na solução das equações através do método dos elementos finitos para levar em conta os grandes deslocamentos do mecanismo. O método das assíntotas móveis é usado para a atualização das variáveis de projeto. As derivadas do problema de otimização são calculadas analiticamente, pelo método adjunto. Técnicas de projeção são aplicadas para a garantia de topologias livres de instabilidades numéricas comuns em otimização topológica, e projetos otimizados mais próximos de um espaço 0/1 para as densidades físicas. / Compliant me hanisms, in whi h the elasti strain is the basis for kinemati a tua- tion are widely used in pre ision me hani s devi es, biomedi al engineering, and re ently in mi roele trome hani al systems (MEMS). Among several te hniques applied in ompliant me hanisms design, topology optimization has been one of the most general and systemati . The great hallenge in these designs is to ouple both the kinemati s and the me hani al strength riteria requirements. In this work, a strength riteria for the optimization problem is applied, with the aim of generating ompliant me hanisms that ful ll the desired kine- mati tasks while omplying with a stress threshold. The addition of a stress onstraint to the formulation for ompliant me hanisms in topology optimization also aims to allevi- ate the appearan e of hinges in the optimized topology, a well known issue in the design of ompliant me hanisms. Geometri al and material ( ompressible hyperelasti ity) nonlin- earities are applied to the nite element equilibrium equations, to take into a ount large displa ements. The method of moving asymptotes is applied for design variables updating. The derivatives are al ulated analyti ally, by the adjoint method. Proje tion ltering te h- niques are applied, in order to guarantee topologies free of ommon numeri al instabilities in topology optimization, and optimized designs near the 0/1 solution for the physi al densities.

Mecanismos flexíveis, nos quais a deformação elástica é aproveitada na atuação cinemática, têm grande empregabilidade em dispositivos de mecânica de precisão, engenharia biomédica, e mais recentemente em microeletromecanismos (MEMS). Entre as diversas técnicas empregadas para o seu projeto, a otimização topológica tem se mostrado a mais genérica e sistemática. A grande dificuldade destes projetos é conciliar os requisitos cinemáticos com a resistência mecânica da estrutura. Neste trabalho, é implementado um critério de resistência dentro da formulação do problema de otimização, com o intuito de gerar mecanismos que cumpram a tarefa cinemática desejada mas ao mesmo tempo não ultrapassem limites de tensão predeterminados. Esta restrição adicional também visa aliviar o problema bastante conhecido do aparecimento de articulações. Não linearidade geométrica e de material (hiperelasticida de compressível) são implementadas na solução das equações através do método dos elementos finitos para levar em conta os grandes deslocamentos do mecanismo. O método das assíntotas móveis é usado para a atualização das variáveis de projeto. As derivadas do problema de otimização são calculadas analiticamente, pelo método adjunto. Técnicas de projeção são aplicadas para a garantia de topologias livres de instabilidades numéricas comuns em otimização topológica, e projetos otimizados mais próximos de um espaço 0/1 para as densidades físicas. / Compliant me hanisms, in whi h the elasti strain is the basis for kinemati a tua- tion are widely used in pre ision me hani s devi es, biomedi al engineering, and re ently in mi roele trome hani al systems (MEMS). Among several te hniques applied in ompliant me hanisms design, topology optimization has been one of the most general and systemati . The great hallenge in these designs is to ouple both the kinemati s and the me hani al strength riteria requirements. In this work, a strength riteria for the optimization problem is applied, with the aim of generating ompliant me hanisms that ful ll the desired kine- mati tasks while omplying with a stress threshold. The addition of a stress onstraint to the formulation for ompliant me hanisms in topology optimization also aims to allevi- ate the appearan e of hinges in the optimized topology, a well known issue in the design of ompliant me hanisms. Geometri al and material ( ompressible hyperelasti ity) nonlin- earities are applied to the nite element equilibrium equations, to take into a ount large displa ements. The method of moving asymptotes is applied for design variables updating. The derivatives are al ulated analyti ally, by the adjoint method. Proje tion ltering te h- niques are applied, in order to guarantee topologies free of ommon numeri al instabilities in topology optimization, and optimized designs near the 0/1 solution for the physi al densities.

Ce travail réalisé au LAUM, concerne en premier lieu la caractérisation des distorsions, notamment non linéaires,observables sur des haut-parleurs en vue de les miniaturiser.En outre l’étude se rapporte au mode de contrôle de tels transducteurs au regard des avantages et des inconvénients présentés par l’électronique d’un pilotage en intensité.Après rappel des principales définitions permettant d’appréhender les mesures électroacoustiques, la structure et les propriétés des haut-parleurs font l’objet d’une première analyse, discutée dans le cadre des hypothèses de linéarité.Les exemples et les caractéristiques décrits en termes de fonctions de transfert sont présentés autour d’un transducteur générique de l’état de la technique. Les principes de la commande en courant sont ensuite présentés, compte tenu des caractéristiques globales des amplificateurs opérationnels de puissance disponibles actuellement. En maintenant l’intégrité de l’indice de contrôle en courant (Control Drive Index), la réjection du pic de résonance mécanique et des hautes fréquences sont discutés autour de structures de filtrages, soit incorporées à la boucle de feedback et adaptées au transducteur, soit disposées en feed forward. Au-delà de ces considérations de premier ordre les comportements non linéaires sont examinés. Après une analyse fondamentale se rapportant aux définitions et aux caractéristiques de non-linéarité, une évaluation analytique en régime mono fréquentiel est présentée, pour un transducteur commandé en courant. L’analyse est ensuite généralisée au moyen de modèles numériques originaux réalisés sous Simulink®, PSpice® et SLPS avec des sollicitations bitonales.Considérant divers dispositifs de l’état de la technique, des résultats conformes à ceux de la littérature récente et validés par l’expérience sont obtenus. Ainsi, les prototypes de micro haut-parleurs réalisés au laboratoire seront à court terme caractérisés avec plusieurs modes de conditionnement. / Undertaken with the LAUM, this work aims at first tocharacterize non linear distortions relative to electrodynamicloudspeakers with a view to miniaturizing units designed in thelaboratory. Furthermore, a special point about the advantages and drawbacks resulting from voltage or current driving has been investigated. After a brief review about the prominent definitions used in thefield of electro-acoustics, the main properties and specificitiesof transducers are discussed while considering at first linear devices. Considering a generic transducer of the state of theart, the main parameters are given in terms of transfer functions. Then, a current-driving policy is discussed whiletaking account of the actual power operational amplifier properties. Furthermore, the rejection of the mechanical resonance is investigated without any kind of alteration of theideal infinity of the Control Drive Index value. Specific filtering structures are calculated regarding a given transducer and considered either in feedforward or feedback arrangements within the circuitry. After such a first order analysis non linear behaviours areconsidered. At first a straightforward typology of non linearsystems is presented so as to highlight the most importantdefinitions. Then, a special analytical approach is given,allowing us to analyse the harmonic generation from a currentdriven loudspeaker with a mono frequency regime. Such anapproach is extended and generalized by way of original numerical models designed with Simulink®, PSpice® and SLPSsoftware, considering bi tonal stimuli signals. Then, such anapproach is considered with transducers and amplifiers of thestate of the art, allowing us to validate the whole relevantrationale. Thus, the micro speakers actually developed in thelaboratory should be investigated and optimized in the shortrun, considering their relevant electronic conditioning policy.

A l’interface de l’automatique, de la mécanique et de l’acoustique musicale, le contrôle des instruments de musique s’emploie à développer des méthodes permettant de contrôler, en temps réel, leur son acoustique. Les contrôleurs utilisés dans ce domaine s’appuient sur des modèles linéaires ne prenant pas en compte les non-linéarités présentes dans le comportement de certains instruments. Les gongs d’opéra chinois présentent ainsi plusieurs phénomènes induits par des non-linéarités géométriques, dont un très caractéristique glissement fréquentiel qui impacte plusieurs de leurs modes de vibration. Le présent travail propose d’initier la mise en place d’un contrôle de ces instruments par le biais de trois étapes consécutives. Dans un premier temps, les performances et limites du contrôle modal moderne vis-à-vis des phénomènes non linéaires présents dans le comportement de l’instrument (distorsion harmonique, glissement fréquentiel, résonances internes) sont étudiées et quantifiées. Les limitations mises en évidence précédemment motivent, dans un second temps, le développement d’un modèle d’ordre réduit décrivant le mode fondamental de l’instrument. Ce mode fondamental est caractérisé et identifié expérimentalement par une méthode récente utilisant une boucle à verrouillage de phase. Enfin, les limites de l’approximation uni-modale pour la description du mode fondamental de l’instrument en situation de jeu sont étudiées. L’interaction entre les résonances internes et le phénomène de glissement fréquentiel est démontrée en régime libre, ouvrant la voie vers le développement d’un modèle réduit pour décrire le comportement du mode fondamental du gong. / At a crossroads between automatics, mechanics and musical acoustics, active control of musical instruments aims at finding methods which would allow to control their acoustic sound in real time. Previous instrumental control studies never acknowledged nonlinear behaviours in musical instruments. However, Chinese opera gongs show various phenomena due to geometrical nonlinearities, among which a specific pitch glide, impacting several of its vibration modes. We propose to address the control of these instruments by reaching three consecutive steps. First, the performances and the limits of modern modal control regarding nonlinear phenomena in the behavior of the gong (harmonic distortion, internal resonances, pitch glide) are highlighted and quantified. The limitations of modal control suggests the development of a reduced order model describing the fundamental mode of the instrument. The nonlinear mode associated with the fundamental mode is characterized and identified experimentally by a method resorting to a Phase Locked Loop (PLL). Finally, the limits of the unimodal approximation describing the fundamental mode in playing condition are highlighted. The interaction between internal resonances and pitch glide phenomena is demonstrated experimentally in free vibration, allowing for the developing of a reduced order model to describe the fundamental mode of the instrument.

Métodos de controle baseado em dados utilizam dados de operação da planta para minimizar algum critério de desempenho, tipicamente quadrático, sem que seja necessário o conhecimento de um modelo da planta. O Iterative Feedback Tuning (IFT) é um destes métodos, utilizando dados obtidos da operação da planta em malha fechada para gerar uma estimativa não-polarizada do gradiente do critério de desempenho, que é então minimizado através de algum variante do método de Newton. Alguns resultados da literatura tratam da aplicação do IFT em sistemas não-lineares, sempre sob a condição de diferenciabilidade da não-linearidade (linearização em torno do ponto de operação). Um exemplo prático da aplicação do método na sintonia do controlador de um servomotor com folga é o único resultado encontrado. Este trabalho investiga, através de casos simulados e práticos, a aplicabilidade do método IFT em sistemas com não-linearidades não-diferenciáveis comumente encontradas em sistemas mecânicos, como a folga e a zona-morta, e a saturação, presente em todo e qualquer sistema físico. / Data based control methods use data collected from a plant’s “regular” operation to minimize a performance criterion, typically in quadratic form, without any information about a system’s model. Iterative Feedback Tuning (IFT) is one such method that uses closed-loop operating data to generate an unbiased estimate of the cost criterion gradient, which is then minimized with some form of the Newton method. Results in the literature for IFT applied to non-linear systems require that the non-linearity is differentiable (basically, linearizing the system around an operating point). One practical application of the algorithm to tune a controller for a servomotor system with backlash is the only result found. This work investigates, using simulated and practical examples, the suitability of the use of IFT in systems with non-differentiable non-linearities commonly found in mechanical systems, such as backlash and dead-zone, and saturation, found in every physical system.

Métodos de controle baseado em dados utilizam dados de operação da planta para minimizar algum critério de desempenho, tipicamente quadrático, sem que seja necessário o conhecimento de um modelo da planta. O Iterative Feedback Tuning (IFT) é um destes métodos, utilizando dados obtidos da operação da planta em malha fechada para gerar uma estimativa não-polarizada do gradiente do critério de desempenho, que é então minimizado através de algum variante do método de Newton. Alguns resultados da literatura tratam da aplicação do IFT em sistemas não-lineares, sempre sob a condição de diferenciabilidade da não-linearidade (linearização em torno do ponto de operação). Um exemplo prático da aplicação do método na sintonia do controlador de um servomotor com folga é o único resultado encontrado. Este trabalho investiga, através de casos simulados e práticos, a aplicabilidade do método IFT em sistemas com não-linearidades não-diferenciáveis comumente encontradas em sistemas mecânicos, como a folga e a zona-morta, e a saturação, presente em todo e qualquer sistema físico. / Data based control methods use data collected from a plant’s “regular” operation to minimize a performance criterion, typically in quadratic form, without any information about a system’s model. Iterative Feedback Tuning (IFT) is one such method that uses closed-loop operating data to generate an unbiased estimate of the cost criterion gradient, which is then minimized with some form of the Newton method. Results in the literature for IFT applied to non-linear systems require that the non-linearity is differentiable (basically, linearizing the system around an operating point). One practical application of the algorithm to tune a controller for a servomotor system with backlash is the only result found. This work investigates, using simulated and practical examples, the suitability of the use of IFT in systems with non-differentiable non-linearities commonly found in mechanical systems, such as backlash and dead-zone, and saturation, found in every physical system.