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Physical barriers are known to limit species' ranges, but, in the absence of physical barriers, what prevents adaptation and expansion at the periphery? Genetic influence from central populations may prevent adaptation to ecological barriers by swamping peripheral populations with suboptimal genes. If this is the case, then isolation may enable local adaptation and further range expansion. Barriers such as rivers provide ideal tests of the influence of gene flow and may explain differences in range sizes. This study investigates northern range limitations and phylogeography of the Northern Two-lined ( Eurycea bislineata) and Northern Dusky (Desmognathus fuscus ) stream salamanders. Phylogeographic patterns of populations throughout Quebec and Labrador were investigated by sequencing portions of cytochrome b and 12S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes. Interpopulation divergence was low for both species, however, unique genetic haplotypes and morphological variation on the north shore of the St. Lawrence indicate that the river is acting as a barrier to gene flow.

The aim of the thesis is an upgrading of a railway station Jaroměř to increase the speed of passing trains, improving safety and comfort of passengers during getting on and getting off and access to trains. The upgrading includes design of new structures. Platform will be upgrading at the height of 550 mm above the top of rail and will meet the requirement for wheelchair access underpass. Drainage is designed as well. Upgrading will be done with applicable laws and standards.

The objective of this doctoral thesis is to study three different innovative noise control techniques in ducts namely: acoustic metamaterials, porous absorbers and microperforates. There has been a lot of research done on all these three topics in the context of duct acoustics. This research will assess the potential of the acoustic metamaterial technique and compare to the use of conventional methods using microperforated plates and/or porous materials.  The objective of the metamaterials part is to develop a physical approach to model and synthesize bulk moduli and densities to feasibly control the wave propagation pattern, creating quiet zones in the targeted fluid domain. This is achieved using an array of locally resonant metallic patches. In addition to this, a novel thin slow sound material is also proposed in the acoustic metamaterial part of this thesis. This slow sound material is a quasi-labyrinthine structure flush mounted to a duct, comprising of coplanar quarter wavelength resonators that aims to slow the speed of sound at selective resonance frequencies. A good agreement between theoretical analysis and experimental measurements is demonstrated. The second technique is based on acoustic porous foam and it is about modeling and characterization of a novel porous metallic foam absorber inside ducts. This material proved to be a similar or better sound absorber compared to the conventional porous absorbers, but with robust and less degradable properties. Material characterization of this porous absorber from a simple transfer matrix measurement is proposed.The last part of this research is focused on impedance of perforates with grazing flow on both sides. Modeling of the double sided grazing flow impedance is done using a modified version of an inverse semi-analytical technique. A minimization scheme is used to find the liner impedance value in the complex plane to match the calculated sound field to the measured one at the microphone positions. / <p>QC 20160923</p>

O dimensionamento e verificação estrutural de túneis envolve diversos parâmetros geotécnicos e o controle de diversas variáveis estruturais como, por exemplo, a convergência (fechamento) da cavidade, a pressão atuante no revestimento e o nível de descompressão do maciço. O campo de deformações e tensões que se desenvolve no entorno do túnel dependerá da profundidade, da geometria da seção, da distribuição de cargas na superfície, da heterogeneidade e distribuição das camadas de solo, do comportamento mecânico conjunto do maciço e do revestimento, bem como do processo de escavação e colocação do revestimento. Esse trabalho trata de simulações numéricas do comportamento a longo prazo em túneis revestidos com concreto, incluindo túneis gêmeos. Portanto, o maciço foi considerado com uma lei de comportamento viscoplástica, com superfície de cedência de von-Mises acoplada no modelo reológico de Perzyna, e para o concreto, foi considerada uma lei viscoelástica através das formulações de fluência e retração constantes no CEB-MC90 adaptadas à teoria da solidificação de Bazant & Prasannan (1989ª, 1989b). Para esse estudo foram construídos scripts de modelos bidimensionais axissimétricos e tridimensionais no software ANSYS. A implementação do modelo do concreto é feita através do recurso de customização do material que o ANSYS disponibiliza: a subrotina UserMat. O processo de escavação e colocação do revestimento é simulado através do recurso de ativação e desativação dos elementos finitos considerando uma velocidade de avanço constante. Além da validação do modelo do concreto, é feita a validação dos modelos dos túneis em elasticidade, plasticidade e viscoplasticidade sem e com revestimento elástico através de expressões analíticas e o software GEOMEC91 desenvolvido por Bernaud (1991), demonstrando excelente conformidade. Nos exemplos testados, a influência da viscoelasticidade do concreto pode aumentar as deformações em até 40% em comparação com o revestimento elástico, e a proximidade dos túneis longitudinais em cerca de 15% (fazendo com que o campo de deformações deixe de ser puramente radial). Também é estudada a influência de galerias transversais. / The structural desing and verification of tunnels involves several geotechnical parameters and the control of several structural variables, such as the convergence (closure) of the cavity, the pressure over the linning and the level of decompression of the rockmass. The field of deformations and stresses developed around the tunnel will depend of the depth, section geometry, surface load distribution, mechanical behavior of the rockmass and linning, as well as the process of excavation and placement of the linning. This dissertation deals with numerical simulations of long-term behavior in concrete lined tunnels, including twin tunnels. Therefore, for the rockmass it was considered a viscoplastic behavior law, with von-Mises yield surface coupled in the rheology model of Perzyna, and for concrete, it was considered a viscoelastic law through creep and shrinkage formulations in the CEB-MC90 adapted to the solidification theory of Bazant & Prasannan (1989a, 1989b). For this study, scripts were constructed for two-dimensional axissimetric and three-dimensional models in the ANSYS software. The implementation of concrete model is done through the material customization capabilities that ANSYS makes available: the UserMat subroutine. The process of excavation and placement of the linning is simulated through the activation/deactivation of finite elements considering a constant speed of advance of tunnel. The models are validated in elasticity, plasticity and viscoplasticity without and with elastic linning through analytical expressions and the software GEOMEC91 developed by Bernaud (1991), demonstrating excellent conformity. In the examples tested, the influence of viscoelastictity of the concrete can increase the deformations by up to 40% compared to the elastic linning, and the proximity of the longitudinal tunnels by about 15% (making the strain field no longer purely radial). The influence of transverse galleries is also studied.

O dimensionamento e verificação estrutural de túneis envolve diversos parâmetros geotécnicos e o controle de diversas variáveis estruturais como, por exemplo, a convergência (fechamento) da cavidade, a pressão atuante no revestimento e o nível de descompressão do maciço. O campo de deformações e tensões que se desenvolve no entorno do túnel dependerá da profundidade, da geometria da seção, da distribuição de cargas na superfície, da heterogeneidade e distribuição das camadas de solo, do comportamento mecânico conjunto do maciço e do revestimento, bem como do processo de escavação e colocação do revestimento. Esse trabalho trata de simulações numéricas do comportamento a longo prazo em túneis revestidos com concreto, incluindo túneis gêmeos. Portanto, o maciço foi considerado com uma lei de comportamento viscoplástica, com superfície de cedência de von-Mises acoplada no modelo reológico de Perzyna, e para o concreto, foi considerada uma lei viscoelástica através das formulações de fluência e retração constantes no CEB-MC90 adaptadas à teoria da solidificação de Bazant & Prasannan (1989ª, 1989b). Para esse estudo foram construídos scripts de modelos bidimensionais axissimétricos e tridimensionais no software ANSYS. A implementação do modelo do concreto é feita através do recurso de customização do material que o ANSYS disponibiliza: a subrotina UserMat. O processo de escavação e colocação do revestimento é simulado através do recurso de ativação e desativação dos elementos finitos considerando uma velocidade de avanço constante. Além da validação do modelo do concreto, é feita a validação dos modelos dos túneis em elasticidade, plasticidade e viscoplasticidade sem e com revestimento elástico através de expressões analíticas e o software GEOMEC91 desenvolvido por Bernaud (1991), demonstrando excelente conformidade. Nos exemplos testados, a influência da viscoelasticidade do concreto pode aumentar as deformações em até 40% em comparação com o revestimento elástico, e a proximidade dos túneis longitudinais em cerca de 15% (fazendo com que o campo de deformações deixe de ser puramente radial). Também é estudada a influência de galerias transversais. / The structural desing and verification of tunnels involves several geotechnical parameters and the control of several structural variables, such as the convergence (closure) of the cavity, the pressure over the linning and the level of decompression of the rockmass. The field of deformations and stresses developed around the tunnel will depend of the depth, section geometry, surface load distribution, mechanical behavior of the rockmass and linning, as well as the process of excavation and placement of the linning. This dissertation deals with numerical simulations of long-term behavior in concrete lined tunnels, including twin tunnels. Therefore, for the rockmass it was considered a viscoplastic behavior law, with von-Mises yield surface coupled in the rheology model of Perzyna, and for concrete, it was considered a viscoelastic law through creep and shrinkage formulations in the CEB-MC90 adapted to the solidification theory of Bazant & Prasannan (1989a, 1989b). For this study, scripts were constructed for two-dimensional axissimetric and three-dimensional models in the ANSYS software. The implementation of concrete model is done through the material customization capabilities that ANSYS makes available: the UserMat subroutine. The process of excavation and placement of the linning is simulated through the activation/deactivation of finite elements considering a constant speed of advance of tunnel. The models are validated in elasticity, plasticity and viscoplasticity without and with elastic linning through analytical expressions and the software GEOMEC91 developed by Bernaud (1991), demonstrating excellent conformity. In the examples tested, the influence of viscoelastictity of the concrete can increase the deformations by up to 40% compared to the elastic linning, and the proximity of the longitudinal tunnels by about 15% (making the strain field no longer purely radial). The influence of transverse galleries is also studied.

O dimensionamento e verificação estrutural de túneis envolve diversos parâmetros geotécnicos e o controle de diversas variáveis estruturais como, por exemplo, a convergência (fechamento) da cavidade, a pressão atuante no revestimento e o nível de descompressão do maciço. O campo de deformações e tensões que se desenvolve no entorno do túnel dependerá da profundidade, da geometria da seção, da distribuição de cargas na superfície, da heterogeneidade e distribuição das camadas de solo, do comportamento mecânico conjunto do maciço e do revestimento, bem como do processo de escavação e colocação do revestimento. Esse trabalho trata de simulações numéricas do comportamento a longo prazo em túneis revestidos com concreto, incluindo túneis gêmeos. Portanto, o maciço foi considerado com uma lei de comportamento viscoplástica, com superfície de cedência de von-Mises acoplada no modelo reológico de Perzyna, e para o concreto, foi considerada uma lei viscoelástica através das formulações de fluência e retração constantes no CEB-MC90 adaptadas à teoria da solidificação de Bazant & Prasannan (1989ª, 1989b). Para esse estudo foram construídos scripts de modelos bidimensionais axissimétricos e tridimensionais no software ANSYS. A implementação do modelo do concreto é feita através do recurso de customização do material que o ANSYS disponibiliza: a subrotina UserMat. O processo de escavação e colocação do revestimento é simulado através do recurso de ativação e desativação dos elementos finitos considerando uma velocidade de avanço constante. Além da validação do modelo do concreto, é feita a validação dos modelos dos túneis em elasticidade, plasticidade e viscoplasticidade sem e com revestimento elástico através de expressões analíticas e o software GEOMEC91 desenvolvido por Bernaud (1991), demonstrando excelente conformidade. Nos exemplos testados, a influência da viscoelasticidade do concreto pode aumentar as deformações em até 40% em comparação com o revestimento elástico, e a proximidade dos túneis longitudinais em cerca de 15% (fazendo com que o campo de deformações deixe de ser puramente radial). Também é estudada a influência de galerias transversais. / The structural desing and verification of tunnels involves several geotechnical parameters and the control of several structural variables, such as the convergence (closure) of the cavity, the pressure over the linning and the level of decompression of the rockmass. The field of deformations and stresses developed around the tunnel will depend of the depth, section geometry, surface load distribution, mechanical behavior of the rockmass and linning, as well as the process of excavation and placement of the linning. This dissertation deals with numerical simulations of long-term behavior in concrete lined tunnels, including twin tunnels. Therefore, for the rockmass it was considered a viscoplastic behavior law, with von-Mises yield surface coupled in the rheology model of Perzyna, and for concrete, it was considered a viscoelastic law through creep and shrinkage formulations in the CEB-MC90 adapted to the solidification theory of Bazant & Prasannan (1989a, 1989b). For this study, scripts were constructed for two-dimensional axissimetric and three-dimensional models in the ANSYS software. The implementation of concrete model is done through the material customization capabilities that ANSYS makes available: the UserMat subroutine. The process of excavation and placement of the linning is simulated through the activation/deactivation of finite elements considering a constant speed of advance of tunnel. The models are validated in elasticity, plasticity and viscoplasticity without and with elastic linning through analytical expressions and the software GEOMEC91 developed by Bernaud (1991), demonstrating excellent conformity. In the examples tested, the influence of viscoelastictity of the concrete can increase the deformations by up to 40% compared to the elastic linning, and the proximity of the longitudinal tunnels by about 15% (making the strain field no longer purely radial). The influence of transverse galleries is also studied.

Lined silencers of various configurations are used to attenuate the noise from building HVAC equipment, gas turbines, and other machinery. First-mode analytical solutions are presented for sound attenuation along rectangular lined ducts, parallel-baffle silencers, and circular lined ducts. The sound absorptive lining is treated using a bulk property model. The analytical solutions entail solving a nonlinear characteristic equation in the transverse direction after the rigid-wall boundary condition is applied. The solution is compared to the boundary element solution and a local impedance analytical solution for several test cases.

<p> The tire air cavity mode is known to be a significant source of vehicle structure-borne road noise near 200 Hz. A porous lining placed on the inner surface of a tire is an effective countermeasure to attenuate that resonance. The two noticeable effects of such a lining are the reduction in frequency and the attenuation of the air cavity mode. In this thesis, through both theoretical and numerical analysis, the mechanism of the effects of a porous lining was studied. A two-dimensional duct-shaped theoretical model and a torus-shaped numerical model were built to investigate the lined tire in conjunction with the Johnson-Champoux-Allard model describing the viscous and thermal dissipative effects of the porous material. Design parameters of the porous lining were varied to study their impact and optimal ranges of the design parameters were identified. Finally, in an experimental analysis, the sound attenuation and the frequency drop were observed in measurements of force, acceleration, and sound pressure. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the suggested theoretical and numerical models successfully predict the effects of porous linings and that the frequency reduction results from the decreased sound speed within the tire owing to the presence of the liner. </p>

As an indirect consequence of increased heat cooling requirements, personal computers (PC) have become noisier due to the increased use of fans. Hard disk drives also contribute to the annoying noise radiated by personal computers, creating a need for the control of computer noise. Due to size constraints, the implementation of passive noise control techniques in PC is difficult. Alternatively, active noise control (ANC) may provide a compact solution to the noise problems discussed above, which is the subject of this work. First, the computer noise sources were characterized. The structure-borne path was altered passively through the decoupling of the vibrating sources from the chassis. Global noise control strategy was then investigated with a hybrid passive/active noise control technique based on folded lined ducts, integrating microphones and speakers, that were added to the PC air inlet and outlet. While the ducts were effective above 1000Hz, the use of a MIMO adaptive feedforward digital controller lead to significant noise reduction at the ducts outlets below 1000Hz. However, global performance was limited due to important airborne flanking paths. Finally, the same type of controller was used to create a zone of quiet around the PC user head location. It was implemented using multimedia speakers and microphones, while the computer was placed in a semi-reverberant environment. A large zone of quiet surrounding the head was created at low frequencies (250Hz), and its size would reduce with increasing frequency (up to 1000Hz). / Master of Science