No description available.

No description available.

Modificações neurosensoriais, decorrentes de complicações relacionadas a tratamentos odontológicos, estão entre as principais causas de litígio envolvendo cirurgiões-dentistas. Um dos nervos mais acometidos nestes casos é o nervo lingual. Entre os inconvenientes apontados nas queixas judiciais estão as dificuldades na articulação dos sons da fala nessas situações. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se há dano à função fonética resultante da ausência de sensibilidade unilateral da língua induzida por anestesia do nervo lingual. Participaram do estudo 10 sujeitos voluntários, brasileiros, do sexo masculino, com idade entre 21 e 27 anos. Foram realizadas as análises perceptual e acústica das falas gravadas antes e depois da anestesia do nervo lingual. Além disso, os sujeitos da pesquisa responderam a um questionário com o objetivo de avaliar o nível de desconforto e dificuldade na produção da fala. Após assinatura do TCLE e avaliação clínica e fonoaudiológica, os sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos. As gravações consistiram em conjuntos de vogais e palavras. Para o segundo grupo, a leitura de um texto foi acrescentada para o estudo da fala encadeada. Para a análise perceptual foram observados os comportamentos das falas em relação à inteligibilidade, ao pitch, loudness e co-articulação. Para o segundo grupo, a fala encadeada foi analisada quanto ao ritmo, fluidez, co-articulação e velocidade de produção. Não foram observadas quaisquer diferenças nos parâmetros perceptivo auditivos definidos para o estudo. Para a análise acústica, realizou-se o estudo de cinco vogais isoladas e da fricativa sibilante /s/. Foram extraídos e comparados os valores dos dois primeiros formantes das vogais /a, / , /i/, / e /u/. Foi possível observar que, apesar de existirem diferenças nos valores absolutos dos formantes, eles se mantiveram em faixas de freqüências características das vogais faladas nos dois momentos e, além disso, nenhum indivíduo relatou qualquer dificuldade em relação à produção das vogais. Os parâmetros escolhidos para análise comparativa da consoante sibilante /s/ foram: a localização do pico espectral de maior amplitude, o coeficiente de assimetria, o coeficiente de curtose e o centro de gravidade. As análises demonstraram que os padrões desses parâmetros também foram mantidos após a aplicação da anestesia. Ademais, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois momentos, para os parâmetros analisados. Apesar de 03 sujeitos (30%) relatarem dificuldades na produção de determinados fonemas, as análises das gravações de suas falas demonstraram não haver nenhuma diferença significativa entre os dois momentos. O presente trabalho ofereceu informações importantes a respeito de técnicas que podem ser utilizadas nas perícias envolvendo o dano fonético. Ficando claro que é preciso uma interpretação criteriosa dos resultados apresentados, especialmente nas análises acústicas. Os resultados encontrados permitem concluir que não houve dano fonético resultante da inibição funcional unilateral do nervo lingual para o grupo pesquisado. / Sensorineural changes due to complications related to dentistry treatments are between the main litigation causes involving dentists. One of the most affected nerves in these situations is the lingual nerve. Speech changes are related as a complication in these cases. The purpose of this study was to analyze the possible phonetic damage resulting from lingual nerve sensorial alterations induced by anesthesia. The study group consisted of 10 men, aged between 21 and 27 years. Perceptual and acoustic analyses of the speech samples recorded before and after the lingual nerve anesthesia were performed. Moreover, the subjects answered a questionnaire to discuss the level of discomfort and difficulty in speaking. The informers were divided into two groups. The recording consisted of a combination of vowels and words. A text reading was added for the second group. Perceptual analyses studied the behavior of the intelligibility, pitch, loudness and co-articulation. For the second group, the pace, fluidity, co-articulation and production speed were evaluated. There were no differences in perceptive parameters defined for the study. The acoustic analyses of isolated vowels /a/, / , /i/, / , /u/ were performed. The first two formant frequencies values were analyzed. It was possible to observe that, despite of the differences in absolute values of formants, they were located in bands of frequencies that are characteristics of the vowels spoken, in both moments. In addition, none of the subjects reported any difficulty in produce vowel sounds. The parameters chosen for acoustic analysis of /s/ sound were: location of the greater spectral peak, skewness, kurtosis and center of gravity. The analyses showed that the patterns of these parameters were maintained after the application of the anesthesia. Moreover, when the two moments were compared, no statistically significant differences for the parameters analyzed were found. Three subjects (30%) reported difficulties in the production of certain phonemes, but the analysis of their records did not show any significant difference between the two moments. This study provides important information about techniques that can be used in phonetic damage investigation. A careful interpretation of the results presented by acoustic analyses in these cases is necessary. It can be concluded that there was no phonetic damage resulting from the unilateral inhibition of the lingual nerve function for the enrolled group.

Modificações neurosensoriais, decorrentes de complicações relacionadas a tratamentos odontológicos, estão entre as principais causas de litígio envolvendo cirurgiões-dentistas. Um dos nervos mais acometidos nestes casos é o nervo lingual. Entre os inconvenientes apontados nas queixas judiciais estão as dificuldades na articulação dos sons da fala nessas situações. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se há dano à função fonética resultante da ausência de sensibilidade unilateral da língua induzida por anestesia do nervo lingual. Participaram do estudo 10 sujeitos voluntários, brasileiros, do sexo masculino, com idade entre 21 e 27 anos. Foram realizadas as análises perceptual e acústica das falas gravadas antes e depois da anestesia do nervo lingual. Além disso, os sujeitos da pesquisa responderam a um questionário com o objetivo de avaliar o nível de desconforto e dificuldade na produção da fala. Após assinatura do TCLE e avaliação clínica e fonoaudiológica, os sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos. As gravações consistiram em conjuntos de vogais e palavras. Para o segundo grupo, a leitura de um texto foi acrescentada para o estudo da fala encadeada. Para a análise perceptual foram observados os comportamentos das falas em relação à inteligibilidade, ao pitch, loudness e co-articulação. Para o segundo grupo, a fala encadeada foi analisada quanto ao ritmo, fluidez, co-articulação e velocidade de produção. Não foram observadas quaisquer diferenças nos parâmetros perceptivo auditivos definidos para o estudo. Para a análise acústica, realizou-se o estudo de cinco vogais isoladas e da fricativa sibilante /s/. Foram extraídos e comparados os valores dos dois primeiros formantes das vogais /a, / , /i/, / e /u/. Foi possível observar que, apesar de existirem diferenças nos valores absolutos dos formantes, eles se mantiveram em faixas de freqüências características das vogais faladas nos dois momentos e, além disso, nenhum indivíduo relatou qualquer dificuldade em relação à produção das vogais. Os parâmetros escolhidos para análise comparativa da consoante sibilante /s/ foram: a localização do pico espectral de maior amplitude, o coeficiente de assimetria, o coeficiente de curtose e o centro de gravidade. As análises demonstraram que os padrões desses parâmetros também foram mantidos após a aplicação da anestesia. Ademais, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois momentos, para os parâmetros analisados. Apesar de 03 sujeitos (30%) relatarem dificuldades na produção de determinados fonemas, as análises das gravações de suas falas demonstraram não haver nenhuma diferença significativa entre os dois momentos. O presente trabalho ofereceu informações importantes a respeito de técnicas que podem ser utilizadas nas perícias envolvendo o dano fonético. Ficando claro que é preciso uma interpretação criteriosa dos resultados apresentados, especialmente nas análises acústicas. Os resultados encontrados permitem concluir que não houve dano fonético resultante da inibição funcional unilateral do nervo lingual para o grupo pesquisado. / Sensorineural changes due to complications related to dentistry treatments are between the main litigation causes involving dentists. One of the most affected nerves in these situations is the lingual nerve. Speech changes are related as a complication in these cases. The purpose of this study was to analyze the possible phonetic damage resulting from lingual nerve sensorial alterations induced by anesthesia. The study group consisted of 10 men, aged between 21 and 27 years. Perceptual and acoustic analyses of the speech samples recorded before and after the lingual nerve anesthesia were performed. Moreover, the subjects answered a questionnaire to discuss the level of discomfort and difficulty in speaking. The informers were divided into two groups. The recording consisted of a combination of vowels and words. A text reading was added for the second group. Perceptual analyses studied the behavior of the intelligibility, pitch, loudness and co-articulation. For the second group, the pace, fluidity, co-articulation and production speed were evaluated. There were no differences in perceptive parameters defined for the study. The acoustic analyses of isolated vowels /a/, / , /i/, / , /u/ were performed. The first two formant frequencies values were analyzed. It was possible to observe that, despite of the differences in absolute values of formants, they were located in bands of frequencies that are characteristics of the vowels spoken, in both moments. In addition, none of the subjects reported any difficulty in produce vowel sounds. The parameters chosen for acoustic analysis of /s/ sound were: location of the greater spectral peak, skewness, kurtosis and center of gravity. The analyses showed that the patterns of these parameters were maintained after the application of the anesthesia. Moreover, when the two moments were compared, no statistically significant differences for the parameters analyzed were found. Three subjects (30%) reported difficulties in the production of certain phonemes, but the analysis of their records did not show any significant difference between the two moments. This study provides important information about techniques that can be used in phonetic damage investigation. A careful interpretation of the results presented by acoustic analyses in these cases is necessary. It can be concluded that there was no phonetic damage resulting from the unilateral inhibition of the lingual nerve function for the enrolled group.

La lactancia materna es uno de los elementos trascendentales para la vida humana, no solo en términos nutricionales sino también por los componentes afectivos que se dan en ella, además de permitir el desarrollo adecuado de las estructuras esqueletales de la cara y de las funciones estomatognáticas (succión, deglución, masticación y habla). Las características del frenillo lingual en bebés posibilita o interfiere en el movimiento de la lengua, afectando la lactancia, por ello el diagnóstico precoz del frenillo lingual alterado y una intervención temprana beneficiará las funciones de succión, deglución durante la lactancia y evitará problemas posteriores, principalmente del habla, dificultad más común que requiere de un tratamiento fonoaudiológico. El método empleado en el presente trabajo es de tipo descriptivo simple en la medida que se busca establecer las características de lactancia en bebés de 1 a 6 meses de edad con presencia de un frenillo alterado. Este estudio tiene una población equivalente de 50 lactantes de 1 a 6 meses del Hospital Rosalía de Lavalle de Morales Macedo en Lima. Los resultados obtenidos de acuerdo a la puntuación del protocolo elaborado por Roberta Martinelli fueron que 5 infantes presentaron frenillo alterado, teniendo una lactancia caracterizada por movimientos linguales inadecuados con protrusión lingual limitada, incoordinación de movimientos, demora para iniciar la succión, pocas succiones con pausas largas, muerden y sueltan el pezón, emiten chasquidos, entre otros; y 45 de ellos tuvieron frenillo sin alteración, lo cual repercute en un desequilibrio entre la eficiencia alimenticia y las funciones de succión, deglución y respiración. / Breastfeeding is one of the transcendental element for human life, not only nutritionally but also affective components that occur in it and allows the proper development of skeletal structures of the face and stomatognathic functions (sucking, swallowing , chewing and speaking ) as well as other social activities. The characteristics of the lingual frenulum in infants enables or interferes with the movement of the tongue, affecting breastfeeding, so the early diagnosis of altered lingual frenulum and early intervention benefit functions of sucking, swallowing during lactation and prevent further problems, mainly the speech, the most common difficulty that requires treatment by a speech therapist. The method used in this work is simple descriptive to the extent that it seeks to establish a profile in infants 1-6 months of age , associated with breastfeeding in relation to the bridle . This study has a population equivalent of 50 infants 1 month to 6 months Hospital Lavalle Rosalia Morales Macedo in Lima. The results obtained according to the protocol developed by score Roberta Martinelli were that 5 infants had altered bridle, having a feeding tongue movements characterized by inadequate tongue protrusion limited, uncoordinated movements, delay to start the suction few sucks with longer pauses, bite and release the nipple, emit clicks, among others; and 45 of them had bridle unchanged, which affects an imbalance between feed efficiency and functions of sucking, swallowing and breathing. / Tesis

No description available.

Automated classification of texts into genres can benefit NLP applications, in that the structure, location and even interpretation of information within a text are dictated by its genre. Cross-lingual methods promise such benefits to languages which lack genre-annotated training data. While there has been work on genre classification for over two decades, none has considered cross-lingual methods before the start of this project. My research aims to fill this gap. It follows previous approaches to monolingual genre classification that exploit simple, low-level text features, many of which can be extracted in different languages and have similar functions. This contrasts with work on cross-lingual topic or sentiment classification of texts that typically use word frequencies as features. These have been shown to have limited use when it comes to genres. Many such methods also assume cross-lingual resources, such as machine translation, which limits the range of their application. A selection of these approaches are used as baselines in my experiments. I report the results of two semi-supervised methods for exploiting genre-labelled source language texts and unlabelled target language texts. The first is a relatively simple algorithm that bridges the language gap by exploiting cross-lingual features and then iteratively re-trains a classification model on previously predicted target texts. My results show that this approach works well where only few cross-lingual resources are available and texts are to be classified into broad genre categories. It is also shown that further improvements can be achieved through multi-lingual training or cross-lingual feature selection if genre-annotated texts are available in several source languages. The second is a variant of the label propagation algorithm. This graph-based classifier learns genre-specific feature set weights from both source and target language texts and uses them to adjust the propagation channels for each text. This allows further feature sets to be added as additional resources, such as Part of Speech taggers, become available. While the method performs well even with basic text features, it is shown to benefit from additional feature sets. Results also indicate that it handles fine-grained genre classes better than the iterative re-labelling method.

Making computers automatically find the appropriate meaning of words in context is an interesting problem that has proven to be one of the most challenging tasks in natural language processing (NLP). Widespread potential applications of a possible solution to the problem could be envisaged in several NLP tasks such as text simplification, language learning, machine translation, query expansion, information retrieval and text summarization. Ambiguity of words has always been a challenge in these applications, and the traditional endeavor to solve the problem of this ambiguity, namely doing word sense disambiguation using resources like WordNet, has been fraught with debate about the feasibility of the granularity that exists in WordNet senses. The recent trend has therefore been to move away from enforcing any given lexical resource upon automated systems from which to pick potential candidate senses,and to instead encourage them to pick and choose their own resources. Given a sentence with a target ambiguous word, an alternative solution consists of picking potential candidate substitutes for the target, filtering the list of the candidates to a much shorter list using various heuristics, and trying to match these system predictions against a human generated gold standard, with a view to ensuring that the meaning of the sentence does not change after the substitutions. This solution has manifested itself in the SemEval 2007 task of lexical substitution and the more recent SemEval 2010 task of cross-lingual lexical substitution (which I helped organize), where given an English context and a target word within that context, the systems are required to provide between one and ten appropriate substitutes (in English) or translations (in Spanish) for the target word. In this dissertation, I present a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art research and describe new experiments to tackle the tasks of lexical substitution and cross-lingual lexical substitution. In particular I attempt to answer some research questions pertinent to the tasks, mostly focusing on completely unsupervised approaches. I present a new framework for unsupervised lexical substitution using graphs and centrality algorithms. An additional novelty in this approach is the use of directional similarity rather than the traditional, symmetric word similarity. Additionally, the thesis also explores the extension of the monolingual framework into a cross-lingual one, and examines how well this cross-lingual framework can work for the monolingual lexical substitution and cross-lingual lexical substitution tasks. A comprehensive set of comparative investigations are presented amongst supervised and unsupervised methods, several graph based methods, and the use of monolingual and multilingual information.

Submitted by PPG Odontologia (odontologia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-06-01T18:37:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HELENA_REIS_DE_SOUZA_DIS.pdf: 2120172 bytes, checksum: 2d2cf27eb62820567fad6473013b8fe7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-06-11T20:49:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HELENA_REIS_DE_SOUZA_DIS.pdf: 2120172 bytes, checksum: 2d2cf27eb62820567fad6473013b8fe7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T20:52:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HELENA_REIS_DE_SOUZA_DIS.pdf: 2120172 bytes, checksum: 2d2cf27eb62820567fad6473013b8fe7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Objective: Quantify the metal ion release of different brazing and welding methods in the saliva of patients that need a lingual arch appliance and evaluate the surfaces of soldered and welded bands in scanning el?ctron microscopy (SEM). Material and Methods: 64 patients were selected and distributed into four groups: Group 1 (21 patients that did not need a lingual arch), group 2 (16 patients that needed a lingual arch and had the appliance manufactured with the silver solder brazing method), group 3 (14 patients that needed a lingual arch and had the appliance manufactured with the laser welding method) and group 4 (13 patients that needed a lingual arch and had the appliance manufactured with the TIG welding method). Saliva samples were collected at different points in time (before treatment, 7 days after placing appliance, 15 days after placing appliance and 30 days after placing appliance) and were analyzed with an ICP mass spectrometer followed by generalized estimating equation modeling with a 5% level of significance. In addition, 9 bands with steel joints were evaluated in SEM to compare the surface of the 3 different joining techniques (brazing, laser welding and TIG welding). Results: For ions Cr, Fe, Cu and Sn comparing concentrations between groups, there was no difference in the variation along the collections and there was no statistically significant difference throughout the collections for any of the groups when comparing these ions concentrations. For Ni, values were compared in groups and at points in time, and an interaction effect was seen (P<0.001). For Zn, Ag, and Cd there was no difference along the points in time. For Zn there was statistic difference from group 4 to groups 1 and 2; for Ag there was statistic difference from group 4 to groups 2 and 3. For Cd there was statistic difference from T1 for T4 in all groups. Digital images were generated and showed different surface characteristics. Brazing presented a flatter and smoother area, while laser and TIG welding developed rougher areas. Conclusions: Orthodontics appliances may affect salivary ion concentrations in vivo over the short term evaluated. For most ions evaluated there was no increasing significant release comparing types of soldering/welding and comparing values throughout the points in time at the same group. Levels resembled those already documented and remained below the daily dietary metals intake. Nevertheless, small amounts of metal ions are able to induce allergic reactions and should be considered. The protocol performed for conventional welding, together with a suitable 7 finishing and polishing, guarantees a more regular welded ring surface. The protocols for laser and TIG welding still have undefined aspects, and the need for filling material must be evaluated to cover irregularities and prevent failures. / Objetivo: Avaliar e quantificar a presen?a de ?ons met?licos na saliva de pacientes em uso de arco lingual com diferentes tipos de soldagem e avaliar as superf?cies de an?is soldados por diferentes t?cnicas em microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV). Material e M?todo: 64 pacientes foram selecionados e distribu?dos em quatro grupos: grupo 1 (21 pacientes sem necessidade de uso de arco lingual), grupo 2 (16 pacientes em uso de arco lingual, sendo o aparelho fabricado pelo m?todo de soldagem a prata), grupo 3 (14 pacientes em uso de arco lingual, sendo o aparelho fabricado pelo m?todo de soldagem a laser) e grupo 4 (13 pacientes em uso de arco lingual, sendo o aparelho fabricado pelo m?todo de soldagem TIG). Amostras de saliva foram coletadas em diferentes tempos (inicial ? sem aparelho, 7, 15 dias e 30 dias ap?s a coloca??o do aparelho) e foram analisadas em ICP-MS seguido de an?lise estat?stica para compara??o pelo modelo de equa??es de estimativas generalizadas com n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. Al?m disso, 9 an?is com fios de a?o soldados foram avaliados em MEV para comparar as t?cnicas de soldagem a prata, soldagem a laser e soldagem a TIG em rela??o ? superf?cie. Resultados: Para as concentra??es de ?ons Cr, Fe, Cu e Sn comparadas entre os grupos, n?o houve diferen?a na varia??o ao longo das cole??es e n?o houve diferen?a estatisticamente significativa ao longo das coletas para os grupos. Para Ni, os valores foram comparados em grupos e tempos de coleta, encontrando um efeito de intera??o (P<0,001). Para Zn, Ag, e Cd, n?o houve diferen?a ao longo dos pontos no tempo. Para Zn houve diferen?a estat?stica do grupo 4 para os grupos 1 e 2; Para Ag houve diferen?a estat?stica do grupo 4 para os grupos 2 e 3. Para Cd houve diferen?a estat?stica de T1 para T4 em todos os grupos. Imagens digitais apresentaram caracter?sticas de superf?cie diferentes para cada m?todo de soldagem testado. A solda de prata apresentou uma ?rea mais lisa e suave, enquanto a soldagem a laser e a TIG desenvolveu ?reas mais irregulares. Conclus?es: Aparelhos ortod?nticos podem afetar as concentra??es de ?ons em um curto per?odo de avalia??o. Para a maioria dos ?ons avaliados, n?o houve aumento significativo na libera??o comparando tipos de solda e comparando valores em todos os pontos no mesmo grupo. Os n?veis se assemelham aos j? publicados na literatura e est?o abaixo dos limites para ingest?o di?ria na dieta. No entanto, pequenas quantidades de ?ons met?licos s?o capazes de induzir rea??es al?rgicas e devem 7 ser consideradas. O protocolo realizado para soldagem convencional, juntamente com acabamento e polimento adequados, garante uma superf?cie mais regular. Os protocolos para soldagem laser e TIG ainda possuem aspectos indefinidos e a necessidade de material de preenchimento deve ser avaliada para cobrir irregularidades e evitar falhas.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1980. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-173).