Cette thèse est une étude contrastive des moyens exprimant le passif en français et en thaï dont l’objectif est non seulement d’étudier les ressemblances et les divergences entre le français et le thaï, mais aussi de réviser la définition générale du passif, à travers l’examen de plusieurs constructions passives phrastiques de deux langues typologiquement différentes. Selon notre étude, en français, le passif intervient surtout sous l’effet de facteurs thématiques plutôt que sémantiques, et apparaît surtout en fonction de la continuité discursive et des contraintes de constructions verbales. En thaï, il intervient surtout en fonction de son apport sémantique : détrimental, bénéfactif, et neutre. En outre, le passif s’emploie en français plus fréquemment qu’en thaï. D’après le résultat de notre corpus, le sujet patient dans le passif peut être effacé en thaï, comme dans les autres constructions, mais pas en français. Par contre, le complément d’agent peut être absent dans le passif des deux langues. L’ordre préférentiel des syntagmes nominaux en français va de l’inanimé singulier à l’inanimé singulier alors que celui du passif en thaï est de l’humain singulier à l’humain singulier. De plus, les verbes qui s’emploient dans plusieurs constructions passives ne peuvent pas se substituer entre eux avec une totale liberté. Enfin, en ce qui concerne la révision de la définition générale du passif, il apparaît que l’on ne peut pas le définir sans prendre en compte des critères sémantiques. / This research is a contrastive study of various passive syntactic constructions in French and Thai. The study also extends to examine the general definitions of passive, by studying various passive constructions in both languages. The findings reveal that in French, the language constructions with passive meaning are characterized thematically more than semantically, and the passive forms are presented according to focalization or verbal expressions. However, in Thai, the passive forms are characterized semantically – detrimental, benefactive, and neutral – the meaning governing the choice of passive structures. Constructions with passive meaning are more frequently used in French than in Thai. Besides, grammatical subjects with patient role can be omitted in Thai, but not in French. Agents can be deleted in both languages. In French, noun phrase order constructions with passive meaning are from singular impersonal noun to singular impersonal noun, while in Thai they are from singular personal noun to singular personal noun. Furthermore, some verbs which can be employed in the various constructions with passive meaning cannot always freely substitute in all constructions. Finally, the study shows that the general definitions of passive cannot be accepted without considering semantic factors.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the language attitudes of thirty-two Swedishstudents of Malaca Instituto in Málaga, Spain, who are or were studying Spanish asa foreign language through the University of Stockholm, Sweden. The studyexamines the informants’ attitudes towards dialects in general, as well as towardsthe Andalusian linguistic variety, compared to the standard Spanish. Theresearcher used a questionary and Likert’s scale to compare the subjects’ answers.The results show that students have positive attitudes towards the Andalusianlinguistic variety and towards dialects in general. The results also show that it is anadvantage to learn a standard dialect of a language. However, it is not necessary tobe able to speak standard Spanish. The subjects perceive a difference between theSpanish that they learn in class and the vernacular language that is spoken inMálaga. Furthermore, students don’t think that the Andalusian linguistic variety isa “bad language”. The analysis of both positive and negative answers according tothe variable gender showed that Swedish women in this study do not prefer to usethe standard language, nor do men prefer to use more dialectal or local language.This is contradicting the results of other similar studies.

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As we all know the classical set theory has a deep-rooted influence in the traditional mathematics. According to the two-valued logic, an element can belong to a set or cannot. In the former case, the element’s membership degree will be assigned to one, whereas in the latter case it takes the zero value. With other words, a feeling of imprecision or fuzziness in the two-valued logic does not exist. With the rapid development of science and technology, more and more scientists have gradually come to realize the vital importance of the multi-valued logic. Thus, in 1965, Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh from Berkeley University put forward the concept of a fuzzy set. In less than 60 years, people became more and more familiar with fuzzy set theory. The theory of fuzzy sets has been turned to be a favor applied to many fields. The study aims to apply some classical and extensional methods of fuzzy set theory in life expectancy and treatment prognoses for cancer patients. The research is based on real-life problems encountered in clinical works by physicians. From the introductory items of the fuzzy set theory to the medical applications, a collection of detailed analysis of fuzzy set theory and its extensions are presented in the thesis. Concretely speaking, the Mamdani fuzzy control systems and the Sugeno controller have been applied to predict the survival length of gastric cancer patients. In order to keep the gastric cancer patients, already examined, away from the unnecessary suffering from surgical operation, the fuzzy c-means clustering analysis has been adopted to investigate the possibilities for operation contra to nonoperation. Furthermore, the approach of point set approximation has been adopted to estimate the operation possibilities against to nonoperation for an arbitrary gastric cancer patient. In addition, in the domain of multi-expert decision-making, the probabilistic model, the model of 2-tuple linguistic representations and the hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTS) have been utilized to select the most consensual treatment scheme(s) for two separate prostate cancer patients. The obtained results have supplied the physicians with reliable and helpful information. Therefore, the research work can be seen as the mathematical complements to the physicians’ queries.

A presente tese discute a comunicação como fator dependente da interação e da cortesia linguísticas inseridas nos manuais de etiqueta, visando a identificar explícita e implicitamente as estratégias interacionais apresentadas por três autores, escolhi-dos como corpus, os quais compõem três guias de comportamento: 1)Marcelino por Claudia: o guia de boas maneiras de Marcelino de Carvalho interpretado por Claudia, de Claudia Matarazzo; 2)Etiqueta Século XXI: um guia prático de boas ma-neiras para os novos tempos, de Celia Ribeiro; 3)Sempre, às vezes, nunca: etiqueta e comportamento, de Fabio Arruda. Destes três manuais, foram escolhidas algu-mas partes que cabiam à análise proposta. A pesquisa busca embasamento nas perspectivas da Análise da Conversação (AC) e na Sociolinguística Interacional (SI). Essas bases possuem duas linhas dorsais, com estudos sobre interações e cor-tesia linguística. Dá-se ainda uma visão panorâmica dos três livros pertencentes ao corpus, com uma breve análise da variação linguística. Investiga-se também a utili-dade desses manuais na melhoria dos níveis de interação social. A análise dos mar-cadores de cortesia percorre os critérios de correção, atenuadores, modalizadores, formas de tratamento e situações de ameaça às faces, visando a encontrar respos-tas para os questionamentos da pesquisa. Quanto aos aspectos comportamentais da cortesia são pouco mencionados, exceto os que estão inseridos no contexto fala ou na intenção de fala. O estudo parte de um ponto de vista sobre a cortesia linguís-tica; teoria de ameaça às faces positiva e negativa, concentrando-se na linguagem de interesse social e na interação entre indivíduos ou grupos. / This thesis discusses communication as an interaction-dependent factor and linguis-tic politeness inserted in etiquette manuals, in order to explicit and implicitly identify the interactional strategies presented by three authors chosen as corpus, which is comprised of some parts chosen from three manuals of behavior: 1) Marcelino by Claudia: the guide to good manners by Marcelino de Carvalho interpreted by Clau-dia, by Claudia Matarazzo; 2) 21st Century Etiquette: a practical guide to good manners for modern times, by Celia Ribeiro; 3) Always, sometimes, never: etiquette and behavior, by Fabio Arruda. This research seeks to establish the bases for per-spectives in Conversation Analysis (CA) and in Interactional Sociolinguistics (IS). These theorical bases have two dorsal structures or chief ideas, with studies on lin-guistic interactions and politeness. It gives still a birds-eye view of the three books belonging to the corpus, with a brief analysis of linguistic variation. It also investigates the usefulness of these manuals in the improvement of social interaction levels. The analysis of politeness markers traverses the criteria for correction, attenuators, modalizations (a speakers attitude towards their own utterance), forms of treatment, and faces threatening acts (FTA), in order to find answers to the researchs posing questions. Behavioral aspects of courtesy are mentioned only when inserted into speech context or its intention. The study originates from a point of view about lin-guistic politeness; threatening theory on positive and negative faces, focusing on the language of social interest, with the purpose of continuity of interaction between indi-viduals or groups.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-11-08T13:21:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 César Augusto González_.pdf: 25221815 bytes, checksum: 7201e1c307aa3f2475aea0eb25345c2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-08T13:21:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 César Augusto González_.pdf: 25221815 bytes, checksum: 7201e1c307aa3f2475aea0eb25345c2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / A presente tese versa sobre práticas pedagógicas desde uma perspectiva de Pedagogia da Variação Linguística. Seu objetivo é oferecer concretude ao conceito de Pedagogia da Variação Linguística por meio do registro e da análise de práticas pedagógicas adotadas por um professor-pesquisador, com vistas a oxigenar o debate acerca do ensino e da aprendizagem de línguas, incluindo alternativas para o respeito e a valorização do multilinguismo e da diversidade linguística. A pesquisa fundamenta-se sobre os conceitos de Variação Linguística e de Projetos de Letramento. Assume-se uma concepção filosófica sócio-construtivista e adota-se uma metodologia qualitativa. Nessa toada, aborda-se a construção de uma Pedagogia da Variação Linguística por meio de uma pesquisa-ação, na qual o pesquisador planeja, implementa e avalia mudanças em sua própria prática pedagógica. Ao longo de todo um ano letivo, na condição de professor da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa e Literatura Brasileira em um Instituto Federal localizado no Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, o pesquisador implementou práticas que foram registradas por meio da manutenção de um caderno de campo e da catalogação de documentos (planejamento das aulas, textos e tarefas de alunos). Ao final do ano letivo, com o intuito de dar voz aos alunos, constituíram-se grupos focais, os quais tematizaram as aulas de Língua Portuguesa ao longo do ano letivo e a concepção de Variação Linguística dos alunos. A triangulação dos dados permitiu analisar as práticas pedagógicas adotadas, que se revelaram muito profícuas no sentido de construir sentidos positivos para a Variação Linguística, identificando-a com riqueza sociocultural. As práticas adotadas também se revelaram importantes para o reconhecimento e a valorização do multilinguismo, entendido como relevante para a reverberação das diferentes vozes sociais. Conclui-se que a Pedagogia da Variação Linguística possui grande potencial para oxigenar o debate sobre Educação Linguística, incluindo um esforço em pautar o multilinguismo e a diversidade linguística na aula de Língua Portuguesa. / This thesis is about pedagogical practices from a perspective of Pedagogy of the Linguistic Variation. It aims to offer concreteness to the concept of Pedagogy of the Linguistic Variation by means of the record and the analysis of pedagogical practices assumed by a professor-researcher with a view to stimulate the debate about language teaching and learning, including alternatives for the respect and the appreciation of multilingualism and linguistic diversity. The research is based on concepts of linguistic variation and literacy projects. A socio-constructivist philosophical conception is assumed and a qualitative methodology is adopted. In this sense the construction of a Pedagogy of the Linguistic Variation is approached by means of an action research, in which the researcher plans, implements and evaluates changes in his own pedagogical practices. During the whole academic year, as the professor of Portuguese Language and Brazilian Literature discipline in a Federal Institute that is in Northern Rio Grande do Sul, the researcher implemented practices that were recorded by means of the maintenance of a field notebook and of the cataloging of documents (class planning, students’ texts and assignments). At the end of the academic year, with the purpose of giving voice to students, focus groups were formed. These groups discussed the Portuguese Language classes during the academic year and the students’ conception of Linguistic Variation. The triangulation of data allowed to analyze the pedagogical practices that were adopted, which turned out very profitable in the sense of constructing positive meanings for the Linguistic Variation, identifying it with a socio-cultural wealth. The adopted practices also turned out important for the recognition and appreciation of the multilingualism, understood as relevant for the repercussion of different social voices. It is concluded that the Pedagogy of the Linguistic Variation has a great potential to foment a debate about Linguistic Education, including an effort to discuss the multilingualism and the linguistic diversity in Portuguese Language class.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar a manifestação lingüístico-discursiva a respeito de língua, identidade lingüística e cidadania presente na obra de Lima Barreto, literato que viveu no Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 1881 e 1922. De maneira específica, examina o significado da literatura militante do autor, sua crítica ao purismo lingüístico e sua manifestação crítica nas crônicas jornalísticas e ficcionais. Para isso, baseamo-nos nos pressupostos teóricos da História das Idéias Lingüísticas, os quais dizem que o estudo de uma língua vincula-se a assuntos relevantes da história e da constituição de determinada sociedade na tentativa de compreender o imaginário social que se constitui ao longo dessa história, chegando à identificação lingüístico-cultural de um povo. Isso é possível, porque uma produção literária sempre está associada a um tempo e, portanto, reflete as angústias e os sonhos a ela contemporâneos, transformando-se em relato de determinado contato sócio-histórico. Nesse sentido, analisar a obra limana possibilita a aquisição de um conhecimento sobre a história da língua portuguesa do Brasil. / The aim of this work is to analyze the linguistic-discourse occurrence of the language, linguistic identity and citizenship presented at Lima Barretos work, literate that lived in Rio de Janeiro by the years 1881 and 1922. Especially it examines the meaning of the militant literature of the author, his criticism to the linguistic purist and its occurrence in the journalistic and fiction chronicles.To do it, we based on the theoretical presumption of the History of the Linguistic Ideas which says that the study of a language is linked to the relevant subjects of the history and the constitution of a specific society trying to comprehend the social imaginary that is built along its history, in order to identify the linguistic-culture of a people. That is possible because a literary production is always linked to a time and, therefore, it shows its anxieties and dreams, changing into a relate of a specific social-historical contact. In this sense, the analysis of Lima Barretos work helps to acquire knowledge about the history of the Portuguese language in Brazil.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar a manifestação lingüístico-discursiva a respeito de língua, identidade lingüística e cidadania presente na obra de Lima Barreto, literato que viveu no Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 1881 e 1922. De maneira específica, examina o significado da literatura militante do autor, sua crítica ao purismo lingüístico e sua manifestação crítica nas crônicas jornalísticas e ficcionais. Para isso, baseamo-nos nos pressupostos teóricos da História das Idéias Lingüísticas, os quais dizem que o estudo de uma língua vincula-se a assuntos relevantes da história e da constituição de determinada sociedade na tentativa de compreender o imaginário social que se constitui ao longo dessa história, chegando à identificação lingüístico-cultural de um povo. Isso é possível, porque uma produção literária sempre está associada a um tempo e, portanto, reflete as angústias e os sonhos a ela contemporâneos, transformando-se em relato de determinado contato sócio-histórico. Nesse sentido, analisar a obra limana possibilita a aquisição de um conhecimento sobre a história da língua portuguesa do Brasil. / The aim of this work is to analyze the linguistic-discourse occurrence of the language, linguistic identity and citizenship presented at Lima Barretos work, literate that lived in Rio de Janeiro by the years 1881 and 1922. Especially it examines the meaning of the militant literature of the author, his criticism to the linguistic purist and its occurrence in the journalistic and fiction chronicles.To do it, we based on the theoretical presumption of the History of the Linguistic Ideas which says that the study of a language is linked to the relevant subjects of the history and the constitution of a specific society trying to comprehend the social imaginary that is built along its history, in order to identify the linguistic-culture of a people. That is possible because a literary production is always linked to a time and, therefore, it shows its anxieties and dreams, changing into a relate of a specific social-historical contact. In this sense, the analysis of Lima Barretos work helps to acquire knowledge about the history of the Portuguese language in Brazil.