The aim of the project was to investigate a green and sustainable replacement for boric acid in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) adhesives for solid paperboard production. Boric acid acts as a cross-linker and tackifier in the adhesive but is classified as a harmful substance. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was therefore investigated as a possible replacement for boric acid since it is produced from renewable and sustainable resources. In addition, it has hydroxyl groups available for interaction with the PVA, can be used to modulate the viscosity and can function under a variety of pH-values.  For the industrial process, there are three basic characteristics which must be met by the newly developed adhesive, which have to be the same as for the boric acid-containing reference. These three are the viscosity, the pH-value, and the dry content. Furthermore, it is important that the initial wet tack and the final adhesive strength are at least as high as the reference’s.  In this context, eight types of samples were investigated in total. Two were references, one prepared on industrial and the second on a laboratory scale according to a current industrial recipe. In the other six samples, the boric acid from the recipe was replaced by three different weight percentages of MFC of two different industrial grades. Both the dry content and the pH-value were not noticeably influenced by the addition of MFC. The viscosity however increased drastically with the increasing amount of MFC. The addition of MFC was enough to reach the three basic characteristics. In addition it was observed positive effects on a couple of other parameters that is beneficial for the glue.   A test method for evaluating the initial wet tack of the adhesive was developed. It was shown, that the tack of the adhesive containing MFC is 40 % lower than the one of the reference material. Therefore, five additives were tested in the formulation, in combination with MFC. The most promising result led to a comparable initial tack and final strength as the reference.

No description available.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) represent an important platform to immobilize and stabilize electroactive molecular catalysts due to their porosity, high surface area and well characterized three-dimensional structure. Most efforts in this area have been dedicated to the development of photocatalysts and traditional heterogeneous catalysts based on both precious and abundant transition metals. However, little work has been done to design nickel-based MOF electrocatalysts for organic synthesis. In this work we describe the synthesis of three linkers containing a bipyridine moiety, where two of the linkers are dicarboxylate extended linkers and one is a bispyrazole extended linker. The two dicarboxylate linkers are combined with zirconium clusters to build MOFs of the UiO-n family. The bispyrazole linker was used to synthesize copper-based MOFs. The developed MOFs function as support for the immobilization of nickel (II) species in isolated sites within the frameworks. Following this, the redox properties of these MOFs were studied by the means of electrochemistry. The structure of the organic linkers was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and two of the linkers are new molecules never synthesized before. The synthesized MOFs were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, where the MOFs of the UiO-n family showed small crystallite sizes. Similarly, the MOFs based on the bispyrazole linker showed low crystallinity. Metalation of the MOFs with a [Ni(phen)3]Cl2 complex was studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, both techniques confirmed the immobilization of the nickel catalyst in the UiO-n MOFs. The electrochemical properties of the MOFs were studied using cyclic voltammetry. Both UiO-n MOFs showed a non-reversible event for the reduction of Ni(II) and the MOFs based on the bispyrazole linker showed a quasi-reversible event for the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple.

In this study, pharmaceutical-grade and food-grade linker-based lecithin self-emulsifying delivery systems (SEDS) were developed with a combination of lipophilic and hydrophilic linkers. These additives at suggested concentrations are safe for pharmaceutical and food applications. The ratio of surfactant lecithin and linkers in these systems was optimized to develop surfactant in oil preconcentrates. The preconcentrates containing different surfactant concentrations and oil were diluted with fed state simulated intestinal fluid to produce pseudo-ternary phase diagrams and to identify the formulations that produced self-emulsifying or self-microemulsifying delivery systems. Optimal SEDS preconcentrates were evaluated using a dialyzer model to simulate intestinal uptake. An uptake of 39.6 mg/cm2 for the pharmaceutical-grade SEDS was obtained within 72 minutes, which promises substantial improvement in the bioavailability of hydrophobic actives. The optimal uptake of 12.2 mg/cm2 for food-grade SEDS suggests enhancement in the bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids.

In this study, pharmaceutical-grade and food-grade linker-based lecithin self-emulsifying delivery systems (SEDS) were developed with a combination of lipophilic and hydrophilic linkers. These additives at suggested concentrations are safe for pharmaceutical and food applications. The ratio of surfactant lecithin and linkers in these systems was optimized to develop surfactant in oil preconcentrates. The preconcentrates containing different surfactant concentrations and oil were diluted with fed state simulated intestinal fluid to produce pseudo-ternary phase diagrams and to identify the formulations that produced self-emulsifying or self-microemulsifying delivery systems. Optimal SEDS preconcentrates were evaluated using a dialyzer model to simulate intestinal uptake. An uptake of 39.6 mg/cm2 for the pharmaceutical-grade SEDS was obtained within 72 minutes, which promises substantial improvement in the bioavailability of hydrophobic actives. The optimal uptake of 12.2 mg/cm2 for food-grade SEDS suggests enhancement in the bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids.

Le développement de réactions chimiques compatibles avec les milieux biologiques est un défi scientifique de taille. Les outils dont actuellement disponibles pour le marquage spécifique d’entités biologiques se sont multipliés pendant cette dernière décennie. Parmi les réactions vedettes du domaine, on trouve les réactions de Diels-Alder entre alcènes tendus et tétrazines ou encore les cycloadditions entre les cycloalcynes et les azotures (SPAAC). En revanche, les réactions de clivage bioorthogonal ont retenu une attention plus faible de la part de la communauté scientifique. Récemment notre groupe a identifié une réaction bioorthogonale entre une iminosydnone et un cycloalcyne permettant d’effectuer simultanément le clivage d’un composé et la ligation de deux entités. Ces travaux de thèse ont été entièrement dirigés vers cette nouvelle réactivité.En premier lieu, nous avons étudié la synthèse et la fonctionnalisation du partenaire iminosydnone dans le but d’obtenir une librairie de composés pour l’étude de la cinétique de la réaction de click & release avec les cycloalcynes. Dans un second temps, nous avons utilisé les outils synthétiques développés pour concevoir des sondes iminosydnones à double exaltation de fluorescence. Cela a marqué l’entrée de ces composés dans le contexte de la chimie bioorthogonale puisque la sonde la plus prometteuse a été utilisée sur des cellules vivantes.Enfin, la capacité des iminosydnones à être clivées par les cycloalcynes a été exploitée sous la forme d’espaceurs clivables dans deux applications. Nous avons tout d’abord conçu des outils pour le target-fishing. Les sondes obtenues ont permis l’immobilisation de protéines sur un support solide. La libération du support des protéines a pu être effectuée de manière quantitative tout en leur apposant une étiquette fluorescente. Le second objet exploitant les propriétés d’espaceurs clivables des iminosydnones est un ADC. Celui en développement dans cette thèse est destiné à traiter les infections bactériennes, cible atteignable uniquement en employant un espaceur clivable par un agent exogène. / The development of chemical reactions compatible with the biological medium is a major challenge. The availability of chemical tools for the specific labeling of biological entities increased dramatically during the last decade. The Diels-Alder reactions between tetrazines and strained alkenes or the Strained Promoted Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition (SPAAC) are among the most popular reactions for bioorthogonal ligations. On the other hand, moderate attention was given to bioorthogonal cleavage reactions. Recently our group identified a new bioorthogonal reaction between an iminosydnone and a cycloalkyne, enabling a cleavage and the ligation of two partners at the same time.The first aim of this PhD thesis was to study the synthesis and functionalisation of the iminosydnone partner. With the large library of compounds in our hands, we could study the kinetic properties of the click & release reaction.Next, using this transformation, we synthesized double fluorogenic iminosydnone probes. The most promising probe was then used on living cells, underlining the bioorthogonality of the reaction.Finally, we took advantage of the iminosydnone properties to use them as cleavable linkers in two applications. The first field we explored was target-fishing. The tools we developped allowed protein immobilization on a solid support. The quantitative release from the support of labeled proteins was achieved using the click & release reaction. The second object using iminosydnones as cleavable linkers we considered was an ADC. The one developped in this PhD thesis is aimed at bacteria. For treatment with ADCs, this target can only be reached using a linker cleavable with an external agent.

<p>An efficient and versatile non-destructive method to analyze the progress of solid-phase glycoconjugate synthesis with gel-phase ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy is described. The method relies on use of fluorinated linkers and building blocks carrying fluorinated protective groups. Commercially available fluorinated reagents have been utilized to attach the protective groups. </p><p>The influence of resin structures for seven commercial resins upon resolution of gel-phase ¹⁹F NMR spectra was investigated. Two different linkers for oligosaccharide synthesis were also developed and successfully employed in preparation of α-Gal trisaccharides and a n-pentenyl glycoside. Finally, reaction conditions for solid-phase peptide glycosylations were established.</p>

An efficient and versatile non-destructive method to analyze the progress of solid-phase glycoconjugate synthesis with gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy is described. The method relies on use of fluorinated linkers and building blocks carrying fluorinated protective groups. Commercially available fluorinated reagents have been utilized to attach the protective groups. The influence of resin structures for seven commercial resins upon resolution of gel-phase 19F NMR spectra was investigated. Two different linkers for oligosaccharide synthesis were also developed and successfully employed in preparation of α-Gal trisaccharides and a n-pentenyl glycoside. Finally, reaction conditions for solid-phase peptide glycosylations were established.

Anthraquinone (AQ) has been used in electron transfer studies in DNA. The focus of this dissertation is the synthesis of conjugates between AQ derivatives and 2’-deoxyadenosine (dA), which can be used to induce adenine oxidation in DNA. Different AQ derivatives were attached to dA via ethynyl or ethanyl linkers. If incorporated into DNA, these short linkers should enable regiocontrol for electron transfer from adenine within the DNA duplex structure. The challenge in working with anthraquinone-2’-deoxynucleosides conjugates is that they and their intermediates are insoluble in water and only sparingly soluble in most organic solvents. A strategy used to overcome this problem was the use of either tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) or 4’,4-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr) 5’-protected deoxynucleosides as starting materials. A water-soluble, ethynyl-linked AQ-dA conjugate with a 3’-benzyl hydrogen phosphate was synthesized using DMTr protection. The DMTr group was not stable to the hydrogenation required to make the ethanyl-linked AQ-dA conjugate with 3’-benzyl hydrogen phosphate. Hence the latter was synthesized starting with the TBDPS protecting group. Both of these syntheses were based on the Pd coupling between ethynylanthraquinone and 8-bromodeoxyadenosine derivatives. New conjugates between AQ and A, in which the AQ moieties have been modified with formyl, trifluoroacetyl and methyl ester groups as electron withdrawing substituents were also synthesized. The synthesis of these AQ-dA conjugates was based on Pd coupling between bromoanthraquinone and 8-ethynyldeoxyadenosine derivatives. This route avoided the use of ethynylanthraquinone derivatives that had extremely low solubility and photoinstability. Other anthraquinones with electron withdrawing groups (which should provide enhanced driving force to enable respective AQ derivative to oxidize adenine) were synthesized as models. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the conjugate with the two ester groups and ethynyl linker was the most easily reduced of the derivatives synthesized. Conjugates between AQ and dU were also synthesized. Those conjugates can potentially be used to oxidize guanine or adenine or they can be used as a deep trap for an electron in reduced DNA.

Stepwise covalent synthesis of large molecules is often time consuming and laborious and thus generally ends in a low yield of the target product. It is also difficult to achieve a large desired product where the controlling force is a non-directional weak interaction. Instead, by utilizing stronger metal-ligand directional coordination bonding approach, one can easily prepare the desired large molecules using appropriate molecular units. Further attractive feature of this approach is the incorporation of functional groups into final structures to make the assemblies functional. It is found that symmetrical polypyridyl and rigid linkers have been used widely in the construction of finite supramolecules of Pd (II) and Pt(II). Flexible linkers are rarely used since they are less predictable in self-assembly and have a tendency to form undesired polymer. However, flexible linkers may generate pseudo rigid assemblies that can distort their shapes to obtain a more thermodynamically stable conformation for host-guest interactions. Similarly, use of non-symmetric or ambidentate linkers is not explored much. These linkers may generate a mixture of several linkage isomeric products and thus difficult to monitor the reaction. Moreover, isolation of these products in pure form is also a challenging task. On the other hand, recent research revealed that porous polyacetylene organic compounds are suitable sensors for the detection of electron deficient nitroaromatics, which are the chemical signatures of many commercial explosives. Possibility of discrete supramolecules as sensors for these explosives is very less studied. The main thrusts of the present investigation are to incorporate flexible and nonsymmetrical linkers in the construction of finite discrete assemblies of Pd/Pt; and to design appropriate π-electron rich supramolecules as sensors for the detection of electron deficient nitroaromatics. Chapter 1 of this thesis gives a brief introduction to the supramolecular chemistry. It also gives a brief introduction to the design principle of metal-ligand coordination driven selfassembly approach towards the generation of large architectures. Chapter 2 reports the synthesis of a series of two-dimensional supramolecular architectures via coordination driven self-assembly of Pt/Pd containing ditopic acceptors and non-symmetrical donor ligands. The use of non-symmetrical donor ligands in coordination driven self-assembly is a challenging task because they may generate a mixture of isomers due to different connectivity of the non-symmetric (ambidentate) linkers. But in all the cases exclusive formation of a single linkage isomer was established. Na-nicotinate was treated with [cis-(dppf)Pd(OTf)2] to yield [(dppf)3Pd3(L3)](CF3SO3)3(H2O)2(MeOH)7(Et2O) as the single linkage isomeric triangle. An analogous treatment using Na-isonicotinate instead of Na-nicotinate yielded a mixture of single isomeric square and triangle with the later one as the major product in solution. Further extension of this study using cis-(tmen)Pd(NO3)2 instead of [cis-(dppf)Pd(OTf)2] also showed the formation of a mixture of square and triangle [tmen = N,N,N’,N’- tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine]. Surprisingly, in both the cases square was the product which was crystallized exclusively in solid state though triangle was the major component in solution. The square-triangle equilibria in both the cases were studied by diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) and variable temperature multinuclear NMR. Moreover, this chapter reports the incorporation of amide functionality into a Pt(II) nanoscopic molecular rectangle via self-assembly of an organometallic “clip” and a non-symmetric amide ligand. Chapter 3 presents synthesis of several metallamacrocycles via coordination driven selfassembly using Pd/Pt-P bonding interaction as driving force instead of much widely used Pd/Pt-N bonding interaction. It is also established that Pd/Pt-P bonding interaction is indeed better than the widely used Pd/Pt-N interaction. Several macrocycles were also synthesized by the combination of several Pd containing 90° angular subunits and a bisimidazole ditopic flexible donor. In this case also the bonding interaction between the imidazole and Pd(II) was found to be stronger than the interaction between pyridyl donor and Pd(II). Chapter 4 describes synthesis of several new Pt2 and Pt3 shape selective organometallic linkers incorporating ethynyl functionality. The Pt2 molecular clip was assembled with several linear dipyridyl linkers to prepare a series of molecular rectangles. In one case N, N’-bis(4-pyridylidene)ethylenediamine was used as donor to create a N4 pocket in the macrocycle. This rectangle was fluorescent in nature and showed efficient fluorescence quenching in solution upon binding of hard transition metal ions (Fe3+, Cu2+ and Ni2+) into the N4 pocket. The non-responsive nature of the fluorescence quenching upon addition of soft metal ions (Zn2+ and Cd2+) containing d10 configuration makes it an interesting example of sensor for transition metal ions. The Pt3 linkers were used in combination with organic clip-type linkers to prepare a series of molecular prisms by [2 + 3] self-assembly (Scheme 1). Incorporation of ethynyl functionality helped to make the resulting supramolecules π-electron rich and luminescent in nature. Possibility of these supramolecules as sensors for the detection of electron deficient nitroaromatics (TNT and picric acid), which are the chemical signatures of explosives has been explored. A complementary approach was also used to prepare trigonal prism using organic tritopic donor and the Pt2 molecular clip. Chapter 5 presents the design and self-assembly of two new flexible supramolecular nanoballs. These assemblies incorporate two flexible tritopic amide/ester based building blocks and were prepared in excellent yields (96-97%) via coordination driven selfassembly. The first one was resulted from the reaction of four equivalents of a new tritopic ester ligand N, N', N''-tris(4-pyridylmethyl) trimesic ester with three equivalents of C4 symmetric Pd(NO3)2. The second analogous structure was obtained by the selfassembly of the flexible N, N', N''-tris(3-pyridylmethyl)trimesic amide and Pd(NO3)2. The assemblies were characterized with multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis and TGA. The ester based ball showed the inclusion of NEt4 + in solution. This chapter also describes the exclusive formation of a Pt(II) trigonalbipyramidal (TBP) cage upon the treatment of a Pt(II) 90° acceptor with a new tripodal flexible ligand containing ester functionality. The formation of Pt(II) TBP cage in this case is due to the flexibility of the donor arms of the ligand due to the presence of flexible ester functional group. In continuation of this work, a rigid tripodal ligand 1,1,1-tris(4-pyridyl)COOR with an ester cap [where R = Ph-CH(C2H5)] was assembled with cis-(PEt3)2Pt(OTf)2 to yield a somewhat unusual double-square cage by [4 + 6] self-assembly.