The objectives were to 1) conduct a meta-analysis to assess the association between alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and prostate cancer; 2) analyze a trial of ALA on coronary heart disease with PSA as a post hoc outcome; 3) assess the effect of trial serum and also ALA directly on LNCaP cell growth. 1) The ALA meta-analysis of prospective and case-control studies showed no overall effect on prostate cancer. However, removal of one study from the analysis of prospective studies changed the result to a significant protective effect (RR=0.91; 95%CI:0.83,0.99). 2) No significant treatment difference was seen in the change in PSA in the randomized controlled trial. 3) The ALA treatment serum from the clinical trial did not affect LNCaP cell growth. However, ALA decreased LNCaP cell growth in a dose dependent manner when added to cell culture. The results provide no positive evidence for an effect of ALA on prostate cancer.

The objectives were to 1) conduct a meta-analysis to assess the association between alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and prostate cancer; 2) analyze a trial of ALA on coronary heart disease with PSA as a post hoc outcome; 3) assess the effect of trial serum and also ALA directly on LNCaP cell growth. 1) The ALA meta-analysis of prospective and case-control studies showed no overall effect on prostate cancer. However, removal of one study from the analysis of prospective studies changed the result to a significant protective effect (RR=0.91; 95%CI:0.83,0.99). 2) No significant treatment difference was seen in the change in PSA in the randomized controlled trial. 3) The ALA treatment serum from the clinical trial did not affect LNCaP cell growth. However, ALA decreased LNCaP cell growth in a dose dependent manner when added to cell culture. The results provide no positive evidence for an effect of ALA on prostate cancer.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_af_me_rcla.pdf: 761433 bytes, checksum: dad3a2525df967414829d2d96c479bd4 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Os ácidos graxos insaturados, presentes naturalmente em óleos vegetais e peixes de áua fria, possuem potentes atividades biológicas como precursores antiinflamatórios e hormonais. A busca por novas fontes de organismos ricos em ácidos graxos insaturados da família ômega 6 tem-se intensificado. Os fungos filamentosos do solo da ordem Mucorales são conhecidos por possuírem naturalmente altas concentrações destes ácidos graxos. Neste estudo foram inicialmente utilizadas duas linhagens de Mucor circinelloides isoladas de solo de área de caatinga (M1) e cerrado (M2), com as quais foram realizados teste preliminares para selecionar a melhor linhagem produtora de ácido gama-linolênico (AGL). A partir dos resultados obtidos nos cultivos em sistema automatizado foram selecionadas as melhores fontes de carbono, glicose e maltose, para produção de biomassa e também o melhor pH 5,8 para o cultivo submerso. Nos cultivos submerso objetivando-se melhor produção de AGL, selecionouse a linhagem M1 sob as condições de cultivo com pH 5,8, temperatura 25° C, rotação de 150 rpm e inóculo com de 1.107 esporos.mL-1. Os cultivos em substrato sólido foram realizados com farinha de soja, farelo de trigo, polpa cítrica, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e casca de mandioca, acrescidos com extrato de levedura 1% e mantidos a 25° C, por 168 horas. Foram observados decréscimos no teor de lipídios totais (LT) em todos os cultivos realizados. A farinha de soja foi o melhor substrato para produção de AGL. Este substrato suplementado com diferentes suplementos carbônicos demonstrou que a mistura de óleo de canola: óleo de gergelim 2% (1:1 p/p) foi o maior indutor de AGL (6,2 g.Kg-1 Bioproduto; 26,0 g.g-1 LT). A adição de casca de arroz ao substrato melhorou a aera o do substrato e o aproveitamento deste pelo fungo, acentuando a forma o de AGL (8,4 g.Kg-1 Bioproduto; 36,3 g.g-1 LT). Os testes de temperatura / Unsaturated fatty acid naturally occur in vegetable oils and cold-water fishes. They have powerful biological activities being anti-inflammatory and hormone precursor. The search for new organisms which are rich in omega 6 unsaturated fatty acid family has been intensified. Soil filamentous fungi from Mucorales order are known by having high fatty acids concentrations. Firstly, two Mucor circinelloides strains isolated from caatinga soil area, M1, and from cerrado, M2, have been used. The preliminary tests have been carried out to select the best strain for production of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). From the automatized incubator system results, either the best carbon sources, glucose and maltose or the best pH, 5.8, have been selected for biomass production in submerged culture. In that cultures focused on better GLA production, M1 strain has been selected under pH 5.8, temperature of 25 C, 150 rpm rotation and with a 1.107 mL-1 spore inocula. The cultures in solid substrate have been carried out with soy flour, wheat bran, citric pulp, sugar cane bagasse and cassava rind, added with 1% yeast extract, at 25 C, for 168 hour. The increase of total lipids (TL) values of all cultures has been observed. The soy flour was the best substrate for GLA production. The substrate added with different carbonic supplements, demonstrated that canola:sesame 2% (1:1 w/w) oil mixture was the best inducer of GLA production (6.2 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 26.0 mg.g-1 TL). The rice rind addition in the substrate improved the aeration and the exploitation of it, for the fungi strain, increasing the GLA synthesis (8.4 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 36.3 mg.g-1 TL). Temperature tests have shown that 20 C during 144 hours followed by 12 C during 24 hours has leaded to a greater GLA production (12.9 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 43.4 mg.g-1 TL) When the spore concentration as increased to 1.108 spores.mL-1 there was an increase in the GLA production (14.2 g.Kg-1; 58.1 mg.g- 1 TL). The culture ...

Orientador: Sâmia Maria Tauk-Tornisielo / Banca: Eleonora Cano Carmona / Banca: Sandra Regina Ceccato Antonini / Resumo: Os ácidos graxos insaturados, presentes naturalmente em óleos vegetais e peixes de áua fria, possuem potentes atividades biológicas como precursores antiinflamatórios e hormonais. A busca por novas fontes de organismos ricos em ácidos graxos insaturados da família ômega 6 tem-se intensificado. Os fungos filamentosos do solo da ordem Mucorales são conhecidos por possuírem naturalmente altas concentrações destes ácidos graxos. Neste estudo foram inicialmente utilizadas duas linhagens de Mucor circinelloides isoladas de solo de área de caatinga (M1) e cerrado (M2), com as quais foram realizados teste preliminares para selecionar a melhor linhagem produtora de ácido gama-linolênico (AGL). A partir dos resultados obtidos nos cultivos em sistema automatizado foram selecionadas as melhores fontes de carbono, glicose e maltose, para produção de biomassa e também o melhor pH 5,8 para o cultivo submerso. Nos cultivos submerso objetivando-se melhor produção de AGL, selecionouse a linhagem M1 sob as condições de cultivo com pH 5,8, temperatura 25° C, rotação de 150 rpm e inóculo com de 1.107 esporos.mL-1. Os cultivos em substrato sólido foram realizados com farinha de soja, farelo de trigo, polpa cítrica, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e casca de mandioca, acrescidos com extrato de levedura 1% e mantidos a 25° C, por 168 horas. Foram observados decréscimos no teor de lipídios totais (LT) em todos os cultivos realizados. A farinha de soja foi o melhor substrato para produção de AGL. Este substrato suplementado com diferentes suplementos carbônicos demonstrou que a mistura de óleo de canola: óleo de gergelim 2% (1:1 p/p) foi o maior indutor de AGL (6,2 g.Kg-1 Bioproduto; 26,0 g.g-1 LT). A adição de casca de arroz ao substrato melhorou a aera o do substrato e o aproveitamento deste pelo fungo, acentuando a forma o de AGL (8,4 g.Kg-1 Bioproduto; 36,3 g.g-1 LT). Os testes de temperatura / Abstract: Unsaturated fatty acid naturally occur in vegetable oils and cold-water fishes. They have powerful biological activities being anti-inflammatory and hormone precursor. The search for new organisms which are rich in omega 6 unsaturated fatty acid family has been intensified. Soil filamentous fungi from Mucorales order are known by having high fatty acids concentrations. Firstly, two Mucor circinelloides strains isolated from caatinga soil area, M1, and from cerrado, M2, have been used. The preliminary tests have been carried out to select the best strain for production of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). From the automatized incubator system results, either the best carbon sources, glucose and maltose or the best pH, 5.8, have been selected for biomass production in submerged culture. In that cultures focused on better GLA production, M1 strain has been selected under pH 5.8, temperature of 25 C, 150 rpm rotation and with a 1.107 mL-1 spore inocula. The cultures in solid substrate have been carried out with soy flour, wheat bran, citric pulp, sugar cane bagasse and cassava rind, added with 1% yeast extract, at 25 C, for 168 hour. The increase of total lipids (TL) values of all cultures has been observed. The soy flour was the best substrate for GLA production. The substrate added with different carbonic supplements, demonstrated that canola:sesame 2% (1:1 w/w) oil mixture was the best inducer of GLA production (6.2 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 26.0 mg.g-1 TL). The rice rind addition in the substrate improved the aeration and the exploitation of it, for the fungi strain, increasing the GLA synthesis (8.4 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 36.3 mg.g-1 TL). Temperature tests have shown that 20 C during 144 hours followed by 12 C during 24 hours has leaded to a greater GLA production (12.9 g.Kg-1 Bioproduct; 43.4 mg.g-1 TL) When the spore concentration as increased to 1.108 spores.mL-1 there was an increase in the GLA production (14.2 g.Kg-1; 58.1 mg.g- 1 TL). The culture ... / Mestre

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Cabral / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T22:12:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FollegattiRomero_LuisAlberto_M.pdf: 666792 bytes, checksum: 9ae97012c5bd9df738d34f847f6ef5b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A extração supercrítica do óleo das sementes de sacha inchi (plukenetia volubilis L.) usando CO2 como solvente é apresentada neste estudo. O objetivo foi investigar os principais efeitos das variáveis de processo como a pressão, a temperatura e o diâmetro médio de partícula (0,387, 0,595 e 0,842 mm) no rendimento da extração. O rendimento de extração aumentou com a diminuição do diâmetro de partícula, indicando a importância do efeito da difusão intra-partícula nas partículas maiores (0,842 mm). A extração supercrítica foi realizada a 30 e 40 MPa, temperaturas de 40, 50 e 60°C, utilizando 0,842 mm de diâmetro de partícula a uma vazão de 1,5L de CO2/min. O rendimento máximo de extração para as sementes trituradas foi de 92%, obtido a 40MPa, 60°C e 0,842 mm de diâmetro médio de partícula. Para extração por prensagem a frio, seguida da extração supercrítica a 40Mpa, 60ºC e 0,716 mm de diâmetro médio geométrico da partícula o rendimento total de extração foi de 99%. A solubilidade do óleo da semente de Sacha inchi em dióxido de carbono supercrítico (SC-CO2) foi medida nas temperaturas de 40 e 60 °C e pressões entre 10 e 40 MPa. Os valores de solubilidade mostraram um comportamento retrógrado, abaixo de 35 MPa a solubilidade diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura.A tendência observada acima desta pressão foi um aumento da solubilidade com o aumento da temperatura a pressão constante. O modelo matemático de Chrastil foi usado para correlacionar os valores experimentais de solubilidade. O conteúdo de óleo determinado com hexano em equipamentos soxhlet foi de 54,32% e o rendimento de óleo extraído por prensagem a frio foi de 46,8%. As características físicas e químicas do óleo foram obtidas. As composições em ácidos graxos do óleo obtido por SC-CO2 e do óleo obtido com hexano não apresentaram diferenças significativas. O principal ácido graxo foi o ácido alfa-linolênico (Ômega-3) aproximadamente 50,5%, seguido peloácido linoléico (34,12%) e ácido aléico (14%). O conteúdo de ácidos graxos livres (AGL) e de tocoferóis (tocoferol e tocotrienol) dos óleos obtidos por SC-CO2, solvente e prensagem a frio foram determinados. O conteúdo de tocoferóis so óleo extraído com SC-CO2 variou de 222,8 a 306,8 mg/100g, do óleo extraído por prensagem a frio foi 278,4 mg/100g e do óleo extraído com hexano foi 238,7 mg/100g. O teor de AGL no óleo extraído com hexano foi de 2,98% (medido como % de ác. Linolênico), ligeiramente menor do que aquele extraído por prensagem a frio (3,75%) e SC-CO2 (3,97-4,26%). O óleo de sementes de Sacha inchi pode ter grande potencial debtro do mercado crescente de óleos especiais / Abstract: The supercritical fluid extraction of oil from sacha inchi (plukenetia volubilis L.) seeds, using Co2 as a solvent, it is presented in this study. The objective was to investigate the main process parameters such as extraction pressure and temperature, mean particle size of (0,387, 0,595 and 0,842 mm) on the extraction yield. The extraction yield increased as the particle size decreased, indicating the importance of the effect of the intraparticle diffusion in larger particles (0,84 mm). The extraction was carried out at operating pressures of 30 and 40 MPa, operating temperatures of 40, 50 and 60°C, particle 0,84 mm and flow rate of CO2 1,5L/min. Maximum extraction yield was 92% obtained at 40 MPa, 60°C, 0.84 mm of particle sizes and 1.5 L of CO2/min. For the cold-pressed extraction, followed of supercritical extraction 40 MPa, 60ºC and 0,716 mm of geometric average diameter of the particle, the maximum extraction yield was 99%. The solubility of Sacha inchi seed oil in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) were measured in the temperatures from 40 to 60 °C and pressures between 10 and 40 MPa. Under working conditions, the values of solubility showed retrograde behavior. Solubility, increase with pressure and temperature above the crossover pressure, which found between 30 and 40 MPa, and decreased with temperature below the crossover pressure. Mathematical modeling (Chrastil) of the solubility. The oil content was 54,32% and 46.80% determined bu solvent extraction and cold-pressed, respectively. Physical and chemical characteristics of the oil were obtained. The results in terms of fatty acid compositions of oil obtained with SC-CO2 were compared with those obtained when hexano was used as the solvent, and no significant differences between the oils extracted by both methods were found. The main fatty acid was alpha-linolênico acid (Ômega-3) making up 50.5%, followed by linoleic acid (34,12%) and oleic acid (14%). The level of FFA and tocol composition (tocoferol and tocotrienol) contents of the oils obtained by SC-CO2, solvent and cold-pressed extraction was determined. Tocol content of the SC-CO2 - extracted oil varied from 222.85 to 306.82 mg/100g, which was higher than that of hexane-extraced oil (238.72 mg/100g) and cold-pressed oil (278.4 mg/100g). The level of FFA in the solvent-extraced oils (2.98%) (% as ác. Linolenic) was lower than cold-pressed extraced oil (3.75%) and SC-CO2)-extraced oils (3.97-4.26%). Sacha inchi seed oil may have potential in the growing specialty oil market / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19047号 / 農博第2125号 / 新制||農||1032(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4929(農学部図書室) / 31998 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小川 順, 教授 喜多 恵子, 教授 栗原 達夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Pre-treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids or bioactive lipid mediators has been shown to reduce neuronal injury in rodent models of focal ischaemia, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection are unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether systemic administration of alpha linolenic acid (ALA) leads to changes in the profile of mouse brain phospholipid and bioactive lipid mediators in both mouse brain and plasma within the previously determined neuroprotection time window. Mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allowed us to detect and identify 47 phospholipids in mouse cerebral cortex, including several phospholipid species not previously reported in brain lipidomic studies. These included a phosphatidylethanolamine species with m/z 720 that has been associated with retinal stem cells. No widespread changes in cerebral cortex phospholipid composition were observed following intravenous ALA. Several significant changes in lipid mediators (P<0.05 with two-way ANOVA and post hoc Dunnett¿s t test) were detected in ALA-treated animals compared to untreated and vehicle-injected animals. Many of the affected lipid mediators are ligands for prostanoid receptors which have been demonstrated to play a role in the development of brain injury following cerebral ischaemia, implying that changes in bioactive lipid mediators or modulation of prostanoid receptors may occur following ALA pre-treatment in mice. This study illustrates the potential of advanced lipidomic analysis as a novel tool for neurochemists.

A variety of soybean oils (SOs) were developed with improved functional properties. Some of the modified SOs contain altered fatty acid (FA) composition by selective breeding methods. Currently, low α- linolenic acid soybean oil (LLSO) and low α- linolenic acid and mid oleic acid soybean oil (LLMOSO) are available FA modified SOs in the market. The consumption of FA modified SOs has been increased because the United States Food and Drug Administration required listing trans fat content in food products sold in U.S. as an effort to reduce possible health risks caused by trans fat beginning 2006. However, the effects of these FA modified SOs on human chronic diseases including breast cancer (BC) have not been studied. BC has become the most frequently diagnosed cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death among American women. The type of dietary fat, FA composition, and n-6/n-3 ratio are known to influence BC development. Therefore, it is possible that the changed FA composition and n-6/n-3 ratio in the FA modified SOs may affect BC progression, and its critical health concern needs to be investigated. Increased human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2/neu) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) are associated with BC progression. In fact, FAS activity and expression are affected by dietary FA composition and FA metabolism. Hypothesis of this research is that LLSO and LLMOSO may affect Her-2/neu and FAS expressing human BC (SK-Br3) cell growth in vitro and in vivo. To test our hypothesis, we investigated the potential adverse or beneficial effects of LLSO and LLMOSO in comparison with conventional SO and lard on human BC cells and then examined the possible mechanisms of action by evaluating the expression level of genes markers involved in growth factor mediated signal transduction pathway, specifically Her-2/neu PI 3-kinase (phophoinositide 3- kinase)-FAS signal transduction pathway. In vitro study demonstrated that all the tested oils at 0-2 μl/ml level have cytotoxic effects. LLMOSO had less cytotoxic effects on the growth of SK-Br3 cells compared to SO. However, there was no difference in SK-Br3 cell growth between LLSO and SO. The apoptotic protein markers (mutant p53 and caspase-3) analysis revealed that the cell growth inhibition by oil treatments was cytotoxic by triggering apoptosis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that LLSO- and LLMOSO- induced changes on cell growth involve Her-2/neu and FAS signaling transduction pathway and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) are possible down-stream effectors of Her-2/neu signaling pathway. We also evaluated the dietary effects of LLSO (20% fat of total calorie), SO (20%), and lard (20%) on the growth of SK-Br3 tumors implanted in athymic mice. Changes in tumor surface area, body weight, and food intake were monitored during the 6 months feeding study. After termination, tumor net weight, Her-2/neu and FAS mRNA expression in tumors, FAS protein expression in liver, lipid composition in diets, abdominal fat, and serum, as well as plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were analyzed. In vivo study showed that there were no statistical differences in tumor size and tumor net weight among SO, LLSO, and lard groups. No differences in FAS mRNA and protein expression levels between the LLSO and SO groups were observed. Tumors from the lard group expressed higher Her-2/neu and FAS mRNA than those from the LLSO and SO group. The lipid analysis demonstrated that LLSO was not significantly distinct from SO in trans fat concentration after metabolism. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unchanged in LLSO fed compared to SO fed mice. In summary, LLSO which contained modification in αLA concentration showed similar effects on SK-Br3 as SO in both in vitro and in vivo. However, LLMOSO which contained more drastic modifications on FA composition exhibited less cytotoxicity compared to SO in vitro. / Master of Science

L‟acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) s‟accumule principalement dans les membranes cérébrales humaines durant la période périnatale et les 2 premières années de la vie. Optimiser l‟incorporation des acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne (AGPI-LC) n-3 dans le système nerveux central, notamment le DHA, constitue l‟un des objectifs majeurs de la nutrition néonatale et infantile. Ce projet étudie l‟effet de régimes à base de matière grasse laitière anhydre (MGLA) afin d‟améliorer la bioconversion des AGPI n-3 et l‟incorporation du DHA dans le cerveau. L‟autre objectif, au-delà des effets sur les acides gras, est d‟évaluer si l‟impact des apports destinés au jeune n‟exercent pas un effet plus large tels qu‟appréciés au niveau du lipidome du cerveau.Nous avons mis au point un modèle d‟expérimentation animale permettant d‟étudier les effets de mélanges de MGLA et d‟huiles végétales. Des mères sont nourries avec un régime déficient en acide α-linoléique (ALA) (0,4% des acides gras totaux (AGT)) pendant 6 semaines avant accouplement et pendant toute la gestation et la lactation. Après sevrage, quatre-vingts petits rats mâles et femelles ainsi carencés en AGPI n-3 sont séparés en 4 groupes et reçoivent des régimes à 10% de lipides pendant 6 semaines, soit à base d‟huile de palme mélangée avec des huiles vegétales pour un apport à 1,5%ALA (P1), ou 1,5% ALA supplementé avec 0,12%DHA et 0,4% acide arachidonique (ARA) (P2); soit à base de MGLA et d‟huiles végétales apportant 1,5%ALA (B1) ou 2,3%ALA (B2). Les acides gras cérébraux, plasmatiques et érythrocytaires ainsi que le profil lipidomique cérébral sont mesurés, et les résultats sont analysés en statistiques multivariées. Le régime B1 est supérieur aux deux régimes à base d‟huile de palme à 1,5 %ALA, pour restaurer la quantité de DHA du cerveau (augmentation de 14.38%, P < 0.05) ; le régime (B2) présente un bénéfice supplémentaire sur ce paramètre. Les concentrations cérébrales en DHA chez les rats mâles sont significativement plus faibles que chez les femelles en raison des interactions de l‟effet sexe sur l‟effet régime, mais cet effet s‟atténue avec les régimes MGLA ou l‟ajout de DHA préformés dans le régime palme (P2).Nous avons calculé un nouvel indice à l‟aide des profils en acides gras des globules rouges et du plasma pour prédire le contenu en DHA cérébral, et dont la performance est meilleure que celle des indices existants. Pour la première fois, nous avons pu mettre en évidence un effet majeur et inconnu jusqu‟alors, des régimes sur le lipidome du cerveau (analyse des espèces moléculaires de lipides), affectant près de 15% des espèces analysées. Ces changements semblent être liés, entre autres, au métabolisme du cholestérol, des acides gras et des messagers lipidiques.En conclusion, nos données sont susceptibles d„améliorer les formules infantiles. La première utilisation de l‟approche de lipidomique sans a priori que nous avons mise en oeuvre ouvre des perspectives nouvelles en nutrition infantile. / The accretion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in brain membranes mainly occurs around delivery and during the first two years of life. One of the main goals of neonatal nutrition is to optimize the incorporation of n-3 long chain polyinsaturate fatty acids (LC-PUFA) into the central nervous system, including DHA. Our goal was to study the impact of several kinds of diets based on dairy-fat to improve the n-3 LC-PUFA bioconversion and DHA accretion into brain. The other endpoint was to assess if beyond the brain fatty acid profiles, the dietary intakes would bring about a wider effect such as the one that can be appreciated through a lipidomic approach.We compared the nutritional effect of dairy-fat based diets to that of palm-oil based diets in the rat reproductive model. Mother rats were made deficient in α-linoleic acid (ALA) (0.4% of fatty acids (FA) for 6 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation. After weaning, the resulting deficient 40 rat pups of either gender were split into 4 groups and received 10% fat diets made with either 1.5%ALA palm oil blend (P1), same added with 0.12% DHA and 0.4% arachidonic acid (ARA) (P2) , 1.5% ALA dairy-fat blend (B1) or 2.5% ALA dairy-fat blend (B2). The brain, red blood cell (RBC) and plasma fatty acid profiles were analyzed and treated using multivariate statistics. B1 was superior to both palm-oil based diets to improve the brain DHA contents (14.4% increase, P < 0.05). B2 brought an additional benefit for this parameter. The brain DHA contents in males were significantly lower than for the female because of a diet x gender interaction. This effect was smoothed with the dairy-fat diets or the palm-oil based diet augmented with preformed DHA.We calculated a new fatty acid index to predict the brain DHA contents, based on the fatty acid profiles measured in RBC and plasma, and which demonstrated a better performance than the existing published index. For the first time, we showed a profound and yet unsuspected effect of diets until now on the brain lipidome (lipids molecular species), affecting about 15% of the features detected. These changes were ascribed to the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, and to the lipid messengers, among others.In conclusion, our data appear highly relevant to improve infant formulas. The first use of the lipidomic approach in neonatal nutrition open the paths of new researches in the area of infant nutrition

The main source of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in our diet is supplied by fish, and an ever-increasing proportion of these are being produced by aquaculture. The drive for the growing market demand and production from sustainable sources has led to the use of high-energy (fat) diets and, recently, to the replacement of fishmeal and fish oil with non-marine components, such as plant meals and vegetable oils that are devoid of n-3 LC-PUFA. Both changes impact greatly on lipid and fatty acid metabolism in fish, with health implications for the fish and the human consumer. This impact highlights the need to investigate the basic molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid and fatty acid metabolism in fish, specifically focussing on the pathways of lipid homeostasis and LC-PUFA synthesis. The aim of this study was to develop and utilise Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cell line as a model for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to enable an integrated approach to study the biochemical and molecular regulation of lipid metabolism in fish. In particular, α-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (LOA, 18:2n-6), which are essential fatty acids abundantly found in vegetable oils, and are precursors of LC-PUFA, were supplemented in combination with other fatty acids, to explore the effect of these on total lipid content, lipid class, FA composition and gene expression of CHSE-214 cell line. Total lipid content was extracted, followed by determination of lipid class and fatty acid analyses. Gene expression analyses of transcription/nuclear factors and various target genes in Atlantic salmon, including those involved in pathways of LC-PUFA synthesis and fatty acid oxidation, were carried out. The results demonstrated that CHSE-214 cell line, under experimental conditions, is able to convert LNA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), and LOA to arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), but not LNA and/or EPA to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), highlighting the activity of elongase and desaturase enzymes during the conversion process. Changes occurring on the fatty acid profile and also at molecular level were observed. Understanding the role that transcription factors play in the regulation of lipid biosynthesis in fish will allow endogenous LC-PUFA synthesis to be optimised. The results from this study could be used to improve the efficiency of alternative, sustainable diets in aquaculture, while maintaining the nutritional quality of farmed fish for the final consumer. CHSE-214 cell line can therefore be used as a model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthesis, particularly in the conversion of LNA to EPA, which can then be reproduced in vivo, saving time and money.