O trabalho apresentado foi realizado em duas etapas independentes e baseou-se no estudo de diferentes sistemas nanométricos para viabilizar a aplicação da ftalocianina de cloro alumínio (ClAlPc) na terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) para o tratamento do câncer de pele do tipo melanoma. O fármaco fotossensibilizante (FS) utilizado apresenta propriedades físico-químicas que lhe permitem exercer sua atividade fotodinâmica com excelência, sem a interferência do cromóforo endógeno melanina existente nas células melanocíticas. Para driblar sua elevada hidrofobicidade, ClAlPc foi encapsulada em sistemas nanométricos para administração em meio fisiológico. Inicialmente nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) foram desenvolvidas por emulsificação direta, após um estudo de elaboração do diagrama de fases. O compritol foi o lipídio sólido escolhido para compor as NLS, com diferentes concentrações de ClAlPc. Todas as formulações desenvolvidas foram devidamente caracterizadas, com tamanho médio entre 100 e 200 nm, baixa polidispersão, potencial zeta adequadamente negativo (~|30| mV), drug loading de ClAlPc entre 76-94% (com pequena redução após 24 meses) e alta eficiência de encapsulação (E.E.). A morfologia arredondada das nanopartículas foi confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e de força atômica. A estabilidade das NLS foi de 24 meses. A avaliação da cristalinidade do lipídio revelou a integração da ClAlPc à matriz lipídica da NLS, presença de estruturas polimórficas e grau de cristalinidade adequado, sem alterações após 24 meses. Nos estudos de difusão in vitro, observou-se que ftalocianina encapsulada nas NLS acumulam-se preferencialmente na epiderme e derme do que no estrato córneo, sem traços de permeação do ativo. Foi confirmado o caráter biocompatível das NLS sobre fibroblastos NIH-3T3. A ftalocianina encapsulada nas NLS não foi tóxica na linhagem de melanoma B16-F10 na ausência de luz, porém, apresentou excelente efeito fototóxico (0,75 ?g mL-1 de ClAlPc nanoencapsulada e irradiação entre 0,5 e 2,0 J cm-2), com redução da viabilidade celular de 87%. O segundo sistema de veiculação estudado foram as vesículas cataniônicas (VesCat), que se formam espontaneamente em água com o tensoativo TriCat 12. A obtenção das vesículas contendo ClAlPc envolve uma etapa adicional, para remoção de solvente orgânico, que foi aprimorada, reduzindo o tempo de produção em 55%. As VesCat/ClAlPc obtidas mantiveram suas propriedades físico-químicas e morfologia arredondada (confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura), drug loading de 47% e alta E.E. Os resultados comprovaram que a aplicação desses dois sistemas nanométricos é altamente eficiente para aplicação da TFD no tratamento do câncer de pele do tipo melanoma ou outras doenças cutâneas, apresentando características favoráveis para avanços nos estudos de fase clínica e pré-clínica. / The present work was conducted in two independent steps, which were based on the study of different nanometric systems that make feasible the application of aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (ClAlPc) in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the melanoma skin cancer treatment. The photosensitizer (PS) used has physical-chemical properties that allow it to perform its photodynamic activity with excellence, without the interference of the melanin, an endogenous chromophore found in melanotic cells. In order to circumvent the high PS hydrophobicity, ClAlPc was encapsulated into nanosystems to administration in physiological environment. At first, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were developed by direct emulsification process after drawing up phase diagram study. The solid lipid compritol was chosen to make the SLN, produced with different ClAlPc concentrations. The developed samples were properly characterized with mean size between 100-200 nm, low polydispersity, negative zeta potential (~|30| mV), ClAlPc drug loading around 76-94% (with slight decrease after 24 months) and high encapsulation efficiency (EE). The round shape of SLN was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The nanoparticles were stable for at least 24 months. The evaluation of lipid crystallinity has proved the ClAlPc integration to SLN lipid matrix, the presence of polymorphic structures and a suitable crystalline degree, without large variations after 24 months. In the in vitro diffusion studies were observed that phthalocyanine conveyed in the nanoparticles accumulates preferably in the epidermis and dermis than in the stratum corneum, without any drug permeation traits. The NLS biocompatibility was confirmed on NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. ClAlPc-loaded NLS did not exhibit toxicity on B16-F10 melanoma cell line in the dark, but it was shown their outstanding phototoxicity effect (0.75 ?g mL-1 of encapsulated ClAlPc and irradiation between 0.5 and 2.0 J cm-2) with cell viability reduction of 87%. The second drug delivery system studied were the catanionic vesicles (VesCat) that are spontaneously obtained by mixing the self-assembly surfactant TriCat 12 in water. The production of ClAlPc-loaded vesicles comprises an additional step (to remove the organic solvent) that was optimized, saving 55% of the production time. The final VesCat/ClAlPc kept their physical-chemical properties and round shape (confirmed by scanning electron microscopy), drug loading of 47% and high EE. Hence, the results have proved the great efficiency of these two nanometric systems applied in the PDT to the treatment of melanoma skin cancer and other cutaneous disease, useful features for further progress towards preclinical and clinical trials.

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-17T19:08:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_DarianeJornadaClerici.pdf: 1054628 bytes, checksum: 65a3b3fabb34be04965b9a0f42d8c8a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T19:08:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_DarianeJornadaClerici.pdf: 1054628 bytes, checksum: 65a3b3fabb34be04965b9a0f42d8c8a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / Termites represent a serious threat to the environment, to the agriculture and to the urban environment. Its control is done mainly by the use of chemical pesticides which, alt-hough effective, can cause serious damages to the environment and human beings. An alterna-tive to the use of these pesticides are natural products, such as essential oils with insecticidal action. Although effective, essential oils are unstable, not much soluble in water and degrade by the action of light, oxygen and even moderate temperatures. Thus, the nanostructure of essential oils could solve these problems and make sure they are effective. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate for the first time the effects of nanostructures of essen-tial oils on subterranean termites (Coptotermes gestroi). The nanoemulsions of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Eucalyptus globulus presented mean particle diameter of 94.9 and 79.8nm re-spectively, while the mean diameter of the solid lipid nanoparticles of Melaleuca alternifolia was 148.2nm. The value of PDI in all nanostructures was less than 0.3; zeta potential between -8.6 and -8.8 and pH between 4.0 and 5.9. The repellency test revealed that among the nanostructures tested, the solid lipid nanoparticles of M. alternifolia had the highest repellent index (71.6%). Regarding the termite bioassay, there was no significant difference among any of the groups tested in relation to wood consumption. When we evaluated the mortality of the termite mortality, there was a significant difference between control group (wood without treatment) and the wood treated with the solid lipid nanoparticles of M. alternifolia. In the scale of the American Association of Protection to Wood, the rate of the control group was 4 (very severe attack) and of the group treated by the nanoparticles was 9 (light attack). The present study showed that the nanostructure of essential oils with potential insecticidal action may represent a promising tool in fighting termites. / Os cupins representam uma grave ameaça para o meio ambiente, agricultura e meio urbano. Seu controle é realizado principalmente pelo emprego de pesticidas químicos, que apesar de eficazes, podem causar sérios danos ao meio ambiente e seres humanos. Uma alter-nativa ao uso desses pesticidas são os produtos naturais, como por exemplo, os óleos essenci-ais com ação inseticida. Apesar de eficazes, os óleos essenciais são instáveis, pouco solúveis em água e degradam-se pela ação da luz, oxigênio e até mesmo temperaturas moderadas. As-sim, a nanoestruturação de óleos essenciais poderia contornar esses problemas e garantir sua eficácia. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar pela primeira vez, os efei-tos de nanoestruturas de óleos essenciais em cupins subterrâneos (Coptotermes gestroi). As nanoemulsões de Cymbopogon flexuosus e Eucalyptus globulus apresentaram diâmetro médio de partícula de 94,9 e 79,8nm respectivamente, enquanto que o diâmetro médio das nanopar-tículas lipídicas sólidas de Melaleuca alternifolia foi de 148,2nm. O valor de IPD em todas as nanoestruturas foi menor que 0,3; potencial zeta entre -8,6 e -8,8 e pH entre 4,0 e 5,9. O teste de repelência revelou que dentre as nanoestruturas testadas, as nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas de M. alternifolia obtiveram o índice repelente mais alto (71,6%). Em relação ao bioensaio com cupins, não houve diferença significativa entre nenhum dos grupos testados em relação ao consumo da madeira. Quando avaliada a mortalidade dos cupins, ocorreu diferença signifi-cativa entre grupo controle (madeira sem tratamento) e a madeira tratada com as nanopartícu-las lipídicas sólidas de M. alternifolia. Na escala da Associação Americana de Proteção à Ma-deira a taxa do grupo controle foi 4 (ataque muito severo) e do grupo tratado pelas nanopartí-culas foi 9 (ataque leve). O presente estudo mostrou que a nanoestruturação de óleos essenci-ais com potencial ação inseticida pode representar uma promissora ferramenta no combate aos cupins.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-09-12T14:40:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Gabrielle_Custódio2018.pdf: 1773314 bytes, checksum: 2eea15a0ee541c0d86fb3e257f910aeb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T14:40:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Gabrielle_Custódio2018.pdf: 1773314 bytes, checksum: 2eea15a0ee541c0d86fb3e257f910aeb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná (FA) / The oral administration of insulin stands out as the most convenient, simple and compatible way for patients, since it provides comfort and it can control the glucose homeostasis. This study produced and evaluated a polymer-lipid nanotransporter for the oral delivery of insulin by double emulsion and solvent emulsification/evaporation using ethyl palmitate and hyaluronic acid (HA) of 13 and 55 kDa. The nanoparticles showed an average diameter of 300 nm, negative surface charge, encapsulation efficiency of 35% and they were thermally stable when analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. The in vitro release with simulated gastrointestinal fluids demonstrated the protection ability to encapsulated insulin. The nanoparticles have shown to be safe at potential therapeutic concentrations, since they did not cause cytotoxicity to intestinal epithelial cells. Finally, the permeability of nanoencapsulated insulin through Caco-2 monolayers and Caco-2/HT29-MTX model correlated with the slow release rates and did not show differences between them. These results indicated that the molar weight of HA did not show differences in both the characterization and the therapeutic response of the prepared nanoparticles, which could be considered as a good carrier for the oral administration of insulin. / A administração oral da insulina destaca-se como o modo mais conveniente, simples e compatível com o paciente, pois proporciona conforto e é capaz de controlar a homeostase glicídica. Neste estudo foi produzido e avaliado um nanotransportador lipídico polimérico para a entrega oral da insulina por meio de dupla emulsão e emulsificação/evaporação do solvente utilizando etilpalmitato e ácido hialurônico (HA) de 13 e 55 kDa. As nanopartículas apresentaram diâmetro médio em torno de 300nm, carga superficial negativa, eficiência de encapsulação de 35% e apresentaram-se estáveis termicamente quando analisadas pela calorimetria diferencial de varredura. A liberação in vitro com fluidos gastrointestinais simulados demonstrou a capacidade de proteção à insulina encapsulada. As nanopartículas mostraram-se seguras em potenciais concentrações terapêuticas, uma vez que não originaram citotoxicidade para as células epiteliais intestinais. Por último, a permeabilidade da insulina nanoencapsulada através de monocamadas Caco-2 e modelo Caco-2:HT29-MTX correlacionaram-se com as taxas de liberação lenta e não apresentam diferenças entre si. Esses resultados indicaram que o peso molar do HA não apresentou diferenças tanto na caracterização quanto na resposta terapêutica das nanopartículas preparadas, podendo estas serem consideradas como um bom transportador para administração oral de insulina.

O trabalho apresentado foi realizado em duas etapas independentes e baseou-se no estudo de diferentes sistemas nanométricos para viabilizar a aplicação da ftalocianina de cloro alumínio (ClAlPc) na terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) para o tratamento do câncer de pele do tipo melanoma. O fármaco fotossensibilizante (FS) utilizado apresenta propriedades físico-químicas que lhe permitem exercer sua atividade fotodinâmica com excelência, sem a interferência do cromóforo endógeno melanina existente nas células melanocíticas. Para driblar sua elevada hidrofobicidade, ClAlPc foi encapsulada em sistemas nanométricos para administração em meio fisiológico. Inicialmente nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) foram desenvolvidas por emulsificação direta, após um estudo de elaboração do diagrama de fases. O compritol foi o lipídio sólido escolhido para compor as NLS, com diferentes concentrações de ClAlPc. Todas as formulações desenvolvidas foram devidamente caracterizadas, com tamanho médio entre 100 e 200 nm, baixa polidispersão, potencial zeta adequadamente negativo (~|30| mV), drug loading de ClAlPc entre 76-94% (com pequena redução após 24 meses) e alta eficiência de encapsulação (E.E.). A morfologia arredondada das nanopartículas foi confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e de força atômica. A estabilidade das NLS foi de 24 meses. A avaliação da cristalinidade do lipídio revelou a integração da ClAlPc à matriz lipídica da NLS, presença de estruturas polimórficas e grau de cristalinidade adequado, sem alterações após 24 meses. Nos estudos de difusão in vitro, observou-se que ftalocianina encapsulada nas NLS acumulam-se preferencialmente na epiderme e derme do que no estrato córneo, sem traços de permeação do ativo. Foi confirmado o caráter biocompatível das NLS sobre fibroblastos NIH-3T3. A ftalocianina encapsulada nas NLS não foi tóxica na linhagem de melanoma B16-F10 na ausência de luz, porém, apresentou excelente efeito fototóxico (0,75 ?g mL-1 de ClAlPc nanoencapsulada e irradiação entre 0,5 e 2,0 J cm-2), com redução da viabilidade celular de 87%. O segundo sistema de veiculação estudado foram as vesículas cataniônicas (VesCat), que se formam espontaneamente em água com o tensoativo TriCat 12. A obtenção das vesículas contendo ClAlPc envolve uma etapa adicional, para remoção de solvente orgânico, que foi aprimorada, reduzindo o tempo de produção em 55%. As VesCat/ClAlPc obtidas mantiveram suas propriedades físico-químicas e morfologia arredondada (confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura), drug loading de 47% e alta E.E. Os resultados comprovaram que a aplicação desses dois sistemas nanométricos é altamente eficiente para aplicação da TFD no tratamento do câncer de pele do tipo melanoma ou outras doenças cutâneas, apresentando características favoráveis para avanços nos estudos de fase clínica e pré-clínica. / The present work was conducted in two independent steps, which were based on the study of different nanometric systems that make feasible the application of aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (ClAlPc) in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the melanoma skin cancer treatment. The photosensitizer (PS) used has physical-chemical properties that allow it to perform its photodynamic activity with excellence, without the interference of the melanin, an endogenous chromophore found in melanotic cells. In order to circumvent the high PS hydrophobicity, ClAlPc was encapsulated into nanosystems to administration in physiological environment. At first, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were developed by direct emulsification process after drawing up phase diagram study. The solid lipid compritol was chosen to make the SLN, produced with different ClAlPc concentrations. The developed samples were properly characterized with mean size between 100-200 nm, low polydispersity, negative zeta potential (~|30| mV), ClAlPc drug loading around 76-94% (with slight decrease after 24 months) and high encapsulation efficiency (EE). The round shape of SLN was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The nanoparticles were stable for at least 24 months. The evaluation of lipid crystallinity has proved the ClAlPc integration to SLN lipid matrix, the presence of polymorphic structures and a suitable crystalline degree, without large variations after 24 months. In the in vitro diffusion studies were observed that phthalocyanine conveyed in the nanoparticles accumulates preferably in the epidermis and dermis than in the stratum corneum, without any drug permeation traits. The NLS biocompatibility was confirmed on NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. ClAlPc-loaded NLS did not exhibit toxicity on B16-F10 melanoma cell line in the dark, but it was shown their outstanding phototoxicity effect (0.75 ?g mL-1 of encapsulated ClAlPc and irradiation between 0.5 and 2.0 J cm-2) with cell viability reduction of 87%. The second drug delivery system studied were the catanionic vesicles (VesCat) that are spontaneously obtained by mixing the self-assembly surfactant TriCat 12 in water. The production of ClAlPc-loaded vesicles comprises an additional step (to remove the organic solvent) that was optimized, saving 55% of the production time. The final VesCat/ClAlPc kept their physical-chemical properties and round shape (confirmed by scanning electron microscopy), drug loading of 47% and high EE. Hence, the results have proved the great efficiency of these two nanometric systems applied in the PDT to the treatment of melanoma skin cancer and other cutaneous disease, useful features for further progress towards preclinical and clinical trials.

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de desenvolver uma formulação tópica contendo os filtros solares benzofenona-3 e avobenzona microencapsulados em associação com filtro solar não encapsulado octocrileno e nanoparticulas lipídicas sólidas contendo rutina (formulação completa) e avaliar a eficácia fotoquimiopreventiva dessa formulação usando biópsias de pele humana e pele reconstruída in vitro. Microparticulas lipídicas sólidas contendo grandes quantidades de filtros solares, benzofenona-3 e avobenzona foram obtidas pela técnica do spray congealing com propriedades adequadas para aplicação tópica. Além disso, o processo de microencapsulação foi capaz de diminuir a penetração de benzofenona-3 na pele, aumentar a estabilidade da avobenzona frente à radiação ultravioleta A e a capacidade fotoprotetora desses filtros microencapsulados em formulações tópicas quando expostos a radiação ultravioleta. Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas contendo o flavonóide rutina foram produzidas pelo processo de homogeneização a alta pressão e suas condições foram otimizadas pelo método da desejabilidade rendendo nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas com tamanho médio de 74,22 ±2,77 nm, índice de polispersividade de 0,161±0,03 e eficiência de encapsulação de 98,90 ±0,25 %. Em adição, as nanopartículas mostraram serem capazes de proteger a viabilidade celular de fibroblastos de ratos L929 irradiados com radiação ultravioleta A e B. Para a eficácia fotoquimiopreventiva a formulação completa foi capaz de evitar/diminuir a formação de células apoptóticas, caspase-3, dímeros de ciclobutanodipirimidina, metaloproteinases e peroxidação lipídica em pele humana e pele reconstruída expostos a UVB. O processo tecnológico de microencapsulação e nanoencapsulação dos ativos avaliados mostrou ser eficaz, não comprometendo as propriedades de fotoproteção dos filtros solares e rutina, apresentando resultados similares ou melhores do que as formulações contendo os ativos na forma livre. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de formulações contendo ativos microencapsulados e nanoencapsulados é uma alternativa interessante para o emprego em produtos comerciais para proteção solar, por diminuir as características indesejáveis como penetração e instabilidade, melhorando as propriedades fotoprotetoras e evitando a necessidade de desenvolver novos compostos com propriedades fotoprotetoras. / This study aimed the pharmaceutical development of a topical formulation containing an association of microencapsulated sunscreens benzophenone-3 and avobenzone, free sunscreen octocrylene and rutin flavonol solid lipid nanoparticles (complete formulation). This formulation was assessed for photochemoprotective ability using human skin obtained surgically and reconstructed human skin. Solid lipid microparticles containing large amounts of sunscreens benzophenone-3 and avobenzone were obtained by the spray congealing technique under conditions that allowed the manufacture of microparticles with suitable properties for topical application. The microencapsulation conditions were also able to reduce the penetration of benzophenone-3 through the skin, enhanced the stability of avobenzone against the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and increased the photoprotective ability of both filters in topical formulations exposed to UVR. Solid lipid nanoparticles containing rutin were produced by the high pressure homogenization process whose conditions were optimized using the desirability method, yielding nanoparticles with size of 74.22 ± 2.77 nm, polispersivity index of 0.161 ± 0.03 and encapsulation efficiency of 98.90 ± 0.25%. In addition, the nanoparticles were able to avoid the death of L929 mice fibroblasts exposed to UVR A and B. For the photochemopreventive ability studies, the complete formulation was able to reduce/avoid the induction of apoptotic cells, caspase-3, CPDs, metalloproteinases and lipid peroxides in human skin obtained surgically and reconstructed human skin in vitro exposed to UVB.Thus, the micro and nanoencapsulation solved some intrinsic problems related to sunscreens and rutin without, however, compromising their photohemoprotective ability, since the results showed similar or better efficacy when compared to the formulations containing actives in free form. Therefore, the development of formulations containing microencapsulated and nanoencapsulated compounds is an interesting alternative for employment in commercial products for sun protection by decreasing the undesirable characteristics, such as penetration and instability, improving the photoprotective properties and avoiding the need to develop new compounds with photoprotective characteristics.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-17T11:32:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedropaulosoldati.pdf: 1732705 bytes, checksum: 3dc5affce1644925cc37df52a9986961 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-28T13:31:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedropaulosoldati.pdf: 1732705 bytes, checksum: 3dc5affce1644925cc37df52a9986961 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T13:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedropaulosoldati.pdf: 1732705 bytes, checksum: 3dc5affce1644925cc37df52a9986961 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-27 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) foram preparadas utilizando como fração lipídica a manteiga natural extraída das sementes de Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuaçu) para a liberação controlada de resveratrol visando a aplicação tópica. A manteiga natural foi avaliada por cromatografia gasosa para a identificação e quantificação dos principais componentes lipídicos, mostrando equilibrada composição entre ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados. As NLS foram preparadas pela técnica de homogeneização por alto cisalhamento e apresentaram tamanho de partícula na escala manométrica, com uma distribuição homogênea da dispersão, confirmada pelas técnicas de espalhamento dinâmico de luz e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Suas características físico-químicas, como carga superficial negativa, tamanho e índice de polidispersão, mantiveram-se inalteradas durante 30 dias, indicando boa estabilidade coloidal. O estudo de liberação in vitro utilizando células de difusão de Franz demonstraram uma liberação controlada do ativo, apresentando uma cinética de liberação controlada pela difusão do núcleoo lipídico, de acordo com o modelo de Higuchi. A NLS contendo o resveratrol (R-NLS) apresentou um aumento de 20% na atividade antioxidante em comparação com a solução etanólica de resveratrol (SER). O estudo de penetração cutânea, utilizando pele humana proveniente de abdominoplastia, indicou que a R-NLS aumentou a penetração e retenção do ativo nas camadas mais externas da pele, com um acréscimo de 2 vezes no estrato córneo quando comparado com a SER. Além disso, a NLS desenvolvida mostrou-se segura, visto que não apresentou citotixidade em linhagem de queratinócitos humanos. Por isso, o sistema de NLS preparado utilizando manteiga natural é capaz de promover uma liberação segura e controlada do ativo na pele, sendo promissor para sua utilização em formulações tópicas. / Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) based on natural seed butter extracted from Amazon tree Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuaçu) were prepared for the topical controlled release of resveratrol, a well-known lipophilic antioxidant. The natural butter was assessed by gas chromatography for the identification and quantification of the lipids, showing saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as the major constituents. Nanoparticles were then prepared by high shear homogenization and presented small particle size, with narrow size distribution, which was confirmed by dynamic light scattering measurements and transmission electronic microscopy images. The negative surface charge, size and polydispersity index remained unaltered for 30 days, indicating good colloidal stability. Moreover, the controlled release kinetics revealed a burst release followed by a sustained drug release from SLNs containing resveratrol (R-SLN), which fitted the Higuchi mathematical model, indicating that the releasing profile from the lipid core is diffusion-controlled. R-SLN showed an increased antioxidant activity in 20% compared to resveratrol ethanolic solution (RES). When applied to human skin, R-SLN increased the permeation and retention of resveratrol in the human skin, raising the amount of resveratrol over than 2-fold in stratum corneum compared to RES. In addition, there was no cytotoxicity of the SLN to human keratinocytes at tested conditions. This new SLN prepared with natural seed butter was able to permeate and deliver hydrophobic actives to the skin in a controlled manner, having the potential to ultimately be used in formulations that request topical delivery.

La combretastatine A-4 (CA-4), produit naturel isolé d’un arbuste d’Afrique du sud (Combretum caffrum K.), a montré des propriétés antitumorales intéressantes. Grâce à sa capacité à empêcher la polymérisation de la tubuline, ce stilbénoïde possède des propriétés cytostatiques sélectives à l’égard de différentes lignées cellulaires cancéreuses. Certains dérivés hydrosolubles de la CA-4 comme la CA-4P (fosbretabuline) et le composé AVE8062 (ombrabuline) sont actuellement en essais cliniques pour le traitement de différents cancers. Trois séries de dérivés de la CA-4 ont été synthétisées : les Z-stilbènes, les 1,2- diaryl-1,2-éthanediones et les 5,6-diaryl-2,3-dihydropyrazines. Dans ces composés, le cycle B est remplacé par divers hétérocycliques (indole, benzofurane, benzothiophène, thiophène) attachés à la position C2. Ces dérivés ont été évalués pour leur capacité à inhiber l'assemblage de la tubuline. Le produit Z-stilbènes portant un noyau benzo[b]thiophène a montré une activité antitubuline comparable à celle de la colchicine et de la deoxypodophyllotoxine. L’effet sur l'organisation intracellulaire des microtubules et les propriétés antimitotiques de ce composé ont été ensuite testés sur les lignées cellulaires de kératinocytes SKv-a et HaCaT. Enfin, des essais préliminaires de vectorisation de ce composé dans des nanoparticules lipidiques solides (SLN) ont été réalisés / Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4), a natural product first isolated from the South African bush willow tree (Combretum caffrum K.), possesses interesting antitumor properties. Due to its capacity to inhibit tubulin polymerization, this stilbenoid shows selective cytostatic activities against various cancer cell lines. Some water-soluble CA-4 derivatives such as CA-4P (fosbretabuline) and AVE8062 (ombrabuline) are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. Three series of CA-4 analogues, Z-stilbenes, 1,2-diaryl-1,2-ethanediones and 5,6-diaryl-2,3-dihydropyrazines, were synthesized. In these compounds, the B ring is replaced by various heterocycles (indole, benzofurane, benzothiophene or thiophene) attached at the C2 position. These derivatives were evaluated for their ability to inhibit tubulin assembly. Compound Z- stilbenes bearing a benzo[b]thiophene ring showed an antitubulin activity comparable to that of colchicine and deoxypodophyllotoxine. Its effect on the intracellular organization of microtubules and antimitotic properties were then tested on two keratinocyte cell lines HaCaT and SKV-a. Finally, preliminary essays to the vectorization of this compound in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were carried out

De nombreux systèmes nanoparticulaires ont été développés pour modifier la délivrance de molécules par la voie cutanée. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux nanoparticules lipidiques type Janus (JNP), une forme galénique innovante caractérisée par la combinaison de deux compartiments, de polarité chimique opposée, un compartiment aqueux accolé à un compartiment lipidique. L’objectif principal a été la caractérisation des JNP. La spectroscopie ATR-FTIR a permis de mettre au point un descripteur IR permettant de suivre la stabilité physique des JNP à l’air libre et en fonction du temps. Le même descripteur a permis de suivre leur devenir à la surface de la peau, et de constater une pénétration significative à partir de 3 heures d’application. Nous avons prouvé que l’AFM-IR est une technique prometteuse pour étudier la nanostructure de la peau. De plus, elle a permis de montrer qu’après 24 heures d’application, les JNP se sont accumulées dans les premières couches du SC avec un gradient dans les couches plus profondes du SC. En revanche, il n’a pas été possible de déterminer si elles ont pénétré à l’état intact ou dégradé. Les JNP semblent avoir une influence sur la pénétration cutanée de l’acide hyaluronique, elles ont permis une augmentation significative de son flux de pénétration. La caractérisation de la phase lipophile des JNP par différentes techniques (LC-MS, DLS, Cryo-TEM, diffraction des rayons X…) a permis de mieux comprendre leur instabilité aux températures élevées (32°C - 43°C). / Many nanocarriers have been developed to improve the delivery of molecules into the skin. In this PhD thesis, we are interested in lipid-based Janus nanoparticles (JNP), an innovative galenic form characterized by the combination of two compartments of opposite chemical polarity, an aqueous compartment associated to a lipid compartment. The main aim was the characterization of JNP. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy allowed to identify an infrared descriptor to follow the physical stability of JNP in open air and over time. The same descriptor allowed to follow their behavior on the surface of the skin, and to note a significant penetration from 3 hours of application. AFM-IR has been shown to be a promising technique for studying the nanostructure of the human skin. In addition, it has shown that after 24 hours of application, JNP were accumulated in the first layers of the SC with a gradient in the deeper layers of the SC. However, it was not possible to conclude if they have penetrated in the intact or degraded form. JNP seem to have an influence on the cutaneous penetration of the hyaluronic acid, they allowed a significant increase of its penetration flux. The characterization of the lipophilic phase of JNP by different techniques (LC-MS, DLS, Cryo-TEM, X-ray diffraction...) allowed to better understand their instability at high temperatures (32°C - 43°C).

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradci Králové Department of: Pharmaceutical Technology Supervisor: PharmDr. Ondřej Holas, Ph.D. Consultant: Mgr. Jana Kubačková Student: Kateřina Kučerová Title of thesis: Preparation and evaluation of lipid based nanoparticles as drug carriers Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are promising drug delivery systems. Their capability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules, biocompatibility and biodegradability of lipids make them a suitable alternative for well-established drug carries. The aim of this thesis was to determine suitable ratios of composition of nanoparticles with acceptable properties (especially reduced size and polydispersity, high zeta potential absolute values), to investigate status and thermodynamic behaviour of the nanoparticles and lipids used and to examine drug encapsulation efficiency. Nanoprecipitation method was used to prepare nanoparticles from stearic acid as a solid lipid and in the case of NLC preparation isopropyl myristate as a liquid lipid was used. Kolliphor® P 188 as a surfactant and Span® 20 as a co-surfactant were the best choice to meet intended characteristics. It was shown that usually lower the concentration of surfactant and co-surfactant was the...

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of: Pharmaceutical Technology Supervisor: PharmDr. Ondřej Holas, Ph.D. Consultant: Mgr. Jana Kubačková Student: Lenka Voldřichová Title of thesis: Lipid based nanoparticles: drug delivery platform Lipic nanoparticles, as newly developed dosage forms, can overcome many drawbacks of conventional dosage forms. Their potential can be utilized in particular for prolonged, controlled and targeted release. They can also increase the bioavailability of drugs, especially those with poor solubility and also allow targeting, which causes increased accumulation of lipid nanoparticles in certain tissues compared to other tissues. nanoparticles suitable for drug encapsulation. The particles were prepared by the emulsion evaporation method. Their characterization was performed using a Zetasizer, which measured the particle size and the zeta potential. The properties of the formulations were evaluated in terms of nanoparticle size, polydispersity, zeta potential, and formulation properties. Differencial scanning calorimetry analysis was also performed on selected formulations. The selected final formulation was composed of 25 mg glycerol monostearate, 10 mg isopropyl myristate, 15 mg lecithin and Kolliphor P188 0,1% solution....