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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Perspective nouvelle pour la récupération de l'indium issu des e-déchets par électrodéposition dans les liquides ioniques à température ambiante / New perspective for indium recovery from e-waste by electrodeposition in room temperature ionic liquids

Traore, Youssouf 02 April 2012 (has links)
Face à une croissance effrénée de la demande en indium et aux enjeux à la fois socio-économiques et politiques potentiels qu'il représente, le recyclage de l'indium contenu dans les équipements en fin de vie reste la seule alternative pour remédier à des risques de pénuries. Au-delà des aspects économique et stratégique, le recyclage de l'indium peut permettre de préserver l'environnement en évitant l'exploitation à grande échelle des gisements de minerais contenant l'indium. Par ailleurs, la toxicité de l'indium justifie à elle seule le développement de procédés de traitement de déchets en contenant. Pourtant, la récupération de l'indium à partir de déchets électroniques est actuellement assez peu développée, mis à part au Japon, où plusieurs procédés existent à l'échelle industrielle. Ces procédés sont toutefois peu respectueux de l'environnement et fortement énergivores. Dans ce travail de doctorat, le recyclage de l'indium par extraction liquide/liquide dans un liquide ionique suivie de son électrodéposition in situ nous est apparu comme un procédé prometteur, permettant de s'affranchir de l'étape souvent difficile de dés-extraction du cation métallique. Parmi les liquides ioniques que nous avons synthétisés et caractérisés, en termes de structure et de propriétés physico-chimiques, le bis(trifluorométhylsulfonyl) amidure de 1-butyl-1-éthylpipéridinium (BEPipNTf2) s'est avéré le plus adapté du fait de sa bonne stabilité cathodique, de sa faible viscosité, de son caractère hydrophobe et peu hygroscopique. Nous avons montré qu'en synergie avec l'oxyde de trioctylphosphine (TOPO) comme extractant, il est possible d'extraire plus de 90% de l'indium contenu dans une phase aqueuse 10-2 M en HCl. Le système électrochimique In(III)/In(0) dans le BEPipNTf2 a alors été étudié en présence de chlorures, d'eau, d'oxygène et de TOPO, espèces présentes à l'issue de l'étape d'extraction liquide/liquide de l'In(III). Une étude détaillée de l'influence des ions chlorures a notamment été réalisée, mettant en évidence la formation de chlorocomplexes d'indium lors de l'application d'un potentiel cathodique de réduction de l'In(III), ce qui modifie considérablement les caractéristiques électrochimiques du système In(III)/In(0). Les résultats obtenus montrent qu'il est possible d'électrodéposer de l'In(III) sous sa forme métallique dans le domaine de stabilité électrochimique du liquide ionique, et ceci de façon non réversible en présence de TOPO, dont l'électroactivité dans le domaine de potentiel correspondant porte néanmoins à croire que la réduction pourrait entraîner la présence d'impuretés organiques dans le dépôt d'indium et limiter la quantité de métal déposée. / Faced with explosive growth in demand for indium and, faced with challenges to both socio-economic and political potential it represents, the recycling of indium content in the equipments of end of life remains the only alternative to address risk of shortages. Beyond the economic and strategic aspects, recycling of indium can help preserving the environment by preventing large-scale exploitation of mineral ores containing indium. In addition, the toxicity of indium alone justifies the development of methods for treating waste containing indium. However, the recovery of indium from electronic waste is currently fairly limited, except in Japan where there are several processes at an industrial scale. However, these processes are not environmentally friendly and are energy-intensive In this PhD work, recycling of indium by liquid / liquid extraction in an ionic liquid followed by its electrodeposition in situ appeared to us as a promising process, to overcome the often difficult step of de-extraction of the metal cation. Among the ionic liquids that we have synthesized and characterized in terms of structure and of physicochemical properties, 1-butyl-1-ethylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BEPipNTf2) has been shown most suitable because of its cathodic stability, its low viscosity, its hydrophobic and weakly hygroscopic character. We have shown that in synergy with the trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as extractant, it is possible to extract more than 90% of the indium contained in a 10-2 M HCl aqueous phase. The electrochemical system In(III)/In(0) in the BEPipNTf2 was then studied in the presence of chlorides, of water, of oxygen and of TOPO, which are the species present after the liquid/liquid extraction step of the In(IIII). A detailed study of the influence of chloride ions has been particularly carried out, highlighting the formation of chlorocomplexes of indium when applying a cathodic potential of reduction of In(III), which significantly changes the electrochemical characteristics of the system In(III)/In(0), The results obtained show that indium (III) can be electrodeposited in its metallic form in the range of electrochemical stability of the ionic liquid and that this is non-reversible in presence of TOPO, whose electroactivity in the corresponding potential range suggests that the reduction could result in the presence of organic impurities in the deposition of indium and could limit the amount of metal deposited.
92

Um Método Espectrofotométrico para Quantificação de Furfural em Cachaças por Extração Líquido-Líquido / A Spectrophotometric Method for Quantification of Furfural in Cachaças by Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Mélo, Erika Maria Gouveia de 21 March 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2349929 bytes, checksum: 3d3e0699d877063cdd3b4736536785b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A simple and rapid method for determination of furfural in yeast-distilled beverages from sugar cane by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is proposed. The techniques of extraction and / or preconcentration allows analytes can be determined by separation of sample components due, mainly, the solubility differences that allows the separation of one or more matrix components by contact and mechanical stirring of a solvent immiscible or slightly miscible in the matrix. The component to be separated (analyte) must be soluble in this solvent. In the proposed method equal amounts of standard sample and chloroform are mixed, the mixture is stirred mechanically for about 2 minutes, forming an emulsion. After this, it´s expected one minute to complete phase separation. Once the analyte is in the extractor solvent (chloroform) it was separated from the mixture and subjected to spectrophotometric analysis in the UV region (279 nm). The stability of the standard solution of furfural and waste disposal were evaluated. The viability of the LLE method was evaluated in the determination of furfural in samples of sugar cane spirits. The proposed method was compared with the reference method based on gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (FID) (GC-FID), no statistical difference between the results was observed. The LLE method was sensitive, accurate and precise with recoveries in the range 102-109%, linear range of 0,2 to 8 mg 100 ml-1, limits of detection and quantification of 0,0118 mg 100 mL-1 and 0,0203 mg 100 ml-1, respectively, repeatability factor of 0,026. The LLE methodology was validated and successfully applied to the analysis of eight cachaças samples demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of the method. The levels of furfural, in the analyzed cachaças was between 0,4 to 1,1 mg 100 mL-1 and is therefore, beverages analyzed, within the limit of 5 mg 100 mL-1, established by legislation. / Um método simples e rápido para determinação de furfural em cachaças por extração líquidolíquido (LLE) é proposto. As técnicas de extração e/ou pré-concentração permitem que analitos sejam determinados por meio da separação de componentes da amostra devido, principalmente, às diferenças de solubilidade que possibilitam a separação de um ou mais componentes da matriz por meio do contato e agitação mecânica de um solvente imiscível ou pouco miscível na matriz. O componente a ser separado (analito) deve solúvel neste solvente. No método proposto, são misturadas quantidades iguais de amostra/padrão e de clorofórmio, esta mistura é agitada mecanicamente por cerca de 2 minutos, formando uma emulsão. Após isto, espera-se mais um minuto para haver a completa separação de fases. Uma vez que o analito encontra-se no solvente extrator (clorofórmio), este foi separado da mistura e submetido à análise espectrofotométrica na região do UV (em 279 nm). A estabilidade da solução padrão de furfural e o descarte dos resíduos foram avaliados. A viabilidade do método LLE foi avaliada na determinação de furfural em amostras de cachaça. O método proposto foi comparado com o método baseado na cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (GC-FID), nenhuma diferença estatística entre os resultados foi observada. O método LLE mostrou-se sensível, exato e preciso com recuperações na faixa de 102 a 109%, faixa linear de 0,2 a 8 mg 100 mL-1, limites de detecção e quantificação de 0,0118 mg 100mL-1 e 0,0203 mg 100mL-1, respectivamente, fator de repetitividade de 0,026. A metodologia de LLE foi validada e aplicada com sucesso na análise de oito amostras de cachaças demonstrando assim, a viabilidade e confiabilidade do método. Os teores de furfural, nas cachaças analisadas, variaram de 0,4 a 1,1 mg 100 mL-1, estando pois, as bebidas analisadas, dentro do limite, de 5 mg 100 mL-1, estabelecido pela legislação.
93

Improvement Strategies for the Production of Renewable Chemicals by Synechocystis sp PCC 6803

January 2013 (has links)
abstract: Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 is a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that can be easily transformed to produce molecules of interest; this has increased Synechocystis’ popularity as a clean energy platform. Synechocystis has been shown to produce and excrete molecules such as fatty acids, isoprene, etc. after appropriate genetic modification. Challenges faced for large–scale growth of modified Synechocystis include abiotic stress, microbial contamination and high processing costs of product and cell material. Research reported in this dissertation contributes to solutions to these challenges. First, abiotic stress was addressed by overexpression of the heat shock protein ClpB1. In contrast to the wild type, the ClpB1 overexpression mutant (Slr1641+) tolerated rapid temperature changes, but no difference was found between the strains when temperature shifts were slower. Combination of ClpB1 overexpression with DnaK2 overexpression (Slr1641+/Sll0170+) further increased thermotolerance. Next, we used a Synechocystis strain that carries an introduced isoprene synthase gene (IspS+) and that therefore produces isoprene. We attempted to increase isoprene yields by overexpression of key enzymes in the methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway that leads to synthesis of the isoprene precursor. Isoprene production was not increased greatly by MEP pathway induction, likely because of limitations in the affinity of the isoprene synthase for the substrate. Finally, two extraction principles, two–phase liquid extraction (e.g., with an organic and aqueous phase) and solid–liquid extraction (e.g., with a resin) were tested. Two–phase liquid extraction is suitable for separating isoprene but not fatty acids from the culture medium. Fatty acid removal required acidification or surfactant addition, which affected biocompatibility. Therefore, improvements of both the organism and product–harvesting methods can contribute to enhancing the potential of cyanobacteria as solar–powered biocatalysts for the production of petroleum substitutes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Plant Biology 2013
94

Comparaison de procédés d'extraction appliqués au domaine des biotechnologies blanches / Comparison of extraction processes applied to white biotechnologies

Yim, Ka Ho 01 February 2013 (has links)
Ce doctorat a pour de comparer deux procédés d’extraction de biomolécules, comme l’acide gallique. Le phosphate de tributyle (TBP), dilué dans le dodécane, est choisi comme extractant et Na2HPO4 comme désextractant pour leur efficacité. Avec ces réactifs, nous avons déterminé le mécanisme des deux systèmes extractifs. L’extraction liquide-liquide est limitée par l’équilibre thermodynamique : elle est efficace pour des concentrations élevées de TBP. Quant à l’extraction par émulsion, elle ne l’est pas ; si l’émulsion est stable, l’extraction peut être rapide et totale avec des concentrations de TBP plus faibles, ce qui rend ce procédé plus vert que le précédent. La dernière partie de l’étude porte sur le remplacement du dodécane par des agrodiluants afin d’obtenir des procédés encore plus verts. L’utilisation d’esters éthyliques d’acide gras permet d’augmenter l’extraction en présence de TBP et même d’éviter son emploi en extraction par émulsion. / This aim of this study was to compare liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and extraction by emulsion (ELM) of biomolecules as gallic acid. TBP as the extractant and Na2HPO4 as the stripping agent were chosen thanks to their efficiency. The influence of many parameters on these two processes was studied to determine their mechanism. LLE process is limited by equilibrium: the extraction is efficient for high TBP concentrations (> 20 % v/v). This is not the case for ELM process: if the emulsion was stable, the extraction was quantitative within a few minutes with lower extractant concentrations, which made ELM process more environment-friendly. By using agrodiluents to replace dodecane for more environmental-friendly processes, interesting results were obtained. In ELL, higher extraction yields were obtained with TBP diluted in ethylic esters of fatty acids. Even, in ELM, gallic acid was quantitatively extracted without TBP.
95

Estudo da partiÃÃo de imunoglobulina G em sistemas aquosos bifÃsicos utilizando PEG/tampÃo citrato / Partition study of immunoglobulin G in aqueous two-phase systems using PEG/citrate buffer

Ana Alice de FÃtima Nunes Torres 28 February 2013 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho, estudou-se a extraÃÃo de Imunoglobulina G (IgG) em Sistemas Aquosos BifÃsicos (SABs) compostos por polietilenoglicÃis (PEG) com massas moleculares iguais a 4000, 6000 e 8000 g.mol-1 e tampÃo citrato com pHs 5,0, 6,0 e 7,0. Primeiramente, determinou-se o comportamento no equilÃbrio para cada sistema por duas metodologias diferentes: cloud-point, a partir do qual foram obtidas as curvas binodais, e densitometria, que deu origem Ãs linhas de amarraÃÃo. Os resultados obtidos por ambas as tÃcnicas apresentaram uma boa concordÃncia. Observou-se que o aumento da massa molar do PEG, bem como o aumento do pH do tampÃo citrato levou a um aumento da Ãrea sobre a curva binodal. Entretanto, para o Ãltimo caso, a expansÃo da regiÃo bifÃsica nÃo foi significante quando se aumentou o pH de 6,0 para 7,0. Em relaÃÃo Ãs linhas de amarraÃÃo, tambÃm nÃo foram observadas mudanÃas significativas tanto no comprimento como nas inclinaÃÃes das mesmas quando se variou a massa molar e o pH, o que mostra a alta capacidade dos Ãons citrato em se hidratar preferencialmente e promover quase totalmente ou totalmente a exclusÃo do PEG da fase fundo, como observado nesse trabalho. O estudo de partiÃÃo se deu a partir de um planejamento estatÃstico do tipo 24 com resoluÃÃo completa e adiÃÃo de trÃs pontos centrais, tendo como variÃveis a % PEG, % tampÃo citrato, pH e massa molar do PEG. Para tal finalidade o software Statistica 7 foi utilizado. Foram realizados 19 experimentos e cada variÃvel independente foi testada em trÃs nÃveis, sendo os valores de porcentagem de PEG iguais a 26, 28 e 30% m/m e de tampÃo citrato iguais 8, 10 e 12% m/m. Os experimentos que apresentaram os maiores valores de coeficiente de partiÃÃo (Kp) foram aqueles com pH 7,0 e 12% de tampÃo citrato, classificados como fatores significativos estatisticamente. Fixaram-se, entÃo, esses valores de pH e % de tampÃo citrato e realizaram-se mais 27 experimentos com diferentes concentraÃÃes de NaCl (0, 0,2 e 0,4 M). Observou-se um aumento no valor de Kp quando se aumentou a concentraÃÃo de NaCl. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo mostraram que elevados valores de Kp podem ser obtidos mesmo a baixas concentraÃÃes de sal neutro. Este resultado mostrou ser satisfatÃrio visto que a utilizaÃÃo de grandes concentraÃÃes de sais em um processo industrial pode ocasionar diversos problemas como, por exemplo, a reduÃÃo na vida Ãtil dos equipamentos devido à corrosÃo dos mesmos. / In this work, it was studied the extraction of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Aqueous Two Phase Systems (ATPS) composed of polyethylene glycols (PEG) with molecular weight equal to 4000, 6000 and 8000 g.mol-1 and citrate buffer with pH 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0. First, the behavior for each system in equilibrium was determined by two different methodologies: cloud-point from which binodal curves were obtained and density, which led to the tie-lines. The results obtained by both techniques showed good agreement. It was observed that the increase in PEG molecular weight and the increase in citrate buffer pH led to an increase in the area of the binodal curve. However, for the latter case, the expansion of two-phase region was not significant when the pH increased from 6.0 to 7.0. Regarding the tie-lines, there were also no significant changes in both length and slopes of the same while varying the molecular weight and pH, which shows the high ability of citrate ions on hydrating theirselves preferably and promoting fully or almost fully the PEG exclusion bottom phase, as observed in this study. The study of partition was made from a statistical design of type 24 with complete resolution and adding three central points, having as variables % PEG, % citrate buffer, pH and PEG molar mass. For this purpose the software Statistica 7 was used. 19 experiments were performed and each independent variable was tested in three levels, being the values of PEG percentage equals to 26, 28 and 30% (m/m) and citrate buffer percentage equals to 8, 10 and 12% (w/w). The experiments showed that the highest values of the partition coefficient (Kp) were obtained in systems with pH 7.0 and 12% citrate buffer, classified as statistically significant factors. These values of pH and % citrate buffer were settled and other 27 experiments were conducted with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.2 and 0.4 M). There was an increase in the Kp value when the NaCl concentration increased. The results of this study showed that high Kp values can be obtained even at low concentrations of neutral salt. This result is satisfactory since the use of high concentrations of salts in an industrial process may cause various problems such as the reduction in service life due to corrosion of the equipment thereof.
96

Estudos de equilíbrio líquido-líquido na extração de poliaromáticos

LOPES, Flavio Marcio Pereira 27 June 2012 (has links)
Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-07T16:59:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-Dissertacao-FlavioLopes.pdf: 1974201 bytes, checksum: d403ec49ecc5be27ebcf54b9f6f2a5de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-07T16:59:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-Dissertacao-FlavioLopes.pdf: 1974201 bytes, checksum: d403ec49ecc5be27ebcf54b9f6f2a5de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / Dentre os processos utilizáveis para a purificação de correntes residuais oriundas da obtenção das manufaturas advindas do petróleo, destaca-se a extração em fase líquida, utilizada, por exemplo, na desaromatização dos óleos básicos parafínicos. As correntes residuais obtidas nesta desaromatização podem ser purificadas utilizando esta mesma técnica, para propiciar sua utilização em outros fins industriais. Na indústria de pneus, a necessidade de diminuição dos altos teores de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) apresentados pelos extratos residuais da indústria petroquímica já foi observada por órgãos ambientais e governamentais. Deve-se considerar a seletividade e o rendimento para a escolha do solvente a utilizar. Tais características conferem eficiência no procedimento de purificação dos extratos obtidos, com a diminuição dos teores de HPA do extrato aromático, por exemplo, utilizado pela indústria de pneus como plastificante e extensor da borracha. Estudos de extração em fase líquida para sistemas ternários são comuns. Entretanto, dados experimentais de equilíbrio líquido-líquido (ELL) multicomponente, entre solventes e extratos contendo compostos poliaromáticos, para aplicação na extração de HPA em matriz alifática de alto ponto de ebulição (acima de 300ºC), são muito escassos ou inexistentes. Além disso, os dados de ELL de sistemas ternários foram medidos em temperaturas próximas da ambiente, distantes das temperaturas de interesse industrial (acima de 70ºC). Neste trabalho foram medidos dados de ELL para os sistemas sulfolane + n-hexadecano + xileno + pireno; dietileno glicol (DEG)+ n-hexadecano + xileno + pireno; N-metil - pirrolidona (NMP) + monoetileno glicol (MEG)+ n-hexadecano + xileno + pireno. Os equilíbrios estudados nos apresentaram resultados adversos na eficiência de extração. Para o sistema com sulfolane, houve uma boa eficiência na extração do pireno, o que não ocorreu com os sistemas com DEG e NMP+MEG, fato comprovado pelos gráficos das linhas de amarração (tielines) obtidos para cada um dos sistemas e com os cálculos de coeficiente de partição (D) e eficiência da extração (S). Para a extração do xileno, os sistemas apresentaram o aceitável na realidade industrial: o aproveitamento de extração dos três sistemas foi baixo. / Among the usable processes for the purification of residual currents originating from the obtaining of the manufacture originating of the petroleum, we highlight out the extraction in liquid phase, used, for example, in the desaromatization of the basic paraffinic oils. The residual currents obtained in this desaromatization can be purified using this same technique, to propitiate its use in other industrial ends. In the industry of tires, the need of decrease of the high grades of polycyclic aromatic hidrocarbons (HPA) presented by the residual extracts of the petrochemical industry was observed already by environmental and government bodies. It should be considered the selectivity and the income for the choice of the solvent to use. Such characteristics check efficiency in the procedure of purification of the obtained extracts, with the decrease of the grades of HPA of the aromatic extract, for instance, used by the industry of tires as plasticizer and extending of the rubber. Extraction studies in liquid phase for ternary systems are common. However, experimental data of multicomponent liquid-liquid balance (ELL), between solvents and extracts containing composed polyaromatics, for application in the extraction of HPA in head office aliphatic of high ebullition point (above 300ºC), healthy very scarce or inexistent. Besides, the data of ELL of ternary systems were measured in near temperatures of the atmosphere, distant of the temperatures of industrial interest (above 70ºC). In this work they were measured data of ELL for the systems sulfolane + n-hexadecane + xylene + pyrene; diethyilene glycol (DEG) + nhexadecane + xylene + pyrene; N-methyl - pyrrolidone (NMP) + monoethylene glycol (MEG) + n-hexadecane + xylene + pyrene. The studied balances us they presented adverse results in the extraction efficiency. For the system with sulfolane, there was a good efficiency in the extraction of the pyrene, what didn't happen with the systems with DEG and NMP+MEG, proven fact for the tielines graphs obtained for each one of the systems and with the calculations of partition coefficient (D) and extraction efficiency (S). To the extraction of the xylene, the systems presented what is wanted in the industrial reality: the use of extraction of the three systems was low.
97

Caracterização de sistemas envolvidos nos processos de purificação de biodiesel / Characterization of systems involved in the process of perification of biodiesel

Machado, Alex Barreto 17 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Martín Aznar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T10:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Machado_AlexBarreto_D.pdf: 10485061 bytes, checksum: 1bbe757a7cc410835bff5b7be09c251b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Vários são os interesses que têm impulsionado o investimento em novos processos de produção de fontes alternativas de energia: preocupação com o esgotamento de fontes limitadas de petróleo; dependência do mercado brasileiro de recursos estrangeiros, apelo a fontes renováveis de matéria prima e preocupações ambientais (Protocolo de Kyoto). Dentre as alternativas aos combustíveis fósseis, o biodiesel aparece como uma alternativa promissora. O biodiesel pode ser definido como sendo um mono-alquil éster de ácidos graxos derivado de fontes renováveis, como óleos e gorduras, obtido através de processo de transesterificação, no qual ocorre a transformação de triacilgliceróis em moléculas menores de ésteres de ácidos graxos, rendendo como subproduto o glicerol (ou glicerina). O biodiesel encontra-se registrado na Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-USA) como combustível e como aditivo para combustíveis e pode ser usado puro a 100% (B100), em mistura com o diesel de petróleo, por exemplo de 20% (B20), ou em uma proporção baixa (1 a 5%) como aditivo, sendo o seu uso possível sem nenhuma modificação nos motores convencionais. Inúmeros trabalhos vêm sendo desenvolvidos testando diferentes óleos, processos e misturas finais, mas para a correta avaliação destes trabalhos torna-se necessário caracterizar o produto obtido e reconhecer as diferenças presentes nas matérias primas capazes de alterar positivamente o resultado final. Além disso, torna-se necessário entender os equilíbrios líquido-líquido formados com as misturas e estudar os equilíbrios líquido-vapor envolvidos nas destilações necessárias para a purificação do biodiesel. Tais dados não são encontrados na literatura atualmente e inviabilizam a construção de plantas virtuais e a realização de simulações computacionais. Assim, o presente projeto visa apresentar uma caracterização de sistemas envolvidos na purificação do biodiesel, permitindo obter dados de equilíbrios líquido-líquido e líquido-vapor em sistemas contendo etanol, glicerol, biodiesel de óleo de soja (Bio-OS), biodiesel de óleo de mamona ( Bio-OM ), água e catalisador / Abstract: There are several concerns that have driven investment in new production processes for alternative energy sources: concern over the depletion of limited supplies of oil, dependence on the Brazilian market of foreign funds, call for renewable raw materials and environmental concerns (Protocol Kyoto). Among the alternatives to fossil fuels, biodiesel appears as a promising alternative. Biodiesel can be defined as a mono-alkyl ester of fatty acids derived from renewable sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats obtained through transesterification process, which occurs in the transformation of triacylglycerols into smaller molecules of fatty acid esters, yielding as a byproduct glycerol (or glycerin). Biodiesel is registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-USA) as fuel and fuel additive and can be used at 100% (B100), mixed with petroleum diesel, for example, 20% (B20) or in a low proportion (1-5%) as an additive, which makes their use possible without any modification in conventional engines. Numerous studies have been developed by testing different oils, processes and final mixtures, but for proper assessment of this work, it is necessary to characterize the product and recognize the differences present in the raw materials that can positively change the outcome. Moreover, it is necessary to understand the liquid-liquid equilibria formed with the mixtures and to study the vapor-liquid equilibria involved in distillation required for the purification of biodiesel. Such data are not found in the open literature and currently hinder the construction of virtual plants and conducting computer simulations. Thus, this project aims to present a characterization of systems involved in the purification of biodiesel, allowing to get data from liquid-liquid equilibria and vapor-liquid systems containing ethanol, glycerol, biodiesel from soybean oil ( Bio-SO) and biodiesel from castor oil ( Bio-CO), water and catalyst (NaOH) / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química
98

Determinação de dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquido em diferentes sistemas durante a produção de biodiesel / Determination of liquid¿liquid equilibrium data in different systems of biodiesel production

Silva, César Augusto Sodré da 07 April 2011 (has links)
Orientadores: Eduardo Augusto Caldas Batista, Marcelo Lanza / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T08:03:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CesarAugustoSodreda_D.pdf: 1528934 bytes, checksum: 876115f0d607a9ede4187d15d39c0054 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a investigação do comportamento de fases através da determinação de dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquido em diferentes sistemas graxos envolvidos na produção e purificação de biodiesel, além da correlação e avaliação desses dados empregando o modelo termodinâmico NRTL (non¿random, two¿liquid). Inicialmente, foram medidos experimentalmente os dados de equilíbrio líquido¿líquido para sistemas binários e ternários envolvendo óleo vegetal + etanol + água, onde foram determinadas as linhas de solubilidade mútua, em uma faixa de temperatura de 25 ºC a 60 ºC. Os óleos vegetais investigados foram: óleo de canola, óleo de milho, óleo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas), e óleo de polpa de macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata). De acordo com os resultados, o aumento da temperatura dentro das condições experimentais analisadas favoreceu a miscibilidade óleo¿solvente em ambas as fases. Em uma segunda etapa, dados de equilíbrio líquido¿líquido para sistemas ternários e quaternários empregados no processo de desacidificação de óleos vegetais foram determinados. Tais dados de equilíbrio foram gerados em diferentes condições de temperatura e porcentagens de água no solvente. Os sistemas investigados foram: óleo de polpa de macaúba + ácido oléico + etanol + água e óleo de pinhão manso + ácido oléico + etanol + água. Os resultados mostraram que o coeficiente de distribuição do ácido oléico entre as fases foi mais afetado pelo conteúdo de água no solvente do que pela temperatura. Finalmente, foram determinados dados de equilíbrio líquido¿líquido para sistemas ternários de interesse na purificação de ésteres etílicos (biodiesel), produzidos pela transesterificação alcalina do óleo da polpa de macaúba. Os sistemas investigados foram: biodiesel de macaúba + etanol + glicerol e biodiesel de macaúba + etanol + água; sistemas encontrados durante a separação e a lavagem do biodiesel com água, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos no processo de separação do biodiesel mostraram que o etanol é completamente solúvel no biodiesel e no glicerol, enquanto que o glicerol apresenta uma baixa solubilidade no biodiesel. Para o processo de lavagem do biodiesel, o aumento da temperatura, dentro da faixa estudada (25 ºC a 45 ºC), não contribuiu para a redução da região bifásica. Todos os dados de equilíbrio foram correlacionados utilizando o modelo NRTL, sendo o desvio global entre os dados calculados e experimentais inferior a 0,99%, mostrando a boa qualidade descritiva e aplicabilidade do modelo NRTL na análise de dados de equilíbrio líquido¿líquido / Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the phase behavior of liquid¿liquid equilibrium data for systems of relevance in biodiesel production and purification, as well as their correlation using the NRTL model (non¿random, two¿liquid). Initially, experimental liquid¿liquid equilibrium data were determined for binary and ternary systems composed of vegetable oil + ethanol + water, in which mutual solubility between vegetable oils and aqueous ethanol or anhydrous ethanol were investigated, at temperatures ranging from 25 ºC to 60 º C. The following vegetable oils were investigated: canola oil, corn oil, Jatropha curcas oil and macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) pulp oil. According to the results, an increase in temperature within the study ranges led to an increase in oil¿solvent miscibility in both phases. In the second part of this work, liquid¿liquid equilibrium data for systems of interest in deacidification of vegetable oils were experimentally determined. These equilibrium data were analyzed in different temperature conditions and water mass fractions in the solvent. The following systems were investigated: macauba pulp oil + oleic acid + ethanol + water and Jatropha curcas oil + oleic acid + ethanol + water. The results indicated that the oleic acid distribution coefficients were more affected by water content in the alcoholic solvent than by temperature. Finally, liquid¿liquid equilibrium data for systems of interest in biodiesel purification were measured. The biodiesel were produced by transesterification of macauba pulp oil with ethanol, using KOH as a homogeneous catalyst. In these studies, the following systems were investigated: macauba biodiesel + glycerol + ethanol and macauba biodiesel + ethanol + water. These systems are found in the separation and washing of biodiesel with water, respectively. From the results, it can be observed that biodiesel and glycerol were partially soluble in each other; however, the solubility of biodiesel in the glycerol phase was slightly greater than that of glycerol in the biodiesel phase. In the washing process of biodiesel, an increase in temperature within the range studied (25 ° C to 45 ° C) did not contribute to a reduction in biphasic region. The liquid¿liquid equilibrium experimental data were correlated using the NRTL model. In all these systems, the global deviations between calculated and experimental data were lower than 0.99 %, showing the good descriptive quality and applicability of the NRTL model in liquid¿liquid equilibrium data analyses / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos
99

Equilibrio liquido-liquido em sistemas contendo hidrocarbonetos aromaticos, alifaticos e sulfolano / Liquid-liquid equilibrium in systems including aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic and sulfolane

Santiago, Rilvia Saraiva de 07 November 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Martin Aznar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santiago_RilviaSaraivade_M.pdf: 3763135 bytes, checksum: 92374e996f11beb024dd0dd1b103e2b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Uma etapa importante dentro dos processos na indústria petroquímica utiliza o solvente sulfolano na recuperação de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos de alta pureza. Estes compostos aromáticos são separados dos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos por meio da extração com solvente, já que a destilação é inviável. Dados experimentais do equilíbrio líquido-líquido multicomponente são essenciais para o projeto, a operação e a otimização dos processos de extração. Para sistemas ternários envolvendo hidrocarbonetos aromáticos, hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e sulfalano, existem vários estudos na literatura; entretanto, dados para sistemas quaternários e quinários soa ainda escassos, assim como também dados que envolvam hidrocarbonetos com número de carbonos maior do que nove. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi determinar dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquido para sistemas quaternários do tipo alifático + alifático + aromático + sulfolano e quinários do tipo alifático + alifático + aromático + aromático + sulfolano a duas temperaturas, 25 e ¿40 GRAUS¿C. Os alifáticos usados foram nonano e undecano, enquanto os aromáticos foram benzeno, tolueno e m-xileno. Os experimentos foram feitos em células de equilíbrio líquido-líquido, mantendo a temperatura constante. A determinação experimental foi feita por cromatografia gasosa, com detecção por ionização de chama. A metodologia analítica foi validade pela reprodução experimental de dados da literatura contendo hidrocarbonetos aromáticos, alifáticos e sulfolano para um sistema ternário, um quaternário e um quinário, todos a ¿25 GRAUS¿C... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: An important stage within the processes in the petrochemical industry uses the solvent sulfolane in the recovery of high-purity aromatic hydrocarbons. These aromatic compounds are separated from the aliphatic hydrocarbons through solvent extraction, since distillation is not suitable. Experimental data of the multicomponent liquid-liquid equilibrium are essential for the project, the operation and the optimization of the extraction process. For ternary systems involving aromatic hydrocarbon + aliphatic hydrocarbon + sulfolane there are several studies in the literature; however, data for quaternary and quinary systems are still scarce, as well as data involving hydrocarbons with carbon number greater than nine. The main objective of this work was to determine data of liquid-liquid equilibria for quaternary systems of the type aliphatic + aliphatic + aromatic + sulfalano and quinary of the type aliphatic + aliphatic + aromatic + aromatic + sulfolano at two temperatures, 25 and ¿40 DEGREES¿C. The aliphatic hydrocarbons were nonane and undecane, while the aromatics were benzene, toluene and m-xylene. The experimental determination was accomplished by gas chromatography, with flame ionization detection. The experimental methodology was validated through the experimental reproduction of the literature data involving aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic and sulfolane for a ternary system, a quaternary one and a quinary one at ¿25 DEGREES¿C... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
100

UNIFAC-Campinas : um novo modelo UNIFAC para a predição do equilibrio liquido-liquido / UNIFAC-Campinas: a new UNIFAC model for the prediction to the liquid-liquid equilibrium

Santos, Geormenny Rocha dos 08 January 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Martin Aznar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T00:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_GeormennyRochados_D.pdf: 6068454 bytes, checksum: cec7ef302a02dcd6e8d3a8fc3f8c23e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Modelos termodinâmicos capazes de predizer dados de equilíbrio são indispensáveis na síntese e projeto de plantas e de processos químicos, pois pode ser observado, com muita freqüência, que poucos ou nenhum dado experimental estão disponíveis a custos acessíveis para as misturas a serem consideradas. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma nova versão do modelo UNIFAC (Universal Quasi Chemical Functional-Group Activity Coefficient) para cálculo do coeficiente de atividade capaz de predizer dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquido e avaliar o desempenho deste método em representar tais dados de equilíbrio em substituição aos modelos de contribuição de grupo tradicionais. As modificações apresentadas para o modelo UNIFAC consistem em: (1) utilizar uma nova forma para o termo combinatorial, eliminando a correção de Staverman-Guggenheim; (2) fazer escolha criteriosa dos grupos funcionais com base em cálculos quânticos ab initio (grupos-abinitio) Os parâmetros de volume e área de grupos utilizados no modelo são calculados com base nos volumes e áreas superficiais de cada componente calculados utilizando modelo de solvatação PCM (Polarizable Continuum modelo) o novo modelo foi avaliado fazendo comparações entre suas predições dos dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquidoe as predições obtidas com os modelos:UNIFAC-original com parâmetros de Magnussen e colaboradores, UNIFAC-Dortmund e UNIFAC-Lyngby, utilizando um banco de dados contendo 334 sistemas, binários e ternários, em equilíbrio líquido-líquido e dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquidoenvolvendo aminoácidos determinados experimentalmente neste trabalho / Abstract: Thermodynamic models that are capable of predicting equilibrium data are indispensable in the synthesis and project design of chemical plants and processes, since it is often the case that few or no experimental data are available within reasonable costs for the mixtures under study. Therefore, the objective of this work is to develop a new version of the Universal Quasi Chemical Functional-Group Activity Coefficient (UNIFAC) model to calculate the activity coefficient capable of predicting liquid-liquid equilibrium data, and to evaluate the model's effectiveness in representing these data as compared to the traditional group contribution methods. The modifications to the UNIF AC model implemented in this work consisted in: (1) utilizing a new form for the combinatorial term, by eliminating the Staverman-Guggenheim correction; (2) choosing the functional groups by a judicious examination of ab initio quantum calculus results (ab initio-groups). The volume and area parameters of the groups utilized in the model are calculated taking into account the volumes and surface areas of each component, by using the solvation Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM). The new model was evaluated by comparing its predicted equilibrium liquid-liquid data values to those predicted by the following models: original-UNIF AC with parameters of Magnussen and collaborators, UNIF AC-Dortmund, and UNIF AC-Lyngby. This evaluation utilized a data base comprised of 400 systems, binary and temary, for liquidliquid equilibrium, and liquid-liquid equilibrium data involving amino acids experimentally determined in this work / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

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