Orientador: Matilde Virginia Ricardi Scaramucci / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T17:45:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_Vanderleidos_M.pdf: 343677 bytes, checksum: d406b17a6352a2350cf5929ba2ee4280 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Listas de palavras baseadas em corpora têm sido importantes no ensino e aprendizagem de vocabulário em língua estrangeira. Este trabalho visa compilar uma lista de palavras do português do Brasil, freqüentes e de grande alcance no contexto acadêmico brasileiro, e discutir sua utilidade no ensino de vocabulário, na preparação de textos modificados e de testes de vocabulário para aprendizes de Português como língua estrangeira. Discutimos também a questão do ensino direto e indireto de vocabulário. Para a compilação da lista, foi criado um corpus composto de teses e dissertações de 3 universidades públicas brasileiras, perfazendo um total de pouco mais de 7 milhões de palavras (aproximadamente 15 mil páginas de texto). Foram usados os critérios de freqüência e alcance para a seleção das palavras a serem incluídas na lista. As palavras são apresentadas com a freqüência e, nos casos de polissemia, com os diferentes significados com que ocorrem no corpus / Abstract: Corpora based word lists have been important for the teaching of vocabulary in foreign language. This paper aims to put together a list of high frequency and range Brazilian Portuguese academic words, and discuss direct and indirect vocabulary acquisition, the usefulness of modified texts for language learners and the use of word lists for the elaboration of vocabulary tests. A corpus was assembled from thesis and dissertations from 3 Brazilian public universities, totaling a little over 7 million words (approximately 15.000 pages of text). Frequency and range were the criteria used to select the words to be included in the list. Information about the number of times the words occur in the corpus and the different meanings they have, in the case of polysemy, is provided. / Mestrado / Lingua Estrangeira / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Abstract [en] Title: Discrepancies in medication lists at hospital wards identified by medication reconciliation Authors: Anderberg M. Institute: Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Background and objective: An accurate medication list is essential for a correct assessment of a patient´s condition at hospitals. Previous studies have shown that patients in emergency departments often are affected by discrepancies in medication lists at hospital admission. Less research has been done regarding discrepancies after transferring patients to medical wards. The aim of this study was to identify discrepancies in the electronic medical record in hospital wards for patients admitted via the emergency department. Design: Observational study. Medication reconciliation was performed by a pharmacist shortly after the arrival of patients from the emergency department. This included a patient interview and the investigation of the patient’s medical record. The discrepancies identified at the wards were classified as either omitted drug, wrong dose, additional drug, incorrect frequency or duplicate therapy. Descriptive statistics were used and the proportion of medication lists with at least one discrepancy was presented with 95 % confidence interval. Setting: Three medical wards at Capio S:t Görans Hospital in Stockholm.  Main outcome measures: The proportion of medication lists with at least one discrepancy. The mean value of discrepancies among all patients. Classification and categorization of discrepancies regarding type and ATC index.  Results: In total, 63 patients were included with a mean age of 63 years. At least one discrepancy was identified in 43 % (95 % CI 31-55) of the medication lists. 52 discrepancies were found in total generating a mean value of 0,83 ± 1,17 discrepancies per medication list. The two most common categories were Omitted drug(33%) and Wrong dose(33%). The most frequent drug class associated with medication discrepancies was Drugs for obstructive airway diseases.  Conclusion: 43 % of the patients had at least one discrepancy in the medication list. This indicates the importance of medication reconciliations at medical wards even though the medication list has been updated at the emergency department.

Cette thèse propose une analyse socio-politique des relations internationales au sein d'une Organisation Mondiale, en partant du cas concret de l’UNESCO dans le cadre de l’établissement des listes du Patrimoine Mondial. L’analyse sociologique des interactions entre les acteurs intervenant dans le choix et la publication des listes du Patrimoine Mondial forme le socle sur lequel une théorisation des processus en jeu est déployée. Bien que l'UNESCO fournisse aux états des outils leur permettant d'atteindre leurs objectifs nationaux, l'UNESCO contribue également à l’établissement de valeurs universelles et d’identités cosmopolites. Les dynamiques d’établissement des listes et leur contenu apparaissent de plus en plus marqués par les démarches des acteurs (états et individus) qui y participent. Le rôle de l'UNESCO apparaît donc ambivalent, dans la mesure où elle est en partie garante des institutions et des valeurs fondamentales qui sous-tendent sa création, et où elle favorise les jeux d’influence, l’établissement de rapports de force et les conflits. Cette tension n’affecte pas pour autant la valeur perçue par de nombreux acteurs des listes produites, et elle n’entame que partiellement les représentations de la capacité de l’institution à promouvoir la paix et la compréhension entre les peuples. / This research project is a socio-political analysis of the International Relations within an International Organization, levering the practical case of UNESCO in the context of the establishing World Heritage Lists. It suggests a theorization of the underlying process, by which numerous actors take part in the selection and subsequent publication of World Heritage Lists. In addition to providing individual states with the tools to achieve their national objectives, UNESCO seem to contribute to the establishment of universal values and cosmopolitan identities. The establishment processes of these Lists and their content appear increasingly influenced by the behavior of their actors (i.e., states and individuals). In that context, the role of UNESCO seems ambivalent. It serves both as (a) guarantor for the underlying fundamental values of the institutions and as a place of (b) political economy, in which influences are exchanged between actors that can lead to power struggles and even conflicts. However, this tension doesn’t seem to impact the perceived value of the Lists by most actors and appears to only partially impact the perception of the Organization’s capacity to promote peace-building and closer relationships between peoples.

Obwohl therapeutisch angestrebte Veränderungen im Rahmen der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie vor allem als Veränderungen des Erlebens und Verhaltens im Alltag des Patienten konzipiert werden, konzentriert sich die Psychotherapieforschung bei der Aufklärung relevanter Wirkmechanismen bislang eher auf Einflüsse der unmittelbaren therapeutischen Interaktion sowie auf den Beitrag konkreter Intervention. Prozesse außerhalb der therapeutischen Sitzungen wurden in ihrer Bedeutung für Veränderungen eher vernachlässigt. Es ist jedoch davon auszugehen, dass ein umfassenderes Verständnis dieser Prozesse helfen könnte, psychotherapeutische Behandlungen weiter zu optimieren und ihre Gesamteffektivität zu erhöhen. Die vorliegende Arbeit macht veränderungsrelevante Prozesse außerhalb des eigentlichen Therapiekontextes zum Ausgangspunkt verschiedener Überlegungen zur Optimierung verhaltenstherapeutischer Behandlungen. Dabei werden exemplarisch Prozesse in der Wartezeit zwischen Anmeldung zur Psychotherapie und Beginn der eigentlichen Behandlung sowie therapeutische Hausaufgaben als veränderungsrelevante Aktivitäten zwischen zwei Therapiestunden untersucht. Einen wichtigen Bereich potentieller Veränderungsprozesse stellen Einflüsse in der Zeit vor der Therapie dar. In der Überblicksarbeit „Wartezeit für Psychotherapiepatienten – und wie sie zu nutzen ist“ (Helbig, Hähnel, Weigel & Hoyer, 2004) wird zunächst die derzeitige Versorgungslage im Psychotherapiesektor in Bezug auf Wartezeiten dargestellt und damit assoziierte Probleme aufgezeigt. Es werden Empfehlungen für einen konstruktiven Umgang mit diesen Wartezeiten diskutiert sowie eine konkrete Vorgehensweise vorgeschlagen. In einer Praxiserhebung wurden darüber hinaus ca. 300 Patienten auf einer Warteliste für ambulante Verhaltenstherapie mit einem Kurzfragebogen zu eigeninitiierten problembezogenen Aktivitäten und Coping-Strategien befragt („What do patients do before it starts? Coping with mental health problems on a CBT waiting list“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2008). Es zeigte sich, dass das therapierelevante Verhalten in der Wartezeit erheblich variierte, jedoch fast alle Patienten bereits während der Wartezeit im Hinblick auf ihr Problem aktiv wurden. Überraschenderweise konnten keine klaren Assoziationen zwischen Patienten-Charakteristika und Art des gezeigten Selbsthilfe- oder Copingverhaltens nachgewiesen werden. Eine erste Exploration der Effekte von Selbsthilfe-Verhalten in der Wartezeit auf das Therapie-Ergebnis ergab hypothesenkonträr, dass aktive Selbsthilfe ein ungünstigeres Behandlungsergebnis im Hinblick auf depressive Symptome vorhersagte – hier bleibt jedoch offen, inwieweit dieses Ergebnis durch den fehlenden Erfolg der Selbsthilfestrategien und einen damit verbundenen Selbstwirksamkeitsverlust moderiert wird. Die Ergebnisse führten zu der Hypothese, dass systematische und erwiesenermaßen nutzbringende Angebote für Patienten in der Wartezeit helfen könnten, Kosten durch Inanspruchnahme weiterer Dienste zu sparen und die Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung von Patienten schon vor Beginn der Therapie zu erhöhen. Diese Annahme wurde anhand einer speziell für die Wartezeit entwickelten Intervention untersucht („Hilft wenig viel? Eine Minimalintervention für Patienten während der Wartezeit auf ambulante Verhaltenstherapie“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2007). In einer universitären Psychotherapieambulanz wurden 75 Patienten mit Angst- bzw. depressiven Störungen nach Anmeldung zur Behandlung kontrolliert einer Versuchs- oder einer Kontrollgruppe zugewiesen. Während die Kontrollgruppe wie üblich auf den Behandlungsbeginn wartete, erhielt die Versuchsgruppe bibliotherapeutische Materialien sowie ein Informationsblatt zur Überbrückung von Wartezeit. Beide Gruppen wurden vor und nach der Wartezeit im Hinblick auf Erwartungen und Einstellungen zur Behandlung sowie hinsichtlich ihrer Zufriedenheit mit der Einrichtung untersucht. Die Minimalintervention erbrachte differenziell positive Effekte, insbesondere bei Personen mit geringem Vorwissen über Psychotherapie; ein global positiver Einfluss auf die untersuchten Variablen konnte jedoch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Bei Teilnehmern mit depressiven Erkrankungen wurden sogar vereinzelt negative Effekte der Intervention beobachtet. Entsprechend wurde geschlussfolgert, dass ein patienten- und störungsübergreifendes Vorgehen in der Wartezeit für eine Optimierung der psychotherapeutischen Versorgung nicht Erfolg versprechend erscheint. Neben Prozessen in der Wartezeit auf Psychotherapie sind auch Prozesse zwischen den eigentlichen Therapiesitzungen ein möglicher Ansatzpunkt zur Steigerung der Gesamteffektivität. Trotz ihrer theoretischen Bedeutsamkeit existieren bislang nur wenige empirische Befunde zur Frage, wie Hausaufgaben zur Therapieeffektivität beitragen und wie sie gewinnbringend einzusetzen sind. Eine Befragung von 77 verhaltenstherapeutisch arbeitenden Psychotherapeuten ergab, dass der Einsatz von Hausaufgaben in der Praxis mit einer Vielzahl von Problemen behaftet ist: Nur ca. ein Drittel der vereinbarten Aufgaben wurde durch den Patienten wie geplant erledigt („Problems with homework in CBT: Rare exception or rather frequent?“; Helbig & Fehm, 2004). Die Hausaufgaben-Compliance war dabei positiv korreliert mit der Vergabe schriftlicher Materialien, einem späteren Therapiestadium sowie der allgemeinen Einstellung zu Hausaufgaben. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wurden konkrete Maßnahmen für einen gewinnbringenden Einsatz von Hausaufgaben abgeleitet. Aufgrund der überraschend häufigen Probleme im Umgang mit Hausaufgaben beschäftigte sich eine weitere Arbeit mit allgemeinen Empfehlungen für den effektiven Einsatz von Hausaufgaben und deren empirischer Fundierung („Der Einsatz von Hausaufgaben in der Psychotherapie. Empfehlungen und ihre empirische Fundierung“; Helbig & Fehm, 2005). Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Mehrzahl der in der Literatur genannten Empfehlungen noch nicht empirisch untersucht ist bzw. nicht nachgewiesenermaßen mit der Hausaufgabenerledigung assoziiert ist. In den bisher beschriebenen empirischen Arbeiten wurden Schwierigkeiten bei der aussagekräftigen Erfassung des Geschehens außerhalb des Therapiekontexts deutlich. Aus diesem Grund wurde im Rahmen einer weiteren Studie das Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) als ambulantes Monitoring-Verfahren auf seine Anwendbarkeit bei der Untersuchung von klinisch relevanten Veränderungsprozessen überprüft („Implementierung, Akzeptanz und Informationsgehalt eines „Ecological Momentary Assessment“-Ansatzes bei Patienten mit Panikstörung und Agoraphobie“; Helbig, Lang, Swendsen, Hoyer & Wittchen, 2009). Insgesamt konnte EMA gut in eine allgemeine Versorgungsstruktur implementiert werden und bot einen deutlichen Informationsgewinn gegenüber klassischen Erhebungsmethoden. In weiteren Studien sollte jedoch weiter untersucht werden, ob der Einsatz von EMA zu systematischen Stichprobenselektionseffekten führt. Die vorgestellten Befunde lassen den enormen Forschungsbedarf erkennen, der auf dem Gebiet veränderungsrelevanter Prozesse außerhalb der therapeutischen Beziehung und Intervention besteht. Aus diesem Grund wird abschließend eine weiterführende Forschungsagenda entwickelt und praxisnahe Vorschläge zur Optimierung der therapeutischen Versorgung abgeleitet. / Therapeutic outcome in cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) is often defined as lasting changes in cognitive, emotional and behavioural processes in a patient’s daily life. Psychotherapy research, on the contrary, mainly focuses on processes during therapeutic sessions and effects of specific interventions in examining mechanisms of change. Processes outside the therapeutic setting were mostly neglected, although it might be assumed that a comprehensive knowledge of these processes might help optimizing treatment and enhancing overall therapeutic effectiveness. The present dissertation is based on assumptions about the importance of change-relevant processes outside the direct therapist-patient-interaction on CBT outcome. Processes during waiting time for psychotherapy and therapeutic homework assignments are exemplarily scrutinized. Influences prior to therapy start are an important research subject in studying change processes outside the therapeutic setting. In a first paper, the status of German psychotherapy health care in relation to waiting times is reviewed, and related problems are discussed („Waiting time for psychotherapy – and how to make use of it“; Helbig, Hähnel, Weigel & Hoyer, 2004). Recommendations for using these waiting times for therapy preparation are proposed. Additionally, about 300 patients on a outpatient CBT waiting list were surveyed using a specifically developed questionnaire that retrospectively assessed problem-related activities and coping strategies („What do patients do before it starts? Coping with mental health problems on a CBT waiting list“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2008). It showed that patient behaviour during waiting time largely varied; however, almost all patients instigated activities in regard to their problem. Surprisingly, no clear associations between patient characteristics and coping behaviour could be found. A preliminary exploration of self-help effects during waiting on therapy outcome pointed out unfavourable effects of active self-help – however, it remained open whether failure in self-help and a related decrease of perceived self-effectiveness contributed to this surprising finding. It was concluded that a therapist initiated offer for using waiting times might help reduce additional health care utilization and promote patients’ self-effectiveness even prior to therapy start. This assumption was examined in a subsequent study on the effects of a minimal intervention for waiting list patients („Effects of a minimal intervention for patients on a CBT waiting list“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2007). 75 patients reporting depressive and anxiety disorders at intake were allocated to either waiting as usual or an intervention group. Patients in the intervention group received bibliotherapeutic materials and a leaflet informing about strategies that might help bridging the waiting time. Before and after waiting, consumer satisfaction, attitudes towards psychotherapy and treatment expectations were assessed in both groups. The minimal intervention had some positive effects, especially in patients with less knowledge about psychotherapy; however, there was no global improvement in the intervention group. In patients with depressive disorders, single adverse effects were observed. It was concluded that the use of therapy preparation strategies cannot overall be recommended, but has to take differences among patients into account. Besides processes prior to therapy start, intersession processes might be used for enhancing overall therapy effectiveness. Despite their theoretical importance, little is known about therapeutic homework assignments and their effective use. A survey among 77 behaviour therapists showed that only about one third of homework is completed as assigned („Problems with homework in CBT: Rare exception or rather frequent?“; Helbig & Fehm, 2004). Homework compliance was positively associated with providing written materials, a later stage of therapy and positive attitudes towards homework. Recommendations for homework assignment were derived from these findings. Due to the surprisingly frequent problems related to homework use, a review on recommendations for effective homework use and their empirical foundation was conducted („Homework recommendations in theory and research. Empirical results on the recommended use of homework“; Helbig & Fehm, 2005). It was shown that the majority of homework recommendations is not examined yet, or lacks empirical evidence. The empirical studies described above disclosed methodological difficulties in a meaningful assessment of intersession processes. Thus, a last study was designed to test the feasibility of an ambulatory assessment strategy (EMA) for examining clinically relevant mechanisms of change (“Feasibility, compliance and information content of an Ecological Momentary Assessment approach in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia”; Helbig, Lang, Swendsen, Hoyer & Wittchen, 2009). Overall, EMA demonstrated feasibility in routine care as well as substantial information gains compared to questionnaire measures. Further studies should reappraise whether EMA is linked to systematic sample selection effects. Presented findings refer to a substantial need for further research on change-relevant processes outside the therapeutic setting. Against this background, the dissertation concludes with an intersession research agenda and with recommendations for enhancing therapeutic effectiveness.

No description available.

Since the Trump election, the subject of extra-territorial application of national law – in particular U.S. law – has received considerable attention. This is so because the U.S. administration increasingly uses this legal tool to enforce its foreign policy interests. A legal area with a particularly strong reach of extra-territoriality is U.S. export controls as this allows the U.S. to control foreign states’ business. A very recent and vivid example is the Huawei trade ban by the U.S. The purpose of this article is to show the (harsh) legal and economic effects, which the extra-territorial application of U.S. export-related laws have on international trade. The article will focus on the approach taken by the U.S. to impose its export controls outside the U.S. It will analyze the legal framework of extra-territorial U.S. export controls and explore to which extent the U.S. laws apply to foreign business, i.e., business outside the U.S. The article will define the cases in which foreign companies are subject to U.S. export controls and therefore must comply with U.S. regulations. It will show that the applicability of U.S. export controls to foreign companies and their business is considerably broad. It rigorously controls the destiny of U.S. origin products and components once they have been exported from U.S. territory and also regulates the worldwide export of products that have been manufactured by using U.S. technology. In addition, U.S. export controls impose economic sanctions on countries (e.g., Iran) or companies (e.g., Huawei) and prohibit foreign companies from doing business with these sanctioned parties. Understanding U.S. export controls and its extra-territorial reach are a challenge for foreign companies. It is a rather complex legal system that requires deeper knowledge of the underlying concept. However, foreign companies are well advised to comply with U.S. export controls, as the penalties for violations can be severe, including millions of dollars in fines and even imprisonment. In addition, the U.S. may blacklist foreign companies with the effect that business with the U.S. or elsewhere is no longer possible. Therefore, understanding U.S. export controls and its extra-territorial reach is vital to foreign companies.

Coming to terms with discrimination in the workspace (including sexual harassment and racism) as an integral part of compliance in Germany and Switzerland in recent years, profit-oriented companies and non-profit organizations have increasingly had to deal with discrimination, especially sexual assault and racist behavior. This article deals with how these risks can be addressed in compliance management systems, which preventive measures are recommended and which special features should be taken into account when investigating and dealing with such incidents internally.

With the rise of digitalization, myriad new technologies are currently revolutionizing most, if not all, markets. One such technology that is receiving particular attention from businesses, private market participants, the financial sector, and governments alike is the blockchain. Despite its increasing popularity, most jurisdictions currently fail to adequately regulate it, meaning that businesses cannot exploit the full potential of blockchain technology and its various applications. This article explains how blockchains function and delineates their associated compliance risks. Here, particular attention will be paid to both decentralized cryptocurrencies and stablecoins. How decentralized cryptocurrencies could potentially be abused for money laundering, terrorism financing, and corruption purposes will be illustrated, and different legislation and international approaches to dealing with blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies will be highlighted. Lastly, the impact of blockchain technology and its implications for actors in the digitalized economy will be discussed.

In this issue we focus on the transfer of problems and ideas from the USA in connection with compliance, in particular from a European perspective (German-speaking countries).

The Austrian Act of Corporate Criminal Liability came into force on January 1, 2006. Since then, associations can be penalized for judicially criminal acts of their decisionmakers and / or employees. A criminal liability of the association presupposes that the offense was committed in favor of the association and, that the criminal offense violates the duties determined by the association (association duties). In the case of a violation against the VbVG, the court will impose an association fine, which depends on the annual yield of the association. In addition, an instruction can be issued for compensation for damage. In 2018 there were counted 341 preliminary investigations against associations, of which only 28 resulted in an indictment. Only in five cases, there was a conviction, and an association fine was imposed.