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The increased deployment for renewable energy sources to mitigate the climate crisis has accelerated the need to develop efficient energy storage devices. Batteries are at the top of the list of the most in-demand devices in the current decade. Nowadays, research is in full swing to develop a battery that meets the needs of today’s renewable energy systems, which are intermittent by nature. Within the framework of improving the performance of batteries, there are parameters in the composition of the battery that play an important role in its performance: electrode materials, electrolytes, separators, and other factors. The key to battery development is the manufacture of electrode materials with optimal properties. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have led to advances in this field, firstly, using graphite as the anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, when using the standard graphite as the anode for sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), the large ionic size and energetic instability of Na+ limit intercalation, resulting in a low storage capacity. Therefore, other 2D materials with large interlayer spacing need to be identified for use as electrodes. In this dissertation, our approach is focus on optimizing anode electrode materials by in situ conversion of 2D materials to obtain hybrid materials. These hybrids materials will synergistically improve the performance of LIBs and NIBs by combining the advantages of individual 2D materials. Starting with converted Ti0.87O2 nanosheets to the TiO2/TiS2 hybrid nanosheets. Then, taking advantage of the properties of MXene, we developed hybrid electrodes based on MXenes by converted V2CTx MXene into V2S3@C@V2S3 heterostructures. Finally, we boosted the redox kinetics and cycling stability of Mo2CTx MXene by using a laser scribing process to construct a multiple-scale Mo2CTx/Mo2C-carbon (LS-Mo2CTx) hybrid material.

This paper examines the possibility of adding a photovoltaic(PV) power station to an already planned wind park in terms of profitability. At this time, southern Sweden’s grid is facing a number of challenges and is hurting economic development. Hybrid parks have showed to be able to tackle some of those challenges. This study has used a two-scaled methodology to analyse which solar PV size is the optimal to be co-located to the wind park of 24MW[Office1] . The results show that the 21MW size is the ideal one. In addition, to complement the findings, an analysis has been conducted to determine which battery size would be the optimal size to be added to the hybrid system. The results showed that a 1MW/1MWh battery storage would be the ideal size, however, it is possible that a 5MW/MWh battery storage might produce better results if peak shaving is included. All the scenarios in this study have been analysed in terms of IRR.

Together with electrification of the transportation sector and the introduction of renewable energy in the electricity grid, the demand for lithium-ion batteries is increasing. As a result of this emerging need, large-scale battery manufacturing is a promising and developing industry. Currently, there exist a challenge for lithium-ion battery manufacturers to ensure supply of the desired material and to guarantee operation in a sustainable manner. The material included in a battery cell possess unique characteristics, has high criticality, and experience limited availability, which has resulted in an un- certain business environment with high complexity. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to investigate how unique material characteristics affect the purchasing environment and can be considered to obtain a sustainable inbound supply chain for lithium-ion battery manufacturers. The study is based on the following research question; How can purchasing of critical direct material for lithium-ion battery manufacturers support a sustainable inbound supply chain?

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Many sectors and industries are being pushed by policymakers and consumers towards an industrial transformation to become more sustainable. This in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment caused by the emissions of toxic substances and greenhouse gases, as well to promote more efficient use of resources. The transport sector and specifically the automotive industry is seen as one of the main actors within the climate debate due to their high environmental impact in terms of emissions. Therefore, authorities and customers are pushing automotive manufacturers to shift towards electric mobility. However, a rapid shift is not simple. The supply of raw materials needed to sustain the production of batteries does not meet the demand. In turn, causing shortages of some materials and heavily increasing their prices. This thesis addresses the supplier selection problem within a Swedish lithium-ion battery manufacturer with clients mainly in the automotive industry. The study has analyzed a set of relevant criteria to evaluate a supplier within the high-tech industry within a specific context. Furthermore, the study has determined whether differences exist between the importance of the criteria depending on the strategic profile of the material. The strategic profile depends on the profit impact and the supply risk of the material. In order to assess the importance weights of the criteria, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used and interviews were conducted with purchasing experts in the industry. This study provides a new approach to the existing literature of supplier selection, by studying this process in an industry in which it has never been done and also by assessing the supplier selection by categorizing the materials by their strategic profile, an approach that has not been studied in literature until the moment. Results show that the importance of some of the supplier selection criteria vary widely between the strategic profile of the materials, while the importance of other criteria remain the same. In addition, the study has also determined that the importance of the criteria vary also within the supplier selection process, having different importance levels at different steps. Finally, the results show that some criteria of a certain criticality represent a go-no go gate in the selection process. The conclusions are that the supplier selection process within the battery industry cannot be regarded as a homogenous process and that supplier selection criteria vary with the strategic importance of the material. Thus, suppliers must be assessed with different criteria importance weights when using a tool such as the AHP to perform supplier selection. Additionally, the critical criteria for each material must be determined prior to use the tool. / Politiker och konsumenter ställer allt högre krav på industrin att genomföra åtgärder för att bli mer hållbara, exempelvis genom att minska utsläpp av giftiga ämnen och växthusgaser samt ett mer effektivt resursanvändande. Transportsektorn och bilindustrin är särskilt utpekade inom miljödebatten på grund av deras höga miljöpåverkan och stora mängder av utsläpp. Biltillverkarna drivs därför mot en industriell omvandling där förnybara bränslen ska ersätta fossila bränslen. Övergången till eldrivna fordon är en långsam och komplicerad process där flödeskedjan för effektiv tillverkning av bilbatterier fortfarande är under utveckling. Tillgången på vissa råmaterial som behövs för produktionen av batterier räcker inte för att mätta efterfrågan vilket drar upp prisnivån. Samtidigt etablerar sig många nya leverantörer av råmaterial vars varierande kvalitet och pålitlighet skapar ytterligare utmaningar hos batteritillverkarna. Studien behandlar urvalsprocessen vid inköp av material hos en svensk litium-jonbatteritillverkare med kunder främst inom bilindustrin. Urvalskriterier för att utvärdera leverantörer inom högteknologisk industri analyserats. Därtill har det utretts om skillnader existerar mellan kriteriernas betydelse beroende på råvarornas strategiska profil. Den strategiska profilen beräknas genom dess påverkan på produktens slutkostnad tillsammans med risken för avbrott i försörjningskedjan. Metoden Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) används för att bedöma dessa kriteriers betydelse. Därtill har intervjuer genomförts med branch-experter för att ge fördjupad insikt i kriteriernas betydelse. Studien ger två huvudsakliga bidrag till den akademiska litteraturen. Först och främst utvärderas urvalskriterierna, som identifierats i litteraturstudien, inom en industrisektor där de inte prövats tidigare. Urvalskriterierna för leverantörsval appliceras dessutom specifikt för råmaterial av olika strategisk profil för att studera i vilken utsträckning de skiljer sig åt. Även denna ansats är tidigare oprövad inom den akademiska litteraturen. Resultaten visar att vikten av vissa kriterier varierar i hög utsträckning mellan material av olika strategisk profil, medan andra kriterier är näst intill opåverkade. Studien har dessutom fastställt att betydelsen av vissa kriterier varierar mellan olika steg i urvalsprocessen. Somliga kriterier representerar en kritisk punkt i urvalsprocessen och utesluter de leverantörer som inte kan leverera upp till en miniminivå. Studiens slutsas är att urvalsprocessen vid val av leverantör inom batteribranschen inte kan ses som en homogen process då urvalskriterierna varierar med materialets strategiska betydelse. Råmaterialens strategiska profil måste alltså tas i beaktning vid användning av ett urvalsverktyg som AHP. De kritiska kriterier som leverantören måste leva upp till måste dessutom fastställas innan verktyget kan tas i bruk.