京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第20485号 / 地博第204号 / 新制||地||73(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)准教授 甲山 治, 教授 水野 広祐, 准教授 小坂 康之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第21240号 / 地環博第176号 / 新制||地環||35(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 岡﨑 健二, 准教授 小林 広英, 准教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Research on livelihoods has been conducted across various fields but there has been less focus upon detection and analyzing of the interconnected relationships between space and livelihoods. This study investigates these relationships from a place-specific point of view utilizing the Tibetan exile community in India as a case study. The qualitative method of semi-structured, in-depth interviews has been employed in order to gather primary data. Theoretically, this thesis draws it framework mainly from the human geography perspective on space and place combined with the conceptual Sustainable Livelihood framework.  This thesis argues that it is possible to distinguish four examples of reciprocal relationships between space and livelihoods in the places studied. These are spatial congregation into an ethnic enclave, the altering of place specific time-space relations which in turn alters livelihood possibilities over time, migration and spatial dispersion of livelihoods. These results are case specific and not generalizable. / Forskning kring försörjningsmöjligheter har utförts inom en rad vetenskapliga fält men få har fokuserat på att finna och analysera ömsesidiga relationer mellan space och försörjningsstrategier. Denna studie undersöker dessa relationer med en plats-specifik utgångspunkt och använder det tibetanska exilsamhället i Indien som fallstudie. Den kvalitativa metoden semi-strukturerade djupintervjuer har använts för att samla in primärdata. Uppsatsen drar sitt teoretiska ramverk från det samhällsgeografiska perspektiven på space och place i kombination med det konceptuella ramverket Sustainable Livelihood framework.  Uppsatsen menar att det är möjligt att särskilja fyra exempel på de ömsesidiga relationerna mellan space och försörjningsstrategier. Dessa är rumslig ansamling i en etniska enklav,  förändringar i platsspecifika tid-rum relationer vilket påverkar försörjningsmöjligheter över tid, migration och rumslig spridning av försörjning. Dessa resultat anses vara fallspecifika och därför inte möjliga att generalisera.

The study was designed to assess the impact of irrigation schemes on livelihood strategies and food security status of smallholder maize farmers in North West Province of South Africa and covered three districts of the North West Province namely: Dr Ngaka Modiri Molema district, Bojanala district and Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati district. In this study, a descriptive survey design was used and a sample of farmers was interviewed from the list of farmers obtained from the extension workers. The targeted group was male farmers in irrigation farming and those who farm within the radius of the irrigation scheme. A questionnaire was designed as the primary tool for data collection and the process of collecting data involved face to face interviews and group discussions. Data collected were coded and entered into Microsoft Excel and then transferred to Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). To analyse data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results of multiple regression analysis of relationship between irrigation farming and livelihood strategies showed that the independent variables were significantly related to livelihood strategies of the farmers with an F value of 8.067, p< 0.05 and R value of 0. 788 showed that there was strong correlation between the independent variable and the household livelihood strategies. Significant determinants were marital status (t= 2.43), number of household (t= 5.41), nonfarm activity (t=1.73) and income (t= 6.59). The probit model was used to determine the influence of the socio-economic variables on household food security status. The model has a good fit and significant with two explanatory' variables being significant while eleven variables were insignificant. The significant variables were income and Land. The results of Forster Greer Thorbecke showed that about (1.5%) of the respondents are living below the threshold of (R9.2) per day, while the per capital income of respondents that are below the poverty line needed to be increased by (0.5%) to meet the level of poverty line. The results also showed severity of (0.1%), this implied that the gap of respondents from the poverty line is very small. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Agric Economics) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

This study attempted a holistic synthesis of the problems of Sustainable Development (SD) and Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) in the dry deciduous forests of south western Zambia. There are scale-based implications across the entire range of actions required for SFM and REDD+ implementation in tropical forests. Addressing scale mismatches in ecological, social and socio-ecological systems is essential and may help resolve epistemological differences in interdisciplinary research. The importance of local context to SD and SFM supported a case study approach to the social-ecological system. Leaf phenology shows regional variation in deciduousness and varies spatially on a local scale. This highlights the need for researching the eco-physiological source of this variation to assess the effects of climate change on forest phenology. Livelihood analysis in forest communities showed that high levels of social and natural capital confer community resilience to climate change. Land use change was mapped between 1975 and 2005. Zambezi Teak forests decreased in area by 54% between 1975 and 2005. However, changes in area weighted Above Ground Biomass (AGB) are negligible because Zambezi Teak forests are replaced by other woody vegetation. The differences in AGB between plot-based field measurements of AGB and published global biomass maps mean that these maps are not useful for REDD+ projects at the project scale (~10,000 ha). Governance arrangements for Zambezi Teak forests differ between Zambia and Zimbabwe. Although the forests in Zimbabwe have an age structure skewed towards smaller age classes than forests in Zambia, possibly indicating a recovery from logging, this study has not accounted for other covariates which determine forest condition. This research emphasises the importance of case studies for building a global database for inclusion in a meta-analysis, and for the contextual focus which a holistic approach brings to the action-based agenda at the heart of SD and SFM.

Bagamoyo area in Tanzania is a place full of potential for development and big projects are about to start. A few kilometres outside of Bagamoyo town, the small place Makurunge is situated. Since Makurunge is located close to a big sugar cane project that is about to start and it is included in a development plan of Bagamoyo township, it will possibly be facing many changes in a near future. This thesis aims to explore the local livelihoods in Makurunge with focus on the local population’s perceptions concerning their present lives, visions and constraints. These thoughts are discussed together with the possible future impacts from the development projects in the area. To explore the objectives with this thesis a qualitative field study in Tanzania has been done. Semi-structured interviews, informal talks and focus group discussions have been done with local people in Makurunge. Interviews with people working at the district office, for the government and some NGOs in the area have been held. The results show that the livelihood situation in Makurunge is difficult and people want to improve their lives. Many people are small-scale farmers or charcoal producers, dependent of natural resources and their physical strength. Some also have small businesses and the economical situation is very hard for everyone. Bad roads, low education and lack of job opportunities together with limited access to modern tools, have been identified as obstacles for them to pursue good livelihoods. The presumed changes from the developments in the area could possibly contribute to a more active community with more money flow and an improved infrastructure. Together with empowerment and greater knowledge the people could hopefully get a more sustainable livelihood situation in the future.

This thesis deals with the perceptions of agroforestry among farmers in Babati, north- central Tanzania. The focus is on which resources farmers perceive that they need to adopt agroforestry and which risks that are connected with agroforestry adoption. It is also to see how farmers perceive that the access to resources changes after agroforestry adoption and how their livelihoods change. The data has been collected through qualitative interviews with agroforestry farmers, conventional farmers and extension officers. After that the data has been analyzed through the sustainable livelihood approach and a risk perception theory. The results show that some of the obstacles or risks that farmers perceive with agroforestry adoption are high input costs, dependency on short-term benefits, competition between trees and crops and lack of education from extension services. Without financial capital and human capital in terms of knowledge there might be too many risks connected with adoption. If agroforestry however is adopted the farmers perceive that the access to firewood, timber and fruits increase which increase their incomes and therefore financial capital. They also perceive that the fruits improve food security and that the timber improves the housing. The firewood is also perceived to improve the situation for women as they do not have to walk as far to collect the firewood. Agroforestry is also perceived to provide environmental services like erosion prevention and increased soil fertility, therefore it increases natural capital. Some trees can also be used as natural pesticides. The increased soil fertility or the access to natural pesticides, however does not seem to affect the use of industrial fertilizers or pesticides. Agroforestry is also not perceived to have any effects on biodiversity or water quality. Even if agroforestry may not be a good choice for all farmers, it can for some farmers increase their ability to cope with stress and shocks like future climate change. This is because the agroforestry system can work as a buffer against increased climatic variability.

This study argues that the sensory order employed during everyday activities deepens our understanding of local people’s relations with the environment. This study was conducted in Larabanga, Ghana, employing anthropology of the senses and phenomenology. The study reveals that people acquire ways of doing things and organizing their lives through their sensory engagement with their environment. Their engagement is further highlighted by the way they make themselves a home in their environment which informs about these sensory orders.

Esta pesquisa analisa o modo de vida dos moradores locais no interior de uma unidade de conservação de proteção integral, o Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR). Quando o Parque foi criado já residiam vários grupos humanos na região, entre eles o Bairro Ribeirão dos Camargo, que constitui o local de estudo. O Bairro está composto por aproximadamente 50 famílias. Com a implantação da área protegida, mais da metade das famílias foram incluídas nos limites do Parque, dividindo espacialmente os moradores do Bairro em dois grupos; os de dentro e os de fora do PETAR. As principais atividades econômicas dos habitantes do Bairro, até finais da década de 1980, eram a agricultura de coivara, a caça, a pesca, a criação de suínos, de aves de curral e o extrativismo, como reserva monetária em caso de escassez ou de emergência. Também usavam a floresta como fonte de lenha, plantas medicinais e alimentícias, material para artesanato, materiais para construção e reparação das vivendas e demais infraestrutura, e elaboração de cabos de ferramentas simples para uso na lavoura. Com o estabelecimento do PETAR, e a consequente instauração da legislação ambiental, as principais atividades geradoras de renda dos moradores locais foram criminalizadas, repercutindo na reprodução e manutenção de seu modo de vida. Diante da desproteção do Estado dos direitos de acesso à terra dos agricultores familiares locais, eles se organizaram e desenvolveram uma série de estratégias para permanecer no território que eles acreditam como próprio. Apresentando ante a Fundação Florestal, em 2014, a proposta de criação de uma Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, fundamentados na Lei N° 9.985 de 18 de julho de 2000, melhor conhecida como Lei do SNUC, que possibilitaria os moradores do Bairro Ribeirão dos Camargo permanecerem na área. Contudo, vários dos antigos residentes abandonaram o local devido às restrições de uso agrícola do solo e do extrativismo. O Bairro sofre de uma contínua emigração, principalmente dos jovens, que logo depois de completar o colegial, não encontram uma ocupação lícita que gere uma renda que lhes permita permanecer na área. No caso do cenário atual não mudar, a descaracterização do agricultor familiar do Bairro é inevitável. O agricultor irá desaparecer, vai passar de mateiro, agricultor familiar, artesão, criador de suínos para guarda noturno, motorista, cozinheiro, servente. Com ele se perderá a agrobiodiversidade local e um cúmulo de conhecimentos da relação ser humano-natureza que poderiam ser valiosos para aprimorar a conservação da biodiversidade no PETAR. / This research analyses the livelihood of local residents in a state park, PETAR (Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira in portuguese). When the Park was created several human groups habited the region, among them, the study area the community called Bairro Ribeirão dos Camargo. The community is composed of approximately 50 families. With the establishment of the protected area, more than half of the families were included on the boundaries of the Park, the neighborhood residents were spatially divided in two groups; on the inside and the outside of the PETAR. The main economic activities of the inhabitants of the community were slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, fishing, raising pigs and chicken, and extractivism as monetary reserve in case of scarcity or emergency. They also made use of the forest as a source of firewood, medicinal and food plants, material for crafts, materials for construction and repair of houses, other infrastructure and simple farm tools for agriculture. With the establishment of PETAR, and the consequent fulfillment of environmental legislation, the main income-generating activities of local residents were criminalized, with consequences on the reproduction of their livelihood. Face the State\' unprotecting of the local farmers\' rights to access to land, they organized and developed a series of strategies to remain in the territory that they believe own. They presented at Forest Foundation, at 2014, the proposal for the creation of a Sustainable Development Reserve -RDS- (Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável in portuguese), based on the SNUC law, a RDS would allow the residents of the Bairro Ribeirão dos Camargo remain in the area. However, many of the former residents have left the site due to restrictions on agricultural use of soil and extractivism. The community suffers a continuing emigration, especially of young people, who soon after completing high school are not finding a lawful occupation to generate an income that allows them to remain in the area. If the current scenario does not change the disappearance of community\' family farmer is inevitable. The small farmer will disappear. He will move from family farmer, craftsman and pigs farmer to night guard, driver, cook, and servant. With family farmer\' disappearance will be lost a local agro-biodiversity and an accumulation of knowledge of the relationship man-nature that could be valuable to improve biodiversity conservation in PETAR.

The Mackenzie River Delta is an ecologically rich freshwater environment in Canada’s Northwest Territories. It is vulnerable to multiple stressors such as climate change, resource development activities (oil and natural gas) and upstream-downstream linkages related to extraction activities in the southern part of the Mackenzie River watershed. Resultant socio-ecological impacts affect fishing livelihoods, which represent a significant component of the country food system and ways of life for Inuvialuit (Inuit of the Western Arctic), whose Settlement Area overlaps with the Delta. This thesis analyzes the implications of socio-ecological changes in the Mackenzie River Delta for Inuvialuit fishing livelihoods and the country food system, drawing from Local and Traditional Knowledge. In collaboration with the Fisheries Joint Management Committee in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, the westernmost Inuit region in Canada, I undertook a participatory-qualitative research, while also drawing on relevant literature and complementary data. Using 28 semi-structured interviews about changes in the Mackenzie River Delta and the importance of fishing livelihoods, results indicated that fishing livelihoods are essential contributors to the Inuvialuit food system, as well as cultural practices surrounding fishing as an activity. Moreover, some results imply the importance of previously ignored species for food security, such as burbot and inconnu, which receive limited attention in other studies. Key findings also indicate that multiple environmental changes are occurring in the Delta, including lower water levels, increasing land erosion, decreasing fish populations, and changes in Delta-reliant wildlife populations (e.g. more beavers), warmer water temperatures, poorer fish quality (e.g. softer flesh, parasites), thinner ice, climate variability, and an escalating cost of living. These changes affect primarily fishing access and raise important concerns about the safety of fish consumption for human health. Ultimately, limited access and declining fish quality have a negative impact on food security, given the key role of fish in the country food system and the importance of socio-cultural dimensions such as fishing knowledge and skills, and sharing practices.