京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第25404号 / 地博第322号 / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻 / (主査)准教授 安岡 宏和, 教授 山越 言, 教授 伊谷 樹一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Conventionally environmental assessments (EAs) have been carried out to enhance the understanding of the environment and for the purpose of developing appropriate environmental management and protection strategies. There are, however, limitations to the application of traditional EA approaches, particularly in rural communities in the developing world, where livelihood is dependent on common pool resources (CPRs), and baseline data are inadequate or unavailable. Eco-livelihood assessment (EcLA) is an adaptive approach that integrates a people focused sustainable livelihood approach with ecological assessment, as well as exploring traditional eco-livelihood knowledge (TELK). EcLA is identified as a promising EA tool that could help environmental professionals in planning for equitable development. This approach has been used in the Kolo and Otuoke Creeks, Niger Delta, Nigeria to investigate the ecological impact of dredging that may impact on livelihoods in such a rural setting. Ecological and social surveys have been carried out in four communities in the Study Area; two Test communities and two Reference communities (two communities from each study creek). The information collected from the social survey includes TELK, and has been used to build up a baseline scenario of the Study Area. Abundance and diversity of fish are good indicators of the eco-livelihood impacts of inland river dredging. The research shows that livelihood characteristics, river use profile, fish species diversity and abundance are very similar among all four sample communities. In addition, all sample communities have been associated with similar natural and human induced environmental consequences except that the Test communities have had river sections dredged for the purpose of land reclamation representing the baseline scenario. The analysis of the results of the ecological survey shows a difference in fish catch per unit effort, catch per unit hour, and species diversity between the Test and Reference communities, this have been attributed to the impacts of inland river dredging. The study shows that TELK has a place in environmental assessment, and that eco-livelihood assessment is one promising environmental assessment approach that could be used in areas where livelihood is strongly dependent on common pool resources.

Small-scale timber farming provides alternative income for growers selling to forestry, procurement companies and timber suppliers or agents. The research used focus groups and structured questionnaires in the Sokhulu area to determine the contribution of small-scale timber farming to enhance sustainable livelihood. The Sustainable Livelihood Framework measured livelihood levels of different grower types in terms of access to natural, human, financial, social and physical assets. Findings show that timber suppliers had a higher asset composition, than growers selling to companies or growers selling to timber suppliers. Households lacking access to forestry resources sold timber to agents and households wanting to avoid harvesting and transport risks sold timber to suppliers. Timber farming contributes income, employment and business opportunities towards alleviating poverty rather than providing a complete solution. Tree harvesting support households during financial hardship and reduce vulnerability through diversified livelihood strategies. Disadvantages include: trees taking time to mature while immediate income is required, trees exposed to natural hazards, cheating by local harvesting and transport contractors and timber plot sales sometimes do not receive the agreed price. Despite disadvantages, timber farming provide economic benefits and further studies are needed to determine income level on mature trees, by-product sales and whether higher prices for more tonnage will sustain households that wait for tree maturity, thereby determining optimal break-even point for rural timber farmers. / Environmental Sciences / M.A. (Human Ecolgy)

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze cause of disempowerment for the population of Palestine. The design of the research took the shape of a descriptive case study and the method used to fulfill the purpose was a qualitative text analysis. The material used for the study derives from various books and research journals on the Israeli-Palestine conflict, but most of all observational reports from international organizations. The theory used is a multi-dimensional one and is Friedmann’s (dis)empowerment model where five mechanisms; defensible life space, surplus time, knowledge and skills, instruments of work and livelihood and financial resources have been used as the analytical framework. The conclusion of the study is that there are several factors causing disempowerment following the analysis or the theoretical mechanisms respectively. These are connected to armed hostilities between Israel and Gaza, settlement expansions in the West Bank and the occupational status of Palestine. Supported by the material analyzed, these infringements need to cease combined with exterior help in order for the situation to markedly improve.

Wälder sind lebenswichtige Nahrungs- und Einkommensquellen für ländliche Haushalte und dienen als Reserven in Krisenzeiten. Deshalb können Abholzung und Walddegradierung die Lebensbedingungen der waldabhängigen Gemeinschaften gefährden. Darüber hinaus ist Abholzung die zweitgrößte Ursache für Treibhausgasemissionen, Biodiversitätsverlust und Klimawandel. Der ländliche Raum bedarf einer besonderen Aufmerksamkeit, da er sehr anfällig für die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels ist. In diesem Zusammenhang ist REDD+ als eine günstige Alternative zur Verringerung des Klimawandels und zur Förderung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung aus dem Rahmenübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Klimaänderungen (englisch United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC) hervorgegangen. Allerdings sind die potenziellen positiven und negativen Auswirkungen von REDD+ noch relativ unbekannt. Das gilt ins besondere für indigene Völker und andere vom Wald abhängige Bevölkerungsgruppen in tropischen Regenwäldern. Die hier vorgestellte Forschung ist eine mehrschichtige Studie, die dazu beiträgt, mögliche Alternativen der REDD+ Implementierung aus einer Bottom-up-Perspektive zu erklären. Als Fallstudie wurde die Yasuní-Region im gleichnamigen ecuadorianischen Biosphärenreservat ausgewählt. Die Region ist Teil eines größeren REDD+ Projektes der Deutschen NRO Welthungerhilfe. Hier wurden die drei am weitesten verbreiteten ethnischen Gruppen ausgewählt, die in der Pufferzone des Yasuní-Nationalparks leben. Zwei Gemeinden von jeder Ethnie mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Entfernungen zu den Märkten wurden als Studiengruppen ausgewählt. Hierbei handelt sie sich um die indigenen Gruppen der Shuar und Kichwa sowie die Gruppe der Kolonisten (Mestizen). Der Mehrskalenansatz umfasst die Haushaltsebene, die Gemeindeebene sowie die regionale Landschaftsebene. Auf der Haushaltsebene wird eine Analyse der Einkommensgenerierung, die sich aus der Subsistenzwirtschaft und der Barmitteleinnahme zusammensetzt, vorgestellt. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Mehrheit der untersuchten Haushalte hohe Einnahmen von Ölfirmen erhalten, denen sie als ungelernte nicht-landwirtschaftliche Arbeitskräfte zur Verfügung stehen. Darüber hinaus bezieht ein Großteil der Haushalte staatliche Unterstützungen. Die Studie zeigt, dass die indigenen Völker trotzt der vergleichsweise hohen Einkünfte aus ihrer Arbeit im Ölsektor und externer Hilfen eine größere Abhängigkeit von Wald- und Umweltressourcen als die Kolonisten haben. Dieses hohe nicht-landwirtschaftliche Einkommen könnte - zumindest zeitweise - den Druck auf die Wälder reduzieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist REDD+ ein relativ schwacher finanzieller Anreiz für die untersuchten Haushalte. Dies gilt umso mehr, wenn man das Engagement in mehrjährigen REDD+ Projekten wie Wiederaufforstung, Waldüberwachung usw. betrachtet. Auf Gemeindeebene werden die Landkonfiguration und der institutionelle Rahmen für die Entscheidungsfindung gemeinsamer Ressourcen analysiert. In dieser Studie werden zwei Formen kommunaler Vereinbarungen vorgestellt: Common Property Management Regimes (CPMRs) und Kolonisten-Kooperativen. Als konzeptioneller Rahmen wird der theoretische Ansatz von Ostrom (1990) zur Governance of Common Pool Resources (CPR) verwendet. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass sich immer mehr indigene Landkonfigurationen denen der Mestizen angleichen. Hinterlassenschaften aus Agrarreformen und geltende rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen fördern die Privatisierung der bäuerlichen Betriebe in den Gemeindeländern und damit die Waldzersplitterung. Dieses wiederrum beeinflusst die traditionelle Ressourcennutzung. Auf Landschaftsebene werden eine historische und territoriale Konfiguration sowie Managementpläne für das Biosphärenreservat Yasuní vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus werden rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für REDD+, Konsultations- und Beteiligungsmechanismen diskutiert. Ergebnisse der Datenanalyse zeigen, dass unsichere Landadministration sowie Titelrechte die REDD+-Implementierung behindern können. Des Weiteren kommt es zu einer Überlappung von indigenem Land mit Erdölblöcken und Naturschutzgebieten, wodurch es zu potentiellen Konflikten kommen kann. Darüber hinaus verringern inkonsistente Managementplänen und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen die effektive Beteiligung und Entscheidungsfindung von indigenen Völkern und Kleinbauern. Schlussfolgerung der Analyse ist, dass es einer breiten und eingebetteten Landschaftsplanung der Yasuní Region bedarf. Das Livelihood Framework Konzept wurde häufig angewandt, um die Haushaltsbedingungen und Verwendungsmuster von Umweltressourcen zu untersuchen. Diese Prägungen können Entwaldung, Erhaltung oder Abbauprozesse vorhersagen und beeinflussen. Erkenntnisse, wie die hier vorgestellten, verdeutlichen jedoch die Notwendigkeit von Bottom-up-Perspektiven vor der Umsetzung globaler Klimaschutzmechanismen wie REDD+. In praktischer Hinsicht liefern die Studienergebnisse Einblicke zur Konzeption von REDD+ Ansätzen für Projektentwickler und Entscheidungsträger. Die partizipative und intensive Beteiligung der lokalen Gemeinden an der Waldnutzung ist der einzige Weg, um die Erhaltung und nachhaltige Entwicklung der tropischen Wälder zu gewährleisten. Darüber hinaus sollten die ethnische Diversität sowie die traditionelle Ressourcennutzung aufrecht erhalten und gefördert werden. / Los bosques representan fuentes vitales de alimentos e ingresos para los hogares rurales, en especial durante períodos de crisis. Por lo tanto, la deforestación y la degradación forestal pueden poner en peligro los medios de subsistencia de las comunidades que dependen de los bosques. Además, la deforestación es la segunda causa más importante de emisiones de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI) y desencadena la pérdida de biodiversidad y el cambio climático. Los medios de subsistencia rurales necesitan una atención especial, ya que son altamente vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático. En este contexto, REDD+ ha surgido en la mesa de negociación de la Convención marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) como una opción asequible para mitigar el cambio climático y, al mismo tiempo, para promover el desarrollo sostenible. Sin embargo, se necesita una mejor comprensión de los potenciales impactos positivos y negativos de la implementación de REDD+. Esto último, es especialmente importante en el caso de los Pueblos Indígenas (IP) y los campesinos dependientes de los bosques tropicales. La investigación presentada es un estudio a varios niveles que contribuye a elucidar las posibles implicaciones de la implementación de REDD+ desde una perspectiva de local hasta internacional. La región de la Reserva de la Biosfera del Yasuní en Ecuador fue seleccionada como estudio de caso. La región es parte de un proyecto REDD+ realizado por la ONG alemana Welthungerhilfe. Aquí se eligieron los tres grupos étnicos más representativos que habitan en la zona de amortiguamiento del Parque Nacional Yasuní. Se seleccionaron como grupos de estudio dos comunidades de cada etnia, los grupos indígenas Shuar y Kichwa y los colonos (mestizos), con diferentes distancias a los mercados. El enfoque multiescalar comienza en el nivel del hogar, luego sube a la comunidad y al final al nivel del paisaje regional. A nivel de hogar, se presenta un análisis de la generación de ingresos a partir de fuentes de subsistencia y dinero en efectivo. En resumen, todas las comunidades estudiadas generan altos ingresos fuera de la finca como mano de obra no calificada trabajando para las compañías petroleras y reciben ayuda externa. El estudio también muestra que los Indígenas tienen una mayor dependencia de los recursos forestales y ambientales en comparación con los colonos. Eventualmente, estos altos ingresos generados fuera de la finca podrían reducir, al menos temporalmente, la presión sobre los bosques. En este contexto, REDD+ constituye un incentivo débil para los hogares estudiados cuando se compara con los altos ingresos de la mano de obra no calificada. Esto se aplica aún más cuando se considera el involucramiento en las actividades del proyecto de REDD+ que requieren mucho tiempo, como la reforestación, monitoreo forestal, etc. A nivel comunitario, se analiza la configuración de la tierra y el marco institucional para la toma de decisiones sobre los recursos compartidos. Aquí se presentan dos formas de arreglos comunales: Regímenes Comunes de Gestión de la Propiedad (CRPM) y Cooperativas de Colonos. El marco teórico de Ostrom (1990) sobre la gobernanza de los recursos communes (CPR) se utiliza como marco conceptual. Los resultados sugieren que cada vez más, tanto la configuración de la tierra de las IP como las organizaciones comunitarias están adquiriendo características mestizas. Este mestizaje promovido parcialmente por el gobierno a través de los legados de la Reforma Agraria y los actuales marcos legales está desencadenando la privatización de las fincas dentro de las tierras comunitarias y por lo tanto promoviendo la fragmentación del bosque y afectando las formas ancestrales de regularización para el uso de los recursos. A nivel del paisaje se presenta una revisión de la configuración histórica y territorial así como los planes de manejo para la Reserva de la Biosfera Yasuní. Además, se discuten marcos legales para REDD+, así como mecanismos de consulta y participación. De acuerdo con los datos del presente estudio, la inseguridad en la administración de la tierra y los derechos de titulación pueden obstaculizar la implementación de REDD+ y generar conflictos debido a la superposición de tierras indígenas con bloques de petróleo y áreas protegidas. Además, las incoherencias entre los planes de gestión y los marcos jurídicos reducen la participación efectiva y la toma de decisiones de los Inddígenas y los pequeños agricultores. El análisis concluye sugiriendo una visión de paisaje amplia e integrada para el área del Yasuní. El marco teórico de medios de vida (Lifelihood Framewrok) se ha utilizado comúnmente para estudiar las condiciones de los hogares y generar patrones de uso de recursos ambientales que pueden moldear y predecir procesos de conservación, deforestación o degradación. Sin embargo, intentos como el presentado aquí ejemplifican la necesidad de perspectivas ascendentes previo a la implementación de mecanismos globales de mitigación como REDD+. Desde la perspectiva práctica, los resultados proporcionan nuevas percepciones para los desarrolladores de proyectos y los formuladores de políticas para el diseño de enfoques REDD+. La verdadera y plena participación de las comunidades locales en la gobernanza de los bosques es la única manera de alcanzar la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible de los bosques tropicales. Además, igual de importantes son la diversidad pluricultural y la promoción de reglas tradicionales para el uso de los recursos, así como las prácticas tradicionales.

ASSISTANCE TO PERSONS IN MATERIAL NEED At the present time in the Czech Republic the assistance to persons in material need is provided by nongovernmental organisations (Salvation Army, Naděje, Diakonie and others). However, the state has the bigger role to play in this area as according to Art. 30/2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms it is obliged to provide anyone in material need the assistance in securing basic living conditions. The state does so through the Material Need Assistance Bodies. As the previous legal regulation of assistance to persons in social need had not been fully sufficient, a new Act on Assistance in Material Need was adopted, coming into force on 1 January 2007. This Act introduced several crucial changes. The Material Need Assistance Body is obliged to provide social consultation to anyone in material need. Timely and professional consultation very often leads to resolving the difficult situation of the client, and regularly there is no longer any need to grant and disburse the relevant benefits and allowances. In case the social consultation is insufficient to resolve the situation of the client the Act allows for disbursing material need assistance benefits and allowances. These are envisioned to resolve certain situation of the client. If the client lacks...

The intertwined challenges of food insecurity, deforestation, and biodiversity loss remain perennial challenges in Ethiopia, despite increasing policy interventions. This thesis investigates smallholding farmers’ tree- and forest-based livelihoods and management practices, in the context of national development and conservation policies, and examines how these local management practices and policies transform the agriculture–forest mosaic landscapes of southwestern Ethiopia. The thesis is guided by a political ecology perspective, and focuses on an analytical framework of ecosystem services (ESs) and disservices (EDs). It uses a mixed research design with data from participatory field mapping, a tree ‘inventory’, interviews, focus group discussions, population censuses, and analysis of satellite images and aerial photos. The thesis presents four papers. Paper I investigates how smallholding farmers in an agriculture–forest mosaic landscape manage trees and forests in relation to a few selected ESs and EDs that they consider particularly beneficial or problematic. The farmers’ management practices were geared towards mitigating tree- and forest-related EDs such as wild mammal crop raiders, while at the same time augmenting ESs such as shaded coffee production, resulting in a restructuring of the agriculture–forest mosaic. Paper II builds further on the EDs introduced in paper I, to assess the effects of crop raids by forest-dwelling wild mammals on farmers’ livelihoods. The EDs of wild mammals and human–wildlife conflict are shown to constitute a problem that goes well beyond a narrow focus on yield loss. The paper illustrates the broader impacts of crop-raiding wild mammals on local agricultural and livelihood development (e.g. the effects on food security and children’s schooling), and how state forest and wildlife control and related conservation policy undermined farmers’ coping strategies. Paper III examines local forest-based livelihood sources and how smallholders’ access to forests is reduced by state transfer of forestland to private companies for coffee investment. This paper highlights how relatively small land areas appropriated for investment in relatively densely inhabited areas can harm the livelihoods of many farmers, and also negatively affect forest conservation. Paper IV investigates the patterns and drivers of forest cover change from 1958 to 2010. Between 1973 and 2010, 25% of the total forest was lost, and forest cover changes varied both spatially and temporally. State development and conservation policies spanning various political economies (feudal, socialist, and ‘free market-oriented’) directly or indirectly affected local ecosystem use, ecosystem management practices, and migration processes. These factors (policies, local practices, and migration) have thus together shaped the spatial patterns of forest cover change in the last 50 years. The thesis concludes that national development and conservation policies and the associated power relations and inequality have often undermined local livelihood security and forest conservation efforts. It also highlights how a conceptualization of a local ecosystem as a provider of both ESs and EDs can generate an understanding of local practices and decisions that shape development and conservation trajectories in mosaic landscapes. The thesis draws attention to the need to make development and conservation policies relevant and adaptable to local conditions as a means to promote local livelihood and food security, forest and biodiversity conservation, and ESs generated by agricultural mosaic landscapes. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

O maior acesso ao meio urbano e ao mundo globalizado pode estar colocando em risco o modo de vida dos povos tradicionais, gerando impactos na alimentação e no sistema agroalimentar. Com o intuito de inferir as possíveis consequências do desenvolvimento e as estratégias de adaptação dos povos tradicionais às novas demandas socioeconômicas, o estudo foi conduzido nos remanescentes de quilombo Kalunga - GO e com os pescadores artesanais da ilha de Apeú Salvador - PA. Por meio de avaliações quantitativas e qualitativas este trabalho visou entender os impactos ocasionados às comunidades tradicionais devido ao aumento da urbanização, do maior acesso à economia de mercado e políticas públicas. As qualitativas foram aplicadas no sentido de caracterizar as condições socioeconômicas locais, a alimentação, a produção de autoconsumo e as formas de uso dos recursos naturais, utilizando \"recordatório alimentar 24 horas\", depoimentos da população local e observações de campo. As quantitativas foram realizadas através da análise isotópica de unhas dos entrevistados e por meio da avaliação dos fatores de influência na alimentação local. O uso de ecologia isotópica permitiu avaliar a dieta quanto à fonte de origem dos alimentos, natural ou industrial, e caracterizar a alimentação de acordo com o nível da cadeia trófica, presença de carne, peixe, dentre outros. A junção da pesquisa qualitativa com a quantitativa permitiu identificar elementos de transição agroalimentar e mudanças nas formas de uso dos recursos naturais nas comunidades mais acessíveis ao meio urbano. Em contraposição a este padrão de transformação, em algumas comunidades foi identificado um panorama de resistência do modo de vida tradicional e reorganização por meio de estímulos à produção agroextrativista local. A partir da produção do pescado em Apeú Salvador e da farinha de mandioca nos Kalunga, a manutenção do trabalho e o incentivo à autonomia local são alternativas que podem potencializar o ajuste e a adaptação às mudanças globais da modernidade. Embora alguns dos resultados remetam à mudança de hábitos agroalimentares, pondera-se que sob determinadas condições os impactos do desenvolvimento em povos tradicionais podem ser atenuados. Apesar da relativização, salienta-se que as interferências da modernidade no sistema agroalimentar em comunidades tradicionais são reais e precisam ser devidamente considerados por intervenções externas e políticas públicas. / The greater access to urban and globalized world may be endangering the livelihood of traditional people, generating impacts on food and agrofood system. Therefore, aiming to infer these possible impacts of development and adaptation strategies of traditional peoples to new socioeconomic demands, the study was conducted in the remaining slaves Kalunga - GO and artisanal fishermen of Apeú Salvador - PA island. Since, through quantitative and qualitative evaluations the objective was to understand the consequences on traditional communities due to increased urbanization, income, greater access to the market economy and public policy. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations were employed. Qualitative have been applied for characterizing the local socioeconomic conditions, food and forms of resources use, using food 24h recall, reports of local people and field observations. Quantitative evaluation was performed using isotope analysis of fingernails and interviewed by assessment of the influence factors on local food. The use of isotopic ecology allowed evaluating diet as the source of origin, natural or industrial, and characterizing food according to the level of the trophic chain, presence of meat, fish and others. Qualitative research with quantitative allowed to identify elements of agrofood transition on accessible communities. In contrast to this transformation pattern in some communities the resistance of traditional way of life and reorganization was identified through incentives for agroextractive production and other economic activities related to local culture. Based on fish production in Apeú Salvador and cassava flour in Kalunga, the encouragement of work and maintenance of local autonomy are alternatives that may enhance adaptation to global changes of modernity. Thus, although some of the results referring to the change in food habits and use of natural resources, under certain conditions the impacts of development on traditional peoples can be bypassed. Although relativization the interference of modernity on the agrofood system of traditional communities it\'s real and need to be properly considered by external interventions and public policies.

The challenge of balancing food production, ecosystem services (ESs) and biodiversity conservation evidences the disruption of the present agri-food system. This demands a social-ecological system transformation. For this, the replacement of conventional agricultural practices to agroecological ones has been suggested, since these practices could provide ESs provision, which agriculture and human life are dependent on, and a permeable matrix, which is indispensable for biodiversity conservation. However, the food production activity also needs to afford small farmers livelihood, otherwise, they will not be interested in taking part of this transition. In view of this, the present dissertation has the objective of analyzing agroecology as a proposal to provide farmers livelihood, generate ESs and contribute for biodiversity conservation, integrally. In order to reach the objective proposed, we selected the case study of Santa Rosa de Lima (SRL), located in Santa Catarina (SC) state, which is inserted in area of Atlantic Forest (AF), in Southern Brazil. This municipality has many dairy farmers associated with AF. AF is globally recognized as a priority biome for biodiversity conservation, due to its rich biodiversity and current level of degradation. Furthermore, the biome provides diverse ESs. Dairy activity has been extensively referred as a major driver of AF deforestation, on other hand, dairy activity is of relevance for the state economy and farmers livelihood. Due to the referred, it was brought to SC a potential agroecological and sustainable intensification (SI) dairy system, the management intensive grazing (MIG) system. The hypothesis was that the implementation of this system has potential to increase dairy profitability, reduce reliance on off-farm inputs, provide ESs and decrease pressure on remaining forest. Additionally, by increasing stocking rate and milk yields, farmers may be able to retire land from production to conservation without suffering an economic loss. To analyze the results of MIG implementation in SRL, as an agroeological system with potential to balance economic and ecological goals, we compared social, ecological and economic data of farmers applying MIG and farmers applying conventional systems. These data were collected through farmers interview and an accounting project conducted in the city during one year. As first research result, we found that MIG is still in process to become considered an agroecological system. Therefore, we analyzed this process of transformation through the lenses of social theories for social-ecological system transformation. In summary, our results has showed that MIG is more profitable than conventional systems, have increased land efficiency and showed signs of environmental improvements, however, still needs progresses to become an agroecological and sustainable intensification system. This process of transition has already started in SRL, since, among the mentioned and other evidences, MIG has gradually reduced the use of environmentally damaging inputs and farmers has showed to be more prone to meet environmental law. Our results also indicate social learning as indispensable, and financial capital as necessary to foment the process of transformation. To introduce both in the process, Participatory Processes and Payment for Ecosystem Services are advocated as suitable tools. / O desafio de equilibrar produção de alimentos, provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos (SEs) e conservação da biodiversidade evidencia a ruptura do sistema agroalimentar em vigor. Esta transição demanda uma transformação do sistema social-ecológico. Para isto, a substituição de práticas convencionais por práticas agroecológicas tem sido proposta, uma vez que estas geram SEs, do qual a agricultura e a vida humana são dependentes, e uma matriz permeável, que é indispensável para conservação da biodiversidade. Entretanto, a atividade de produção de alimentos também deve ser pensada no sentido de garantir a subsistência de pequenos produtores rurais, caso contrário, eles não apresentarão interesse em participar desta transição. Devido a isto, a presente tese tem por objetivo analisar a agroecologia como uma proposta para a subsistência de agricultores, a geração de SEs e contribuição na conservação da biodiversidade, integradamente. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi selecionado um estudo de caso localizado em Santa Rosa de Lima (SRL), no estado de Santa Catarina (SC), em área de Mata Atlântica (MA), na região sul do Brasil. Este município possui vários produtores rurais associados à MA. A MA é globalmente reconhecida como um bioma prioritário para conservação da biodiversidade, devido a sua rica biodiversidade e estágio atual de degradação. Além do mais, o bioma oferece diversos SEs. A atividade de produção de leite tem sido recorrentemente referida como uma das principais causas de desmatamento de MA, por outro lado, esta atividade é de relevância para a economia do estado e subsistência de produtores rurais. Devido ao exposto, foi trazido para SC um sistema de produção de leite com potencial para ser agroecológico e de intensificação sustentável (IS), o sistema de Manejo Intensivo de Pastagem (MIP). A hipótese inicial consistia em que a implementação deste sistema tem o potencial de aumentar a lucratividade da atividade, reduzir a dependência de insumos externos à propriedade, gerar SEs e diminuir a pressão sobre os remanescentes florestais. Adicionalmente, através do aumento da taxa de estocagem e produção de leite, produtores podem estar aptos a separar terra, antes dedicada para a atividade, para conservação, sem sofrer perda econômica. Para analisar os resultados da implementação do MIP em SRL, como um sistema agroecológico com potencial para equilibrar metas econômicas e ecológicas, nós comparamos dados sociais, ecológicos e econômicos entre produtores que adotam MIP e produtores que adotam sistemas convencionais. Estes dados foram coletados através de entrevistas e um projeto contábil realizado na cidade durante um ano. Como primeiro resultado, nós diagnosticamos que o MIP está ainda em processo de tornar-se agroecológico. Entretanto, nós analisamos este processo de transformação através das lentes da teorias sociais. Em síntese, nossos resultados mostraram que o MIP é mais lucrativo, tem aumentado eficiência no uso da terra e tem mostrado sinais de melhoras ambientais, mas ainda necessita progressos para tornar-se um sistema agroecológico e de intensificação sustentável. Este processo de transição já tem se iniciado em SRL, uma vez que, além de outras evidencias e as já mencionadas, MIP tem reduzido gradativamente o uso de insumos danosos ao ambiente, e produtores tem se apresentado mais inclinados a atender a legislação ambiental. Nossos resultados também indicaram aprendizagem social como indispensável, e capital financeiro como necessário ao fomento do processo de transformação. Para a introdução de ambos no processo, Ações Participativas e Pagamentos por Serviços Ecossistêmicos são entendidos como ferramentas adequadas.

Historicamente, a produção agropecuária na Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Xingu esteve voltada aos grandes mercados. Nas últimas décadas, observa-se uma importante mudança no uso da terra, dada pela expansão do cultivo de grãos para exportação (como soja e milho) em detrimento das áreas de pastagens. A transição do modo de produção na região atinge inclusive os pequenos produtores e assentados rurais, a despeito da limitação de terras para a produção em grande escala e de sua vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Especial atenção é dada aos assentados rurais devido às peculiaridades relacionadas à ocupação territorial, as quais acabam por diferenciar a dinâmica de uso da terra, o que afeta, sobretudo, os seus modos de vida. Diante desta problemática, este estudo objetiva identificar as diferentes variáveis que contribuem para o atual contexto de mudança no uso da terra em um assentamento rural localizado no município de Água Boa (MT) e como este fenômeno se relaciona com a manutenção ou não dos modos de vida dos assentados. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas abertas, não estruturadas e em profundidade em quarenta domicílios rurais. Resultados mostram que a mudança no uso da terra pela expansão do cultivo de grãos ocorre no assentamento da mesma forma que o observado na paisagem da região do Alto Xingu. A mudança do uso da terra no P.A. Jaraguá está vinculada a uma tentativa de superar limitações produtivas, como pastagens degradadas, dificuldades de acesso à água e a capital financeiro para investimentos na produção agropecuária. Como consequência, a área destinada ao cultivo de grãos tem substituído as pastagens e o arrendamento e a comercialização de lotes rurais têm sido estimulados para que este novo modo de produção seja viabilizado, pelo menos em curto prazo. Assim, a expansão da agricultura intensiva de grãos e os efeitos do aumento generalizado dos preços das terras agricultáveis são importantes drivers na tomada de decisão dos assentados sobre o uso da terra. Os resultados apontam que esse contexto é estruturado por (ao mesmo tempo em que também estrutura) novos modos de vida no assentamento, caracterizados por fenômenos socioeconômicos como o envelhecimento rural, a maior participação da aposentadoria e da prestação de serviços (agropecuários ou não, formais ou informais) na geração de renda família e o êxodo rural. / Historically, agricultural production in the basin of the Upper Xingu has been geared to large markets. In recent decades, there has been a major change in land use, given the expansion of grain crops export (such as soybeans and corn) to the detriment of pasture areas. The transition of mode of production in the region can even reach small farmers and rural settlers, despite land limitation for large-scale production and smallholders producers\' vulnerability. In this study, particular attention is given to rural settlers due to the peculiarities related to land occupation, which eventually differentiates the dynamics of land use, affecting substantially their way of life. Faced with this problem, this study aims to identify the different variables that contribute to the current context of change in land use in a rural settlement located in the municipality of Água Boa (MT) and how this phenomenon is related to the maintenance or not of settlers\' livelihood strategies. Data were collected from unstructured in-depth interviews in forty rural households. Results show that the change in land use for the expansion of grain cultivation occurs in the settlement the same way as observed in the landscape of the Upper Xingu region. The change in land use in P.A. Jaraguá might be related to an attempt to overcome production constraints such as degraded pastures, problems with water access and financial investments in agricultural production. As a result, pastures have been replaced by areas devoted to grain crops. Moreover, the lease and sale of rural lots have been stimulated in order to make this new mode of production possible, at least, in the short term. Thus, the expansion of intensive grain cultivation and the effects of increasing general prices of agricultural land are important drivers in the settlers\' decision making on land use. The results show that while this context structures new livelihood strategies in the settlement, it has also been structured by them. In addition, such context has been characterized by some socioeconomic phenomena such as rural aging, larger rates of retirement, rural exodus, and the provision of services in the generation of family income , whether it be agricultural or not, formal or informal.