Orientador: Daniella Jorge de Moura, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T09:48:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vercellino_RimenadoAmaral_M.pdf: 2050247 bytes, checksum: 0cf15560acbe898d7738ec481f92cb5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Com a intensificação da produção na avicultura brasileira, o emprego de aviários com sistema de pressão negativa está cada vez mais frequente, onde o controle do ambiente interno favorece a produtividade dos lotes de frangos de corte. Um ponto que vem chamando a atenção da avicultura industrial é em relação à influência que uma determinada cor de cortina utilizada nos aviários possui sobre as aves, pois não se sabe ao certo qual o impacto causado nas questões relacionadas ao bem-estar destas. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as diferentes cores dos sistemas de vedação (cortinas), com o intuito de verificar qual luminosidade é a ideal para os sistemas de criação comercial de frangos de corte em relação ao bem-estar, ambiência e produtividade. Foram estudados três aviários localizados na região de Tietê /SP e Cerquilho /SP, sendo T1 aviário de pressão negativa com coloração de cortina preta, T2 aviário de pressão negativa com cortina de coloração azul e T3 aviário de pressão negativa com cortina de coloração amarela. Foram monitorados as condições dos aviários (luminosidade, temperatura de bulbo seco, umidade relativa, velocidade do ar, gases e intensidade dos raios UV), comportamento animal e a incidência de problema locomotor, durante o ciclo total de produção de três lotes, em quatro horários distribuídos pelo período da manhã e tarde. Criou-se também a variável denominada "Conforto TA" para avaliar qual aviário possuiu melhor condição ambiental. Houve diferença significativa para os comportamentos entre os tratamentos e que alguns deles são estimulados pela luz. O tratamento T1 apresentou comportamentos não relacionados à atividade física das aves, enquanto que os tratamentos T2 e T3 apresentaram os comportamentos que tem relação com a movimentação física dos frangos, sendo os comportamentos de agressividade relacionados com a luminosidade. Os resultados sobre a incidência de problemas locomotores mostram que não houve influência da luz e dos raios ultravioletas nessa questão, e sim ao ato das aves terem corrido mais na fase inicial durante o T2, cuja incidência de problemas locomotores foi maior. Em termos de ambiência, o tratamento T2 foi o que mostrou melhores valores da variável "Conforto TA". Conclui-se que o comportamento que um animal expressa é função da combinação entre as variáveis ambientais e sua idade, sendo o tratamento T3 o aviário que permitiu os animais expressarem a maior quantidade de comportamentos / Abstract: With the intensification of poultry production in Brazil, the use of buildings with negative pressure system is increasingly common, where controlling the internal environment conducive to productivity of broilers. One point that has caught the attention of the poultry industry is in relation to the influence that certain color of curtain used in poultry have on birds, it is not know for certain what the impact on issues related to the welfare of these. Considering the above, this research aimed to evaluate the different colors of curtain, in order to determine which light intensity is the ideal for commercial breeding of broilers in issues related to welfare, environment and productivity. Three broiler farms located in region of Tietê / SP and Cerquilho / SP were studied, where treatment T1 used a negative pressure with black curtain; treatment T2 had negative pressure with blue curtain; and treatment T3 had negative pressure with yellow curtain. The environmental conditions of the building was monitored (light intensity, dry bulb temperature, humidity, air velocity, gases and intensity of UV rays), as well as the animal behavior and the incidence of leg problem during the whole cycle of production of three flocks, at four distinct times in the morning and in the afternoon. Also, the variable "Comfort TA" was established to assess which building showed better environmental condition. There was significant difference in behavior between treatments and some of them were related to the light intensity. The behaviors which indicates physical movement was not observed with a high frequency at treatment T1, while treatments T2 and T3 showed best levels of these behaviors, and also, showed more aggressive behaviors indicating they are related to light intensity. There was no relation between the incidence of leg problems with the light intensity and ultraviolet rays. However, the broilers run more at the first two weeks of age in treatment T2, which was the treatment with the most incidences of leg problems. In terms of environment, treatment T2 showed the best values of the variable "Comfort TA" comparing the whole cycle of production, but if it was analyzed by age, had the coldest environment. For conclusion, broilers express their behavior in function of the combination of the environmental variables and their age and the treatment T3 allowed the animals to express the greatest amount of behavior / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_roberson_macedo_de_oliveira.pdf: 1075591 bytes, checksum: e6c23d2f9ba41197a953c043c70e5bc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-14 / The relationship between in vivo characteristics, carcass and meat goats from the region of Camaquã, were evaluated from the analysis of multivariate data. Data from 14 castrated males, born March-April/2009 and sacrificed with 8-9 months of age, originating from the familiar raising unit Casa de Pedra, RS, Brazil (Lot a) for 20 castrated male goats, born in June-July/2008, slaughtered at 11-12 months of age, originating from the familiar raising unit Arroio da Palma, RS, Brazil (Lot b), underwent randomization test and principal component analysis. The test result randomization between lots accepted that the set of variables Lots differ. The principal component analysis using forty-five descriptor variables showed that about 37.75% of the total variation is explained by the first component and 20.83% for the second. When using the 24 descriptors with the highest correlation with the ordination axes observed significant correlations for most variables. The principal component analysis explained more than 75% in the first two components. The characteristics that best explained the object of the study were: chilled carcass weight, hardness, right carcass, chewiness, hot carcass weight, global evaluation, live weight, yield hot carcass. The ordination diagram synthesized information and descriptive variables. The use of multivariate techniques may be recommended to evaluate the goat meat. / As relações entre características in vivo, na carcaça e na carne de cabritos da região do Alto Camaquã, foram avaliadas a partir da análise multivariada de dados. Dados de 14 cabritos machos castrados nascidos entre março e abril de 2009 e abatidos com 8-9 meses de idade (Lote a) e 20 cabritos machos castrados, nascidos entre junho e julho de 2008 e abatidos com 11-12 meses de idade (Lote b), foram submetidos ao teste de aleatorização e a análise por componentes principais. O resultado do teste de aleatorização entre os Lotes aceitou que no conjunto das variáveis os Lotes diferem. A análise por componentes principais utilizando quarenta e cinco variáveis descritoras mostrou que cerca de 37,75% da variação total é explicada pelo primeiro componente e 20,83% pelo segundo. Quando utilizado 24 descritores com maior correlação com os eixos de ordenação observou-se correlações significativas para grande parte das variáveis. A análise por componentes principais explicou mais de 75% nos dois primeiros componentes. As características que melhor explicaram o objeto de estudo foram: peso de carcaça fria, dureza, carcaça direita, mastigabilidade, peso de carcaça quente, avaliação global, peso vivo e rendimento de carcaça quente. O diagrama de ordenação sintetizou a informação e destacou as variáveis que os descrevem. O uso de técnicas de análise multivariada pode ser recomendado para caracterizar e avaliar a carne de cabrito.

MSCAGR (Animal Science) / Department of Animal Science

The production of meat has risen dramatically during the past decades. This process, generally referred to as the Livestock Revolution, particularly includes so called “developing countries”, hosting the most intensive augmentation of both production and consumption. As agricultural activities often are performed by small-scale farmers in these countries, the principal question for this study has been how family farmers are affected by the Livestock Revolution. This study approaches the Livestock Revolution in Brazil, the world’s biggest national exporter of meats and animal feeds, from the small-scale farmer perspective. Drawing on a case study of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil’s southernmost state, it is argued that family farmers experience multi-level marginalization. Smallholders of pork and poultry face direct marginalization through vertical integration with the large-scale meat processors (the agribusiness). Other family farmers experience marginalization through the actual exclusion from ‘integration’, as the combined corporate forces of agribusiness and supermarket chains control the principal distributive channels. Small-scale farmers also face indirect marginalization as the increasing production of soybeans (used as animal feeds) and large-scale cattle raising create an unfortunate ‘competition for arable land’. Overall, the case study seems to reflect a national tendency, in which the Livestock Revolution intensifies the polarization of the agrarian community in Brazil, thus creating parallel patterns of prosperity for the agribusiness and marginalization for the small-scale farmers. As the Food Regime analysis aims to approach the global political economy by analysing agri-food structures, this theoretical approach has been used to contextualize the case of Livestock Revolution in Brazil. From this viewpoint, the Livestock Revolution constitutes an explicit expression of a corporate Food Regime, increasing the power of private companies at the expense of family farmers. However, the Food Regime analysis also identifies divergent patterns of this Third Food Regime, in which the corporate discourse is being challenged by an alternative paradigm of food and agriculture. The marginalization of farmers in rural Brazil has indeed provoked emancipatory responses, including alternative patterns of production and distribution, as well as direct confrontations such as land occupations. This ‘resistance from the margins’ accentuates the conflict between contrasting visions for food and agriculture, apparently embedded in the Food Regime. The farmers’ emancipation is therefore somewhat determined by the rather uncertain progress of the Third Food Regime.

This thesis links papers reporting field measurements, modelling studies and reviews of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their abatement from agriculture, in particular from livestock production. The aims of the work were to: quantify GHG emissions from litter-based farmyard manures; evaluate means by which GHG emissions from agricultural production may be abated; assess synergies and conflicts between the abatement of other N pollutants on emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O); analyse two records of soil temperature from 1976-2010 from Wolverhampton (UK) and Vienna (Austria). Agricultural emissions of GHGs are not readily abated by ‘end of pipe’ technologies. Large decreases in agricultural GHG emissions may require changes in the production and consumption of food that could have unwelcome impacts on both consumers and producers. However, identifying and prioritizing both modes and locations of production, together with utilizing inputs, such as N fertilizer and livestock feeds, more efficiently can reduce GHG emissions while maintaining outputs. For example, GHG emissions from livestock production may be lessened by increasing the longevity of dairy cows, thereby decreasing the proportion of unproductive replacement animals in the dairy herd. Sourcing a larger proportion of calves from the dairy herd would decrease emissions of GHGs from beef production. The distance between the region of food production to that of consumption has relatively little impact on total GHG emissions per tonne of food product. Due to greater productivity or lesser energy inputs, importing some foods produced in other parts of the world may decrease GHG emissions per tonne compared with UK production, despite the additional emissions arising from long-distance transport. Manure application techniques to abate ammonia (NH3) emissions do not axiomatically increase emissions of N2O and may decrease them. Soil temperature measurements from 1976 to 2010 were consistent with the warming trends reported over the last 40 years.

L’amélioration de l’efficience alimentaire des animaux peut contribuer à un élevage plus durable par la réduction des ressources utilisées et des rejets associés. Les caractères qui déterminent l’efficience alimentaire des vaches laitières restent mal identifiés. Le projet se propose donc d’identifier les facteurs biologiques associés à la variabilité interindividuelle de l’efficience alimentaire des vaches laitières. La variation d’efficience alimentaire a été estimée avec l’ingéré résiduel, classiquement défini comme la variabilité résiduelle de l’énergie nette ingérée corrigée pour l’énergie nette du lait, l’entretien et les variations de réserves corporelles. Cet ingéré résiduel inclut par définition toutes les erreurs de mesure. Pour réduire ces erreurs, la note d’état corporel, qui classiquement se fait par notation visuelle, a été automatisée et de nombreux autres caractères candidats ont été mesurés fréquemment dans un environnement stable sur quasiment toute la lactation.La variabilité de l’ingéré résiduel ne représentait que 8% de la variabilité de l’ingéré mesuré, dont 58,9% étaient associés à de l’efficience et non de l’erreur. L’étude de la répétabilité de cet ingéré résiduel au cours de la lactation suggère d’éviter les 7 premières quinzaines au profit du milieu de lactation. Parmi tous les caractères mesurés, le comportement alimentaire, la température ruminale, la variation des réserves corporelles et l’activité expliquaient 58,9% de la variabilité de l’ingéré résiduel. Les effets de plusieurs de ces caractères semblent confondus. Leur lien de causalité av / Achieving higher feed efficiency of animals is expected to improve animal production sustainability through reduction of the used resources and of the associated emissions. The traits determining feed efficiency remain poorly understood. The present project aimed therefore at identifying the biological factors associated with feed efficiency differences in lactating dairy cows. Feed efficiency variation was estimated with the traditional residual intake, which was defined as the residual variability of net energy intake which is not explained by net energy required for lactation, maintenance and body reserves change. This residual intake includes by definition all measurement errors. To reduce these errors, body condition score, which is commonly measured visually, has been automated and several other candidate traits were measured frequently in a steady environment for almost whole lactation.Residual intake variability represented only 8% of intake variability in our study, among which only 58.9% were found to be associated with feed efficiency variability and not to errors. The repeatability analysis of the residual intake throughout the lactation suggested to avoid the 7 first lactation fortnights, and rather to focus on lactation middle. Among all measured traits, feeding behaviour, rumen temperature, body reserves change and activity explained 58.9% of residual intake variability. Many of these traits seemed confounded with others, which claimed for the need for further work to properly define their causal relationship with feed efficiency, especially focussing on di

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main objective of this work is to study the production systems of familiar livestock, analyzing which are the differences in the importance of the production for self-consumption and of the food produced by the families investigated. It is understood as self-consumption all the food (with vegetal or animal origin) produced and consumed by the families or yet, those food transformed by family agro-industry. This research has as basis methodological elements of the Analysis and Diagnosis of Agrarian Systems method (ADAS) which uses some principles of the systemic approach. The references for the analysis are the production systems of familiar livestock in Manoel Viana RS, that is, the production systems which present the beef or sheep cattle and the basis of familiar labor. The social, productive and economical aspects of the familiar livestock producers were studied, as well as how the production for self-consumption happens in these families. The logics of this group of producers is different and presents a great concern with the reproduction of the family, which in many cases, is more important than the productivity and economical profits. It is possible to notice differences of importance of the production for self-consumption among the families interviewed. The main differences in the production for self-consumption among the families researched are due to external revenues (pensions mainly) and health problems of the interviewed people which prevent them from working harder. The importance of the production for selfconsumption, specially the beef, allows the families to stand long periods (sometimes two years) without selling their production, because their monthly needs are financed by other revenues (pensions in many cases). And being the beef a product which is present every day in the meals and which has a high commercial value, the expenditures with alimentation decrease a lot and are reduced even more because of the production of other foods (other products of animal origin, subsistence farming, orchards, vegetable gardens and familiar agro-industry). If the value of the production for self-consumption is considered as revenue, it is observed that the familiar farms present high profits, because if they didn t produce anything, a significant amount of financial resources should be spent to buy products for alimentation. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar os sistemas de produção de pecuária familiar, analisando quais são as diferenças na importância da produção para autoconsumo e dos alimentos produzidos entre as famílias investigadas. Entende-se por autoconsumo todos os alimentos (origem vegetal ou animal) produzidos e consumidos pelas famílias ou ainda aqueles transformados pela agroindústria caseira. A pesquisa teve como base determinados elementos da metodologia Análise e Diagnóstico de Sistemas Agrários (ADSA) que se utiliza de alguns princípios da abordagem sistêmica. A referência para a presente análise foram os sistemas de produção de pecuária familiar do município de Manoel Viana/RS, ou seja, os sistemas de produção que apresentam pecuária bovina de corte e/ou ovina e a base do trabalho familiar. Foram estudados os aspectos sociais, produtivos e econômicos dos pecuaristas familiares e como se dá a produção para o autoconsumo nesses estabelecimentos. A lógica deste grupo de produtores é diferenciada e apresenta uma preocupação grande com a reprodução da família, que em muitos casos é mais importante que a produtividade e os ganhos econômicos. Puderam-se observar diferenças de importância da produção para o autoconsumo entre as famílias entrevistadas. As principais diferenças entre a produção para o autoconsumo entre os estabelecimentos pesquisados devem-se às rendas externas (aposentadoria principalmente) e problemas de saúde dos entrevistados que os impedem de se dedicarem mais. A importância da produção para o autoconsumo, especialmente da carne, permite com que as famílias fiquem por longos períodos (às vezes dois anos) sem comercializar sua produção, pois as necessidades mensais são custeadas por outras rendas (aposentadoria em muitos casos). E, sendo a carne um produto presente diariamente nas refeições e de elevado valor no comércio, as despesas com alimentação diminuem bastante e reduzem mais ainda pela produção de outros alimentos (outros produtos de origem animal, plantas de cercado, horta, pomar e agroindústria caseira). Se o valor da produção para o autoconsumo for contabilizado como renda, observa-se que as propriedades apresentam uma alta rentabilidade, pois se não fosse produzido, uma quantidade significativa de recursos teria que ser gasta para a compra de produtos para a alimentação.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a thermal sum rest period on natural grassland as a grazing management, these grazing intervals has been used since 2009. During April 2013 to April 2014, we evaluated the effect of this grazing management on vegetation and its consequences in the performance, grazing behavior and dry matter intake of beef heifers on Pampa biome (southern Brazil). A complete randomized block design experiment with two treatments and three replications was conducted with Angus heifers. The treatments were two thermal sums: 375 and 750 degrees-days (DD) determined by the intervals between rotational grazing periods, the 375 DD treatment favors prostrate species (Axonopus affinis and Paspalum notatum) and the 750 DD treatment favors tussock species (Aristida laevis and Saccharum angustifolius). The 23 ha experimental area was divided into six experimental units, which housed two treatments and three replications. The experiment was conducted with beef cattle heifers testers with average age of 7 months old and initial weight of 150.5 ± 5 kg. Every heifers received whole rice bran supplement at a rate of 1.0% of body weight per day during cool season (April to September) and had free access to mineral supplement. Treatments had no differences on vegetation, average daily weight, dry matter intake, grazing behavior variables and beef production. Thermal sum rest intervals could be a valuable grazing management tool to improved animal production per area and forage quality, besides high animal stocking rate. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de duas somas térmica, expressa em graus-dia, como intervalo de descanso entre pastejos em pastagem natural. Durante Abril de 2013 a Abril de 2014, foi avaliado o efeito do manejo do pasto, na vegetação e suas consequências no desempenho, comportamento ingestivo e no consumo de matéria seca de bezerras de corte manejadas em pastoreio rotativo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completamente casualizados, com dois tratamentos e três repetições de área, as repetições foram subdivididas em sete e oitos piquetes, para cada um dos tratamentos. O experimento foi realizado em área pertencente à Universidade de Santa Maria, localizada região fisiográfica da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os tratamentos foram duas somas térmicas: 375 e 750 graus-dias (GD), que determinaram os intervalos entre os pastoreios, o tratamento de 375 GD, foi definido pela duração da expansão foliar de espécies de crescimento prostrado (Axonopus affinis e Paspalum notatum) e o tratamento de 750 GD, pela duração da expansão foliar de espécies cespitosas (Aristida laevis e Saccharum angustifolius). A área experimental possuía 23 ha e foi dividida em seis unidades experimentais, que abrigaram os dois tratamentos e as três repetições. Trinta bezerras de corte da raça Red Angus foram utilizadas como animais testers e número variável de reguladoras da mesma categoria e raça. As bezerras possuíam idade média inicial de 7 meses e peso médio inicial de 150 ± 5 kg. Durante a estação fria as bezerras receberam farelo de arroz integral corrigido com 4% de calcário calcítico, como suplemento a uma taxa de 1,0% do peso vivo diariamente às 14 horas. Em ambos os tratamentos a massa de forragem, o desempenho, o comportamento ingestivo e o consumo de matéria seca não diferiram (P<0.05). A soma térmica em graus-dia baseada na característica morfogênica, taxa de elongação foliar como intervalo de descanso entre pastejos pode ser uma ferramenta de manejo para melhorar a produção animal por área, a qualidade da forragem, além de possibilitar elevada taxa de lotação.

Bovine tuberculosis is a global cause for concern in livestock, free-ranging wildlife, zoological collections and the human population. Large amount of time, effort and resources are spent on its diagnosis and control methods. This study was aimed at determining the sensitivity and specificity of the IS6110 specific PCR test on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks, compared to that of the gold standard method culture and to differentiate M. bovis from other members of the M. tuberculosis complex using the RD4 region of difference specific PCR test. A total of 141 FFPE tissue blocks of wild animals from game reserves, the National Zoological Gardens and routine tuberculosis (TB) surveys in Kruger National Park were tested. Among the 50 known TB positive samples (35 M. bovis culture positive, twelve M. tuberculosis culture positive and three diagnosed tuberculosis positive on histopathology examination) the IS6110 PCR had an overall sensitivity of 22%. The positive predictive value of the IS6110 test (91.67%) was quite high implying that although sensitivity was low, one can be highly confident that a positive test result is a true reflection of the positive disease status. The overall sensitivity of the RD4 PCR was 20%. The positive predictive value of the RD4 test (41.67%) was low, implying that a positive test result may be unreliable. The sensitivities of the M. tuberculosis and M. bovis culture positive samples were compared and a significant difference was noted. Sensitivities of the IS6110 and RD4 assays in M. tuberculosis culture positive samples were 66.67% and 33.33%, respectively; sensitivities of the IS6110 and RD4 assays in M. bovis culture positive samples were 8.57% and 17.14%, respectively. Difference in bacterial load in tissues infected with the two mycobacterial species may account for this finding (i.e. M. bovis infections have a lower bacteria load). Of the 91 known TB negative samples, the specificity of the IS6110 (98.90%) and RD4 (84.62%) PCR tests were high, but the negative predictive values of 69.67% and 65.81%, respectively, suggest that the probability of negative test results being incorrect still exists. The resultant sensitivity was increased when parallel interpretation was applied to histopathology examination and the IS6110 or RD4 PCR tests and when applied to the IS6110 and RD4 PCR tests. Both histopathology examination and PCR tests produce rapid results and their combination can be used in routine diagnostics. The RD4 PCR assay was unable to distinguish M. bovis from other members of the MTB complex and based on the findings of this study the RD4 PCR cannot add value to the diagnosis of suspect tuberculosis samples at this stage, but successful troubleshooting relating to 1) extraction method, 2) DNA inhibitors, 3) contamination and 4) multisampling protocol, may enable its use in future. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / Unrestricted

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Ted C. Schroeder / Electronic animal identification systems are becoming more common in livestock auction markets because of increased numbers of cattle being electronically identified. More cattle are being individually identified because of increasing enrollment in marketing alliances and verification programs. Also, the National Animal Identification System (NAIS) has increased awareness and perhaps use of electronic identification. In this study, individual characteristics of livestock markets were analyzed to determine how they relate to a livestock market operator's views, concerns, and knowledge of the NAIS as well as adoption of RFID reading equipment. Investments in RFID tagging services and RFID reading equipment by livestock markets were estimated and price premiums associated with RFID tagged and preconditioned cattle were estimated. Data were from a national survey of livestock auction markets and cattle transaction data were obtained from three Kansas livestock markets. Auction markets that indicated they currently plan to add a RFID tagging service are likely to have more knowledge of the NAIS program standards, how to adopt the NAIS practices, and the probable costs involved. Managers of facilities that sell a large volume of livestock annually tend to have a higher level of understanding of how to adopt the NAIS practices and be more knowledgeable of the NAIS standards than operators of smallvolume facilities. Managers of markets that have operating RFID reader systems tend to be more understanding of how to adopt the NAIS practices and of costs associated with adopting the NAIS. Livestock market managers tend to be highly concerned that adoption of individual animal identification systems will adversely impact sale speed and tend to view the NAIS as a threat to their business. Large volume facilities, facilities that have registered their premises, and facilities that plan to add a RFID tagging service are more likely to adopt RFID reader systems. Economies of scale exist in RFID system adoption and RFID tagging services for auction markets. Preconditioned and RFID tagged cattle brought a significant premium at only one of three facilities where data were collected.