Many early anthropological studies treated pastoralist populations as egalitarian, however there is considerable variation in the resources available to individual households. This thesis considers how resources influence the subsistence system of the pastoral Datoga of Lake Eyasi. The two categories of resources considered are wealth and labour. The labour available to Datoga households does not influence the herding strategies of those households. In turn, the herding strategies do not affect the dynamics of cattle herds. This is because households that are short of labour can arrange for their animals to be herded by members of different households, and there are no discernible costs associated with this. Wealth, defined by livestock holdings, can be measured either as total household wealth, or as wealth per capita. These are conceptually distinct. Among the Datoga, households that are wealthy in terms of total livestock holdings, are also wealthy in terms of wealth per capita, but not proportionally more so. Once households have about five livestock units per capita, any increase in household wealth is used to attract new people to the household, rather than to increase the wealth of existing household members. For many aspects of the production system overall household wealth and wealth per capita have a similar effect, but this is not always the case. In some instances overall household wealth can explain variation between households, whereas wealth per capita cannot. This occurs when the absolute number of animals belonging to a household is important. In terms of provisioning the household and household economics, per capita wealth explains more of the variation between households. Overall the Datoga are struggling to survive. They have been alienated from more fertile areas, and consequently they are poor, and herd productivity is low. This is due to the low reproduction rate of cattle, and the high commercial offtake rate of both cattle and small stock. The high commercial offtake rate is driven by subsistence needs and most income is used to buy grain and veterinary products. However, there is considerable variation between households, and compared to poor households, wealthy households have a comparatively low offtake rate of livestock, in terms of both mortality and sales. Consequently, they are managing to retain their livestock holdings, or in a few cases to increase the size of their herds. However, wealthy households are in the minority, and the majority of households are caught in a declining cycle of poverty, and will eventually be forced to drop out of the pastoral system.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rangelands in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world support livelihoods through their provision of multiple goods and services. Livestock production, for example, occurs in rangelands both as extensive ranching under freehold tenure and as collective ranching under communal tenure systems. However, the sustainability of rangelands is threatened and has been a major concern this century, leading to a variety of interventions. Holistic management (HM) is one such example, designed by its proponents as a panacea to halt degradation and, recently, climate change effects in the rangelands of Africa and beyond. HM has been implemented in the Hwange Communal Lands (HCLs) of Zimbabwe since 2010. In principle, the programme is aimed at restoring degraded watersheds and croplands through utilising properly managed livestock. To achieve this, two principles are promoted under HM, namely (i) holistic planned grazing (HPG) and (ii) animal impaction of crop fields. However, the effects of HM on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries currently are poorly understood. In order to address this lacuna, this study aimed to determine both the intended and unintended effects of a community-based land restoration programme called Holistic Land and Livestock Management (HLLM) in the HCLs of Zimbabwe on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries through a conceptual framework that combined an actor-oriented livelihoods approach with concepts of everyday politics and resistance. This was done by exploring the impact of HLLM on the six types of farmers’ assets, adoption patterns, farmers’ reactions to the introduction of HLLM, and challenges preventing farmers from adopting HLLM. Case studies employing a qualitative and exploratory research design were undertaken in three communities that were selected purposively from a total of 18 communities in which the HLLM programme had been promoted by the Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) in order to discover different perspectives on the effects of the programme on the livelihoods of its beneficiaries. The study employed qualitative Participatory Rural Appraisal tools, focus group discussions, participant observation, document analysis, and key informant and semi-structured interviews. These lines of enquiry enabled triangulation and cross-checking of information to enhance the reliability and validity of the research findings. The study showed that adoption levels were disappointingly low across all the study sites. Several challenges, including livestock diseases, predation, cultural stigma, labour constraints and witchcraft fears, were among the barriers explaining the low rate of adoption in the HCLs. The findings reveal that the farmers were concerned more with immediate problems, especially lack of water, than with land degradation, which is the primary focus of HLLM. Thus the farmers responded by complying, accommodating and covertly resisting the ACHM’s efforts to implement HLLM in order to suit their needs, using creative everyday politics and resistance. The study concludes that, although HLLM is required in such semi-arid environments, it is not sufficient to sustain rural livelihoods in its current state. While the main focus of HLLM is to improve the natural capital (i.e. restoring degraded watersheds), it should be complemented by and aligned with the farmers’ other development priorities, especially those relating to water / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Weiveld in die halfdor- en dor gebiede van die wêreld ondersteun menslike lewensbestaan deur die verskaffing van ’n verskeidenheid goedere en dienste. Veeproduksie, byvoorbeeld, kom in weivelde voor as beide ekstensiewe veldbeesboerdery onder grondbesit en kollektiewe veldbeesboerdery onder gemeenskaplike eiendomsreg. Die volhoubaarheid van weiveld word egter bedreig en het in hierdie eeu ’n groot bron van kommer geword, wat gelei het tot ’n verskeidenheid ingrypings. Holistiese bestuur (Holistic management (HM)) is een van hierdie en is deur sy voorstanders ontwerp as ’n wondermiddel om degradasie, en meer onlangs die effekte van klimaatsverandering op die weivelde van Afrika en verder, stop te sit. HM is reeds sedert 2010 in die Hwange gemeenskaplike gronde (HGG’e) in Zimbabwe geïmplementeer. In beginsel is die doel van die program om gedegradeerde waterskeidings en landerye te herstel deur gebruik te maak van behoorlik bestuurde vee. Om dit te bereik word twee beginsels onder HM bevorder, naamlik (i) holisties beplande weiding (holistic planned grazing (HPG)) en (ii) dier-impaksie van landerye (animal impaction of crop fields). Die effekte van HM op die lewensbestaan van sy begunstigdes word tans egter swak begryp. Om hierdie leemte aan te spreek, was die doel van hierdie studie om die bedoelde en onbedoelde gevolge van ’n gemeenskapsgebaseerde grondherstelprogram (Holistic Land and Livestock Management (HLLM)) in die HGG’e van Zimbabwe op die lewensbestaan van die begunstigdes te bepaal deur middel van ’n konseptuele raamwerk wat ’n akteur-georiënteerde lewensbestaansbenadering met konsepte van alledaagse politiek en weerstand gekombineer het. Dít is gedoen deur die impak van HLLM op ses soorte van bates wat boere het, hulle aannemingspatrone, boere se reaksies op die invoering van HLLM, en uitdagings wat verhoed het dat boere HLLM aanneem, te ondersoek. Gevallestudies met gebruik van ’n kwalitatiewe en verkennende navorsingsontwerp is in drie gemeenskappe onderneem wat doelbewus uit ’n totaal van 18 gemeenskappe waarin die HLLM-program deur die Africa Centre for Holistic Management (ACHM) bevorder word, geselekteer is om verskillende perspektiewe van die effekte van die program op die lewensbestaan van die begunstigdes te ontdek. Die studie het kwalitatiewe Deelnemende Landelike Takseringsgereedskap (Participatory Rural Appraisal), fokusgroepbesprekings, deelnemerwaarneming, dokument analise en sleutel-informant en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude gebruik. Hierdie ondersoeklyne het triangulasie en kruiskontrole van die inligting moontlik gemaak, wat die betroubaarheid en geldigheid van die navorsingsbevindings verhoog het. Die studie toon dat aannemingsvlakke teleurstellend laag was in al die studieliggings. Verskeie uitdagings, insluitend veesiektes, predasie, kulturele stigma, arbeidsbeperkings en vrese vir heksery was onder die hindernisse wat die lae aannemingstempo in die HGG’e verklaar. Die bevindinge wys dat die boere meer besorgd was oor onmiddellike probleme, veral die tekort aan water, as oor grondagteruitgang, wat die vernaamste fokus van HLLM is. Die boere het dus gereageer deur instemming, aanpassing en onderlangse weerstandbieding tot die ACHM se pogings om HLLM te implementeer om sodoende hulle eie behoeftes te pas deur kreatiewe alledaagse politiek en weerstand te gebruik. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat hoewel HLLM in sulke halfdor omgewings nodig is, dit nie in sy huidige staat voldoende is om landelike lewensbestaan te onderhou nie. Hoewel die vernaamste fokus van HLLM is om die natuurlike kapitaal te verbeter (m.a.w. deur gedegradeerde waterskeidings te herstel), moet hierdie rol gekomplementeer word deur en belyn word met die boere se ander ontwikkelingsprioriteite, veral dié wat verband hou met water.

Depuis les années 1990, le secteur de l’élevage au Vietnam subit des transformations rapides et profondes. Les productions de viande et de lait sont passées d’un système d’élevage familial intégré aux activités agricoles à un mode plus intensif et largement industrialisé. Les grandes exploitations capitalistiques se substituent progressivement à la petite paysannerie. Cette évolution soulève un certain nombre d’enjeux spatiaux. Le développement des villes, l’implantation des usines d’alimentation animale dans les campagnes, la relocalisation des bassins de production et l’essor de la production de maïs entrainent une réorganisation complète de la géographie de l’élevage au Vietnam. Cette dynamique spatiale est largement méconnue alors même qu’elle s’accélère depuis l’entrée du pays dans l’OMC en 2007. Cette thèse s’intéresse en particulier à trois districts – Thong Nhat, Mai Son et Ba Vi – dans lesquels l’élevage est une composante majeure du développement local. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse montrent que la concentration spatiale des systèmes d’élevage industriel dans un nombre réduit de régions est de fait organisée par un partenariat étroit entre autorités politiques et firmes privées qui privilégient les bénéfices économiques de cette industrialisation. Cependant, les autorités locales et les firmes impliquées peinent à prendre en compte les préjudices à moyen-terme de l’agglomération des systèmes de production sur la durabilité des anthroposystèmes. La gestion des milieux apparait laissée à la charge des communautés locales, et les fonctions de l’agriculture évoluent progressivement vers le recyclage des externalités du système d’élevage industriel. / Since the 1990’s, livestock sector in Vietnam has been deeply changing. Meat and milk productions are mouving from a mixed farming system towards a more intensive and industrialized production model. Concentrated animal feeding operations are progressively replacing small-scale livestock farming. This transition raises specific spatial issues. Expansion of urban areas, location of feed mills in rural areas, relocation of intensive production areas lead to a complete reorganization of the geography of livestock sector in Vietnam. This spatial dynamic is becoming an issue, especially since Vietnam has joined WTO in 2007. This thesis focuses on three districts – Thong Nhat, Mai Son et Ba Vì – where livestock plays a major role in local development. We show that spatial concentration of industrial production systems occurs in a limited number of regions. This dynamics appears to be organized by a close partnership between local authorities and private firms, with a focus on economic benefit. However, those stakeholders seem not to be in condition to manage all medium term impacts of this concentration on anthroposystem sustainability. Most of the challenges related to the Environmental management of industrial livestock systems remains in the hands of local communities. The role of agriculture progressively evolves towards the recycling of industrial livestock systems effluents.

This thesis deals with the evaluation of noise exposure in the agricultural cooperative Hosín ? Dobrejovice. The aim of this work was to measure noise levels in the dairy barn area and its surroundings, during these processes work: milking, feeding, removal of excrement, bedding etc. Measurements were carried out in summer and autumn. During the measurement noise was the largest source of agricultural equipment. The results revealed that noise pollution resulting from the operation of agricultural cooperatives Dobrejovice is fair and negative influence on noise pollution does not occur.

This theses fokus on the enviromental impact of livestock raising cycle (cattle, pigs and poultry). Energetical costs and emissions caused by livestock fattening are counted including processing and transport of the final product ? meat. Conventional and organic farming were compared as well as different forms of housing. SIMA Pro software tool was used for obtaining the emission load. The aim of the work was to find which form of livestock raising has the least environmental impact. This work was created in the European Union internatiponal project M00080-EUS-AT-SUKI Sustainable Kitchen focusing on the emission load of substantial links of vertical production chain.

No description available.

The aim of this thesis is processing ÚZEI data for organic agricultural production in individual regions of the Czech Republic in the form of maps and graphs that provide a basic overview of the territorial deployment of crop and livestock production of organic farming. For crop production are given the following information: sown area in the conversion period and in the full organic mode, organic production and the average yield. Data of livestock in organic farming provide information about the numerical status of the individual categories of livestock. Part of the thesis is also devoted to the realization of crop and livestock organic products on the market in 2012. The thesis is part of the project Gaju 019/2013 / S.

Submitted by Raquel Magossi Rodrigues (raquel.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2017-02-21T19:27:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Raquel - VERSAO FINAL.pdf: 2538660 bytes, checksum: 0fda51df3fa2b78e0764d19980cd3fef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br) on 2017-02-21T19:39:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Raquel - VERSAO FINAL.pdf: 2538660 bytes, checksum: 0fda51df3fa2b78e0764d19980cd3fef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T20:10:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Raquel - VERSAO FINAL.pdf: 2538660 bytes, checksum: 0fda51df3fa2b78e0764d19980cd3fef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 / O agronegócio tem ocupado um papel importante na economia brasileira e paulista. O setor cresceu fortemente desde a década de 1990, muito mais pelos ganhos de produtividade do que da expansão da área plantada. Apesar da importância do setor para a economia do país e do Estado de São Paulo e de sua forte expansão, por muito tempo não foi possível acompanhar adequadamente a evolução do seu mercado de trabalho, devido às limitações das pesquisas sobre emprego e desemprego disponíveis, seja pela periodicidade reduzida, seja pela área de abrangência na coleta dos dados. Entretanto, essa situação mudou a partir da divulgação pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) de uma nova pesquisa sobre o mercado de trabalho brasileiro, a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD Contínua), que tem uma extensa gama de variáveis, abrange todo o território nacional e tem periodicidade trimestral. Embora as séries históricas da PNAD Contínua sejam curtas (não há números anteriores a 2012), foi possível observar algumas tendências, como a redução da população ocupada e um crescimento do trabalho formal e dos rendimentos dos ocupados nas atividades agropecuárias e no agronegócio, tanto no Brasil quanto no Estado de São Paulo. / The agribusiness sector has played an important role in the Brazilian and Sao Paulo State economies. The sector has grown intensely since the 1990s, and most of this expansion was due to productivity gains rather than the planted area growth. Despite the sector's importance to the country's and Sao Paulo State’s economy and its strong progress, it has not been possible for a long time monitoring adequately the evolution of its labor market, mainly due to the limitation of the database and labor force survey available in the country. However, this situation has changed since the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) published a new research on the Brazilian labor market, the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNAD Contínua), which has an extensive range of variables that covers the whole national territory and has quarterly frequency. Although the historical series of the PNAD are not extensive (there is no data prior to 2012), this paper identified three main trends, such as the reduction of the population employed in agricultural sector, a growth of formal employment and an increase of employees’ income, both for Brazil and Sao Paulo.

This study focused on the impact of climate change and adaptation on small-scale cattle and sheep farming in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Using information from 500 livestock farmers between 2005 and 2009 farming season, three methods of analysis were used to determine impacts of climate change and adaptation. They were Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Binary Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) and Heckman Probit Model (HPM). Findings revealed that cattle production decreased during the study period 2005 to 2009. Preliminary descriptive statistics results indicated that farmers had different perceptions on climate change and adaptation measures between the periods 2005 and 2009. Further analysis using PCA showed that the different perceptions could be grouped into: (i) drought and windy weather patterns; (ii) information and adaptation; (iii) climate change extension services; (iv) intensive cattle and sheep production; and (v) temperatures. The results of the BLRM indicated that the most significant factors that affected climate change and adaptation were: (i) non-farm income per annum; (ii) type of weather perceived from 2005 to 2009; (iii) livestock production and ownership; (iv) distance to weather stations; (v) distance to input markets; (vi) adaptation strategies and (vii) annual average temperature. From the HPM the results indicated that marital status, level of education, formal extension, temperatures and the way in which land was acquired, significantly affected awareness on climate change. Variables that significantly affected adaptation selections were gender, formal extension, information received on climate change, temperatures and the way in which land was acquired.It was concluded that in the area of study, change in climate was already perceived by small-scale cattle and sheep farmers. Households that perceived differences in seasonal temperatures during the survey period were less likely to adapt to climate change. Having access to extension services increased the likelihood of adaptation to climate change. Information on climate change to improve livestock production appeared to play a significant role in the selection of adaptation measures. The recommendation was that government should consider cattle and sheep farmers’ perceptions on climate change when deciding on programmes for cattle and sheep production. It further suggested that the most significant factors that affected climate change, adaptation, and awareness and adaptation selections be considered when adaptation programmes are planned. / Agriculture Animal Health and Human Ecology / D.Phil. (Environmental Management)

Given the livelihoods challenges which face many rural communities, understanding a community’s livelihoods dynamics and opportunities is one major step to developing workable options to address the challenges. This study has focused on one rural community and used the five determinants of the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to describe the livelihoods situation in Embui sub-location in Machakos County, Kenya. Residents of Embui have had to deal with the fact that traditional production systems are not sufficient to provide for their livelihoods needs. The community and continues to be challenged by limited capital for diversifying income sources, low skills and limited social and economic services. This study recommends support to marketing of locally produced artifacts, improved access to capital and provision of water for irrigation along with extension services as the key areas of support to improve the living standards of the residents of Embui / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)