Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Joao Mauricio Lucas Gordo.pdf: 989990 bytes, checksum: d42049f86155b876ca6f5dcc3bfbe6f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-05 / This study aimed to diagnose the situation and use of artificial insemination (AI) and fixed-time artificial insemination in Goiás State, Brazil. A literature review was carried out and economic costs related to herd conception in natural mating systems, AI and TAI were calculated. Subsequently, an approach to cattle farmer´s profile, farm characterization and speech analysis was fulfilled in order to better understand biodemographic characteristics and to obtain cattle breeder´s discourse concerning AI technology. Using semi-structured questionnaires 71 interviews were accomplished to dairy and beef cattle farmers from different municipalities of Goiás State during AI training courses in 2010 and 2011. The interviews pointed out that 92% were male farmers and 29.6% had 31 to 41 years old. Schooling stage varied and 34% declared to have finished the last grade, 15.5% had primary grade complete and 14% had yet not finished primary education. 46.5% had between 9 and 20 years of cattle production experience, 25.5% more than 20 years and 28% had up to 8 years of experience. 53.5% already used AI or TAI before the training courses. Considering farmers that previously used any biotechnique, exclusive use of AI is more frequent (68,5%)than the association of both biotechniques (18.5%), and more frequent than the exclusive use of TAI (13%). 46.5% raised between 31 and 90 heifers and cows and 27% raised up to 30. Speech analysis revealed that personal motivation is a major topic involving the IA adoption process, which is related to the benefits of the biotechnique and the phenotype of the animals rather than economic factors. Prerequisites necessary for adoption is the second factor, mainly related to labor force, infrastructure and cattle handling, followed by social motivation topics, mainly associated to institutes and people related to IA and the everyday life of cattle farmers. Note: Thesis in four chapters with summary and abstract. Was cited only the summary / abstract of the first chapter / Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um diagnóstico da situação do uso das biotécnicas da reprodução, especificamente a inseminação artificial convencional (IA) e a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) no Estado de Goiás. Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura sobre o tema, calculando-se os custos relativos à concepção do rebanho, desde a monta natural a campo, passando pela IA e IATF. Posteriormente, realizaram-se pesquisas de percepção dos atores envolvidos no uso destas biotecnias da reprodução com o objetivo de traçar o perfil dos pecuaristas que as utilizam, bem como analisar o discurso destes com relação a IA/IATF. Utilizaram-se 71 questionários semi estruturados, aplicados em cursos de capacitação em IA, respondidos em 2010 e 2011 por produtores da bovinocultura leiteira e de corte, oriundos de diferentes localidades do Estado de Goiás. A maioria (92%) dos entrevistados era do sexo masculino, 29,6% possuíam entre 31 e 41 anos de idade, com grau de escolaridade superior completo (34%), médio completo (15,5%) ou fundamental incompleto (14%). Grande parte (46,5%) possuía entre nove e 20 anos de experiência na pecuária, mais de 20 anos (25,5%) ou até oito anos (28%). Observou-se que 53,5% dos participantes dos cursos já utilizavam a IA ou a IATF. Entre aqueles que já empregavam alguma biotécnica, o uso exclusivo da IA (68,5%) era mais frequente que o uso conjunto das duas biotécnicas (18,5%) ou o uso exclusivo da IATF (13%). Muitos (46,5%) possuíam entre 31 e 90 fêmeas em idade reprodutiva ou até 30 matrizes (27%). A análise do discurso revelou que a motivação pessoal é o principal fator envolvido no processo de adoção da IA no Estado de Goiás e está mais atrelada aos pontos fortes do uso da biotécnica e às expectativas positivas, sendo estas mais voltadas ao fenótipo dos animais do que a fatores econômicos. Os pré-requisitos necessários estão em segundo plano, com destaque à mão de obra, infraestrutura e manejo animal, seguido da influência social, com evidência das entidades e pessoas envolvidas com a IA e com o cotidiano dos pecuaristas. OBS: Tese com 4 capítulos com resumo e abstract. Foi citado apenas o resumo/abstract do primeiro capítulo.

Este estudo aborda a atividade industrial vinculada à atividade agropecuária de um município de pequeno porte localizado na microrregião Fronteira Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Rosa que, nas últimas décadas, atraiu para sua região de abrangência investimentos industriais ligados à transformação dos produtos gerados pela agropecuária local: a soja, o milho, o trigo, o leite e o suíno, produzidos em grande parte em pequenas propriedades fundiárias. Uma destacada indústria dessa microrregião é a metalmecânica, que teve alicerçadas as primeiras plantas industriais montadoras de máquinas e produtoras de implementos agrícolas já na década de 1950 e que, à medida dos empreendimentos em tecnologia, melhoramento de produtividade no campo e formação de mão-de-obra especializada, tem aumentado a geração de renda na região de estudo. No transcurso de sua economia, a microrregião enfrentou diversos percalços, devidos por um lado ao modelo de produtividade local e, por outro, às dificuldades da política econômica brasileira vigente nos anos de 1980, quando o Governo deixa de subsidiar o setor produtivo primário da região, forçando uma reestruturação de sua economia. As lideranças regionais do RS procuraram estimular a vinda de novos empreendimentos e ao mesmo tempo evitar a fuga de capitais internos, especialmente do setor empresarial e do efetivo humano, consequência da intensificação do êxodo rural rumo a outras áreas melhor posicionadas economicamente. É quando entram em cena as políticas coordenadas que, envolvendo atores sociais, políticos e econômicos, buscaram melhorar a inserção da região nos contextos estadual e brasileiro e culminaram na criação recente dos Conselhos Regionais de Desenvolvimento, dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais e dos Programas de Apoio aos Polos Tecnológicos. O estudo traça uma trajetória dos principais setores dessa indústria local e regional do Brasil, revelando alguns dos aspectos que têm marcado seu avanço entre meados do século XX e os dias atuais / This study addresses the industrial activities of Santa Rosa, a small city located in the North West Frontier micro region of Rio Grande do Sul, and their linking to agriculture. In recent decades, Santa Rosa has attracted industrial investments related to the processing of local agricultural products, such as soybeans, corn, wheat, milk and pork, mostly farmed on small estates. In this scenario, metalworking has played a major role since the foundation of the first industrial plants for the production of machinery and agricultural implements, in the 1950s. It has developed technology, improved productivity and trained specialized manpower, increasing the income generation in the study area. Over the period, however, Santa Rosa region has faced some mishaps. This were due firstly to the local production model, and secondly, to the Brazilian economic policy in the 1980s when the government stopped subsidizing the primary productive sector of the region, which led the municipality to restructure its economy. Regional leaders of Rio Grande do Sul sought to encourage the coming of new ventures and at the same time prevent the outflow of domestic capital, especially the business class and working class, caused by the intensifying rural exodus towards other better economically positioned areas. Coordinated policies involving social, political and economic players then came into play aiming at better integration of the region at the state and national levels culminating in the mid -1990s in the creation of the Conselhos Regionais de Desenvolvimento COREDES (regional development councils), Arranjos Produtivos Locais APL (local production arrangements) and Programas de Apoio aos Polos Tecnológicos (programs to support technological poles). The study traces a trajectory the main sectors of this local and regional industry in Brazil, revealing some of the aspects that have marked its development from the mid-twentieth century to present day

Grazing pasture is a major system of livestock production in many countries and it has been identified as an important source of N2O from urine deposition on soils. The aim of this study was to determinate the N2O emissions from soil after urine deposition and the emission factor, in addition, determine how temperature and water content of the soil influence these emissions. We also intended to study a potential of mitigation using nitrification inhibitors. Soil and gas samples were collected in traditional livestock areas in Brazil and UK to evaluate the N2O emission dynamics under field conditions. In addition, incubation experiments were conducted to evaluate how temperature and water content affect N2O emissions in the soil and to study the potential mitigation on N2O emission from the soil after urine application, using two distinct nitrification inhibitors. In the field experiment, the N2O emission factor for cattle urine was 0.20% of the applied urine N in Brazil and 0.66% for the UK conditions. The incubation experiments showed the N2O emissions after urine application are higher in soils with high moisture and high temperature. The nitrification inhibitor effectiveness was not statistically significant, however had shown some N2O emission absolute reductions among 6% to 33% comparing with urine only application on the soil. Various physical and biological factors can be influence the effectiveness of the products. It confirmed that urine deposition can contribute to N2O emission from the soil and the temperature and water content can markedly increase these emissions. The nitrification inhibitors have a potential mitigation effect since some decreased emissions of almost 40%. The results in this study are pioneers and can be used as a basis for more complex evaluations and to help with determining the carbon footprint of beef production worldwide / Considerado o maior sistema de produção animal em muitos países, as pastagens tem sido identificadas como uma importante fonte de emissão de N2O, devido à deposição de urina ao solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as emissões de N2O do solo após a deposição de urina e seu fator de emissão, além disso, determinar como temperatura e teor de água do solo influenciam as emissões. Pretendeu-se também estudar o potencial de mitigação das emissões de N2O usando inibidores de nitrificação. Amostras de solo e de gás foram coletadas em áreas tradicionais de pastagens do Brasil e do Reino Unido para avaliar a dinâmica das emissões de N2O. Experimentos de incubação também foram realizados para avaliar a influência de fatores como temperatura e teor de água no solo nas emissões, além de avaliar o potencial de redução das emissões de N2O do solo após a aplicação da urina, utilizando dois inibidores de nitrificação. Nos experimentos de campo realizados no Brasil e no Reino Unido, o fator de emissão do N2O para a urina foi de 0,20% e 0,66% do nitrogênio na forma de urina bovina aplicada, respectivamente. Nos experimentos de incubação, as emissões de N2O após a aplicação de urina foram maiores em solos com alta umidade e alta temperatura. A eficácia no uso dos inibidores de nitrificação não foi estatisticamente significativa, no entanto mostrou uma redução absoluta entre 6% a 33% nas emissões de N2O comparado com a aplicação de apenas urina ao solo. Vários fatores físicos e biológicos podem ter influenciado a eficácia dos produtos. Dessa forma, confirma-se que a deposição de urina pode contribuir para a emissão de N2O do solo e que a temperatura e o teor de água no solo podem aumentar consideravelmente essas emissões. Os inibidores de nitrificação podem ser usados como um potencial de mitigação, já que houve redução em termos absolutos de quase 40% nas emissões. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo são pioneiros e poderão ser utilizados como base para avaliações mais complexas e contribuir para a determinação da pegada de carbono na produção de carne mundial

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Rossi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T02:28:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_JulianadeSouzaGranja_M.pdf: 1975791 bytes, checksum: 57f688903342bc7bc27950bf884ac3b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O uso de sistemas de aquecimento em creches suínas é necessário para proporcionar conforto térmico e bem-estar aos animais dentro das instalações. A maioria dos equipamentos de fornecimento de calor utilizados na suinocultura demanda energia elétrica; cujo custo é sempre crescente. Portanto, há a necessidade de ajustes nos sistemas de aquecimento hoje empregados, com o intuito de viabilizar o uso racional de energia elétrica pelo setor. Deste modo, por meio da aplicação de um sistema eletrônico de controle da temperatura dentro das creches é possível manter o bem-estar e o desempenho produtivo do animal, com maior eficiência do uso de energia elétrica, em relação a dispositivos de controle tradicionais, como por exemplo, o termostato. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar duas tecnologias de controle de temperatura quanto ao uso racional de energia elétrica, manutenção das condições de conforto térmico e de desempenho produtivo dos animais em fase de creche. Os tratamentos estudados foram: resistências elétricas suspensas controladas por termostato digital simples, que representou a testemunha, e resistências elétricas suspensas controladas por controlador PID (Proporcional, integral e derivativo). Os tratamentos foram analisados quanto ao consumo de energia elétrica (kWh), consumo específico (kWh.kg? ¹), custo específico (R$.kg? ¹), demanda máxima de potência (kW), eficiência elétrica, ganho de peso (kg), conversão alimentar, taxa de mortalidade (%), temperatura de bulbo seco (°C), Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU) e entalpia (kJ.kg? ¹ ar seco). O sistema de aquecimento resistivo com termostato manteve o ambiente mais tempo dentro da zona de conforto de temperatura em comparação ao sistema de aquecimento com controlador PID. No entanto, em relação aos índices de conforto térmico, o sistema de aquecimento com controlador PID proporcionou melhores condições de conforto em comparação ao sistema com termostato. Além disso, o sistema de aquecimento com controlador PID apresentou maiores valores de ganho de peso e menor consumo e custo específico de energia elétrica. Desta forma, concluiu-se que o sistema de aquecimento resistivo com controlador PID foi o que melhor atendeu as condições de conforto térmico dos leitões, foi o mais eficiente quanto ao uso de energia elétrica e o que proporcionou melhor desempenho produtivo aos animais / Abstract: The use of heating systems in nursery pigs is required to provide thermal comfort and welfare of animals within the facility. Most heat supply equipment used in swine electricity demand, whose cost is ever increasing. Thus, there is the need for adjustments to the heating systems used today, in order to facilitate the rational use of energy by industry. Thus, through the application of an electronic temperature control within the nurseries is possible to keep the welfare and the productive performance of the animal, more efficient use of electricity, compared to traditional control, such as example, the thermostat. The objective of this research had to compare two technologies for temperature control regarding the rational use of electricity, maintaining of thermal comfort and productive performance of the animals in the nursery phase. The treatments were: suspended electrical resistances controlled by a simple digital thermostat and suspended electrical resistances controlled by PID controller (proportional, integral and derivative). The treatments were analyzed regarding the electrical energy consumption (kWh), specific consumption (kWh.kg-¹), specific cost (R $.kg-1), maximum demand (kW), electrical efficiency, weight gain (kg), feed conversion, mortality rate (%), dry bulb temperature (° C), Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) and enthalpy (kJ.kg- ¹ dry air). The resistive heating system with thermostat kept more time environment within the comfort zone temperature compared to the heating system with the PID controller. However, regarding to thermal comfort indices, the heating system with PID controller provided better comfort conditions compared to the system with thermostat. Furthermore, the heating system with PID controller showed higher weight gain and lower specific consumption and cost of electricity. The resistive heating system with PID controller was that better provided the conditions for thermal comfort of pigs, was the most efficient regarding the use of electrical energy and which provided better performance for the animals / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestra em Engenharia Agrícola

Les alpages sont des espaces utilisés par la majorité des exploitations d’élevage de montagne et de Provence, qui y envoient tout ou partie de leurs troupeaux durant la saison estivale. Ce sont des milieux très riches sur le plan environnemental, mais aussi très fragiles et gérés exclusivement par le pâturage des troupeaux, constituant de ce fait des espaces particuliers dans la problématique de l’adaptation au changement climatique pour les systèmes d’élevage provençaux et de montagne. Or le constat est fait que les approches de diagnostic d’alpage et les références utilisées au plan pastoral présentent des lacunes pour appréhender la gestion dynamique des alpages : vision statique des végétations d’alpage et des pratiques, prise en compte des aléas et de la variabilité interannuelle souvent réduite à un coefficient forfaitaire de sécurité... et pas de prise en considération des interactions entre alpage et exploitations utilisatrices. Afin de renouveler ces cadres d’analyse, notre travail de thèse propose une modélisation conceptuelle du fonctionnement du système « alpage-exploitations », intégrant les plans biophysique et de la gestion. La construction du modèle s’appuie sur la combinaison de travaux en écologie et en agronomie « système », et de dires d’expert (modélisation participative). Le modèle est mis à l’épreuve sur une diversité de cas, issus du réseau Alpages Sentinelles dans le massif Alpin. Une analyse de la vulnérabilité des systèmes à la recrudescence des aléas climatiques est effectuée en étudiant leur exposition aux aléas puis leur sensibilité ; afin d’intégrer la dynamique de long terme du changement climatique dans la gestion des alpages, une analyse mobilisant les théories de la résilience socio-écologique est proposée en complément. / Alpine pastures, or mountain summer pastures can be defined as permanent grasslands used in summer by mountain and surrounding plains farmers (especially Provence in the French Alps). They are rich but fragile ecosystems, managed exclusively through the grazing of herds. Therefore adaptation to climate change is very specific on these spaces. Pastoral diagnosis methods and technical references are insufficient to analyse dynamic management of summer mountain pastures: static vision of vegetation and practices, climatic hazards considered only through a security coefficient, and no consideration for interactions between summer pastures and farms. In order to renew these analytical frameworks, our PhD thesis proposes a conceptual model of how the system “mountain summer pastures-farm” works, both in biophysical terms and in terms of management. The building of this model relies both on researches in ecology and agronomy, and on participatory modelling. We evaluate the model through an analysis of the vulnerability to climatic hazards of a diversified sample of systems. In order to take into account long term dynamics of climate change, we also mobilise the theories of social-ecological resilience.

The main objective of the current study was to determine the effect of distance travelled (DT), lairage duration (LDhr) and animal-related factors (animal class, breed, sex) on pre-slaughter stress indicators, carcass characteristics, nanostructure and technological properties of beef. The study was conducted in an Eastern Cape abattoir under the Buffalo City District Municipality. Six genotypes of cattle (Beefmaster, Bonsmara, Brahman, Holstein-Friesian, Non-descript and Nguni) brought for slaughter at the abattoir on different days were used in the study. Slaughter weight (SWT), warm and cold carcass weight (WCW and CCW), fatness and conformation of each animal were measured and recorded. Representative samples of blood plasma and meat quality from the Muscularis thoracis et lumborum (LTL) were collected at slaughter and 24 hours after slaughter, respectively. Heat shock proteins 70kDa (HSPA1A), glucose (GLU), cortisol (CORT), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined from the blood plasma. The representative LTL muscle was used to determine ultimate pH (pHu), lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), meat temperature (Tm), Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) and histological structure of beef. There were significant effects of distance on pHu, Tm, a*, b*, TL%, CK and LDH. Pearson correlations were observed between distance travelled (DT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ultimate pH (pHu), colour coordinates (L*, a* and b*) and Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the 1st (pHu), 2nd (Tm) and 3rd (L*) principal components were the critical meat quality attributes. Positive relationships between carcass weights and beef quality characteristics for bovine cattle where the cumulative percentage of the first six principal component`s (PC`s) (SWT, WCW, CCW, DP, pHu and Tm contributed to 93.4 % of the total variance. Significant correlation coefficients between DT (r = 0.15), LDhr (r = 0.29), Ta (r = -0.52), Tm (r = 0.26), L* (r = 0.33), a* (r = 0.32) and WBSF (r = -0.49) were observed. Meat from Brahman (BR), Non-descript (ND) and Nguni (NG) cows had visible skeletal muscle fibres which were thin and long indicating improved tenderness of beef. Exposing animals to longer hours of transportation did not only reduce glucose levels but also increased the expression of HSPA1A and levels of cortisol. The CK and LDH were not related to beef quality. Therefore, CK and LDH can be used as indicators of animal welfare in slaughter cattle but cannot be used to predict the quality of meat. Bulls were the heaviest, although heifers had the highest dressing percentage than cows. Furthermore, the nanostructure of beef indicated that heifers had the best muscle fibres, sarcomere length and visible intercalated discs. The observed nanostructures of Nguni genotype are an indication of tender meat. Beef from heifers of Nguni had visible and tender meat with traces of intramuscular fat while males had shorter sarcomere length and tougher meat.

Surveys were conducted to compare the seasonal tick prevalence and loads, and sero-prevalence of tick-borne diseases (TBD) in Nguni and non-descript cattle on the sweet and sour communal rangelands of the Eastern Cape Province. The tick species observed on both rangeland types were Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (71.0 %), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species (29.2 %) and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (40.2 %). Hyalomma species (19.0 %) occurred only on the sour rangeland. Tick loads were higher (P < 0.05) in the hot-wet season than in the cool-dry season. Cattle in the sweet rangeland had significantly lower (P < 0.05) tick loads than those in the sour rangeland. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus loads were lower (P < 0.05) in the indigenous Nguni than non-descript cattle in the hot-wet and post-rainy season. Hyalomma species were also significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the Nguni than non-descript cattle in all the seasons. Three TBDs were observed, namely Babesia bovis (44.6 %), Babesia bigemina (45.9 %) and Anaplasma marginale (25.6 %). All the animals were sero-negative for Ehrlichia ruminantium. Nguni cattle had lower (P < 0.05) sero-prevalence for A. marginale in the cool-dry season and B. bigemina in the cool-dry and hot-wet seasons. Cattle in the sweet rangeland had significantly lower sero-prevalence of B. bovis and B. bigemina. Infection with B. bovis and A. marginale decreased (P < 0.05) the packed cell volume. Nguni cattle were recommended for use in the integrated control of ticks and TBD in the communal areas of South Africa as they were better able to cope with tick and TBD infestations than non-descript breeds.

La prise en compte des problèmes environnementaux dans la responsabilité sociale des entreprises a généré en économie de nombreuses propositions. Parmi elles, le cadre d’analyse basé sur l’évaluation de la performance en utilisant notamment les techniques d’enveloppement des données (DEA) s’est très vite répandu dans la littérature théorique comme empirique. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans cette logique en mettant l’accent sur la modélisation des technologies polluantes. Par ailleurs, la question des changements climatiques et de la forte contribution de l’agriculture et en particulier de l’élevage dans les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) impose à ce secteur de relever aujourd’hui en plus du défi économique celui de l’amélioration de sa performance environnementale. L’objectif général de cette recherche doctorale est donc de fournir un nouveau cadre d’analyse théorique et empirique dans la modélisation des technologies polluantes afin d’évaluer l’éco-efficience des systèmes productifs, en particulier le cas des émissions de GES en élevage extensif de ruminants. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons les limites théoriques et méthodologiques des modèles existants. Néanmoins, nous insistons sur le fait que les approches basées sur l’estimation de plusieurs sous-technologies indépendantes pour prendre en compte les différents processus présents dans les systèmes productifs sont très prometteuses. Dès lors dans un deuxième temps, nous proposons une nouvelle extension de la méthode « by-production » qui repose sur l’introduction d’interconnections entre les différentes sous-technologies impliquées afin de construire un système plus unifié. Dans un troisième temps, une comparaison empirique utilisant des données d’exploitations de viande ovine de notre extension avec les approches existantes a révélé certaines incohérences de ces dernières. Enfin pour aller plus loin, nous élargissons dans un quatrième temps notre approche afin de prendre en compte les aspects dynamiques et notamment la présence de coûts d’ajustement. Les résultats de l’analyse empirique entreprise avec des données d’exploitations bovines allaitantes (viande) ont révélé la nécessité de prendre en compte ces aspects, mais ont aussi révélé la forte hétérogénéité existante dans les stratégies d’investissements des éleveurs. / The growing importance of environmental matters in social responsibility of firms has generated many frameworks of analysis in the economic literature. Among those frameworks, performance evaluation and benchmarking using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) have increased at a very fast rate. This PhD research focuses on models that include undesirable outputs such as pollution in the overall production system, to appraise eco-efficiency of decision making units (DMUs). Besides, the recent awareness on the large contribution of agriculture and particularly livestock farming to global warming, has highlighted for this sector the challenge of reaching both economic and environmental performances. In this line, the overall objective of this dissertation is to provide a theoretical and empirical background in modelling pollution-generating technologies and to suggest theoretical improvements that are consistent with the particular case of greenhouse gas emissions in extensive livestock systems. Firstly, we showed that all existing approaches that deal with undesirable outputs in the non-parametric analysis (i.e. DEA) have some strong drawbacks. However, the models grounded on the estimation of multiple independent sub-technologies offer interesting opportunities. Secondly, I developed a new framework that extends the by-production approach through the introduction of some explicit dependence constraints that link the sub-technologies in order to build a unified system. Thirdly, an empirical comparison, using a sample of French sheep meat farms, of this by-production modelling extension with the existing approaches, revealed some inconsistencies of these latter. Finally, we expanded this new by-production formulation to account for dynamic aspects related to the presence of adjustment costs. The application to the case of French suckler cow farms underlined the necessity of accounting for dynamic aspects and also showed high heterogeneity in investment strategies of these farmers.

L’intégration culture – élevage à l’échelle territoire représente une voie pour améliorer le fonctionnement métabolique et les services écosystémiques fournis par les systèmes agricoles, malgré les contraintes de spécialisation des exploitations. Cette thèse propose une méthodologie de conception de systèmes culture – élevage au niveau du territoire, dans une démarche participative structurée en trois grandes étapes : diagnostic des enjeux, conception d’options techniques et organisationnelles, évaluation multicritère. Chaque étape est outillée par un cadre conceptuel et une grille d’évaluation multicritère adaptée aux dispositifs de terrain menés sur le bassin versant de l’Aveyron. Les scénarios construits présentent deux modèles de l’intégration culture – élevage : une « filière territorialisée » pour la production de luzerne dans les systèmes de culture de l’aval du bassin à destination des élevages de l’amont, un « collectif d’agriculteurs bio » échangeant directement de la luzerne, des méteils et du fumier dans des groupes locaux. Chaque scénario présente des performances de durabilité améliorées et pourraient être complémentaires pour le changement de pratiques sur le territoire. La méthodologie développée permet la conception multi-niveaux et multi-domaines de scénarios d’intégration, et pourrait être renforcée par une évaluation quantitative des bénéfices attendus et des coûts de coordination entre acteurs. / Crop-livestock integration at territory level may be a pathway to impove metabolic functions and delivery of ecosystem services in agricultural systems, overcoming the constraints of farm specialization. This thesis builds on a methodology of participatory design of integrated crop-livestock systems at territory level in three steps: diagnosis of issues, design of technical and organizational options for change, multicriteria assessment. Each step is supported with a conceptual framework and a multicriteria grid adapted to the case study in Aveyron river basin. The designed scenarios show two approaches of crop –livestock integration: the introduction of alfalfa in downstream cropping systems sold to upstream livestock systems through a local supply chain and the direct exchanges of alfalfa, cereal-legume mixtures and animal manure in local groups of organic farmers. Both scenario present improved sustainability performances and could be complementary to initiate more sustainable practices in local farming systems. The methodology allows designing multi-level and multi-domain scenarios of crop-livestock integration. It could be improved with models for quantitative assessment of benefits and coordination costs among stakeholders.

No description available.