The study examined the sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents infected with HIV and AIDS. This was a qualitative study that involved semi-structured interviews and observation. The sampling method used was purposive and it entailed 10 adolescents (4 boys and 6 girls) who are living with HIV at Chiedza Child Care Centre in Zimbabwe. This study revealed that adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health needs are the desire to have sex, desire to have children, the need for prevention of unwanted pregnancy and care and treatment support. However, their knowledge of HIV and AIDS was inadequate. Adolescents also revealed their lack of proper information regarding their health care and treatment needs. However, adolescents illustrated an adequate knowledge of the services available for them for their health, treatment and care needs. The study recommended that there is need to strengthen the provision of information and services on adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health issues. The study also recommended that counsellors should improve their counselling skills so that they can empower adolescents living with HIV to be able to negotiate condom usage, matters of dating and handling relationships. / Sociology / M. A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV and AIDS)

Text in English / The South African government provides people living with HIV Temporary Disability Grants to assist them with money when they cannot work due to being disabled by HIV. The toll of the disease has contributed to the inability to be employed among black South Africans. The aim of this exploratory qualitative study was to investigate the challenges experienced by people living with HIV when their Temporary Disability Grants are terminated in the semi-urban area of Gauteng. The temporary disability grant is terminated after six months of receiving it. In-depth interviews were conducted with people who live with HIV who are members of Ekupholeni Mental Health and Trauma Centre support group. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data. The findings of the study revealed that the termination of Temporary Disability Grant affects the running of the households of people living with HIV, causes poor management of the disease, non-adherence to treatment which leads to viral rebound, poor nutrition as a result of poor finances. The findings of this study are significant for the policy review on how long a person should receive the disability grant and the criteria used to apply for a disability grant, and to encourage the people living with HIV to start their own gardening programmes for food supply. Moreover, to encourage the introduction of a Chronic Disease Grant (CDG) for people who live with HIV. / OKUFINYEZIWE Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika uhlinzeka abantu abaphila ne-HIV Izibonelelo Zesikhashana Zabaphila Nokukhubazeka, ama-Temporary Disability Grants, ukubasiza ngemali ngesikhathi bengakwazi ukuthi bayosebenza ngesizathu sokukhubazeka ngenxa ye-HIV. Ubunzima balesi sifo sebubenomthelela wokuthi kube nokungaqasheki kwabantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika. Injongo yalolu cwaningo oluchaza kabanzi kwakuwukuphenya ngezinselelo ezibhekana nabantu abaphila ne-HIV uma Izibonelelo Zesikhashana Zabaphila Nokukhubazeka zinqanyulwa endaweni yasemalokishini aseGauteng. Isibonelelo sesikhashana sabaphila nokukhubazeka sinqanyulwa emva kokutholakala kwaso izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ukuxoxisana okunzulu kwenziwa nabantu abaphila ne-HIV abangamalungu esikhungo Sezempilo Yangokomqondo, Ekupholeni nabayiqembu lokusekelana Lesikhungo Sokuphazamiseka Emqondweni. Ukuhlaziywa kwale ndikimba kwenziwa ukucwaninga imininingwane eyayiqoqiwe. Okwatholwa yisifundo kwaveza ukuthi ukunqanyulwa Kwesibonelelo Sesikhashana Sabaphila Nokukhubazeka kuthikameza ukuqhubeka ngendlela efanele kwamakhaya abantu abaphila ne-HIV, kubangele ukungalawuleki kahle kwesifo, ukungabambeleli ekuphuzweni kwemithi okubangela ukuthi igciwane lihlasele kabusha, ukungadli ngokufanele ngenxa yokuswela imali. Okutholakala kulolu cwaningo kusemqoka ekubuyekezweni kwenqubomgomo yokuthi kumele umuntu anikezwe isibonelelo sokuphila nokukhubazeka isikhathi esingakanani kanye nemigomo esetshenziswayo ukufaka isicelo semali yesibonelelo sokuphila nokukhubazeka, kanye nokukhuthaza abantu abaphila ne-HIV ukuthi baqale izinhlelo zabo zezingadi ukuze bathole ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuthaza ukuqala ukusebenzisa Isibonelelo Sezifo Ezingelapheki, i-Chronic Disease Grant (i-CDG) sabantu abaphila ne-HIV. / KGUTSUFATSO Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa o fana ka Dithuso tsa Nakwana ho batho tshwerweng ke HIV le ba Koafetseng ho ba thusa ka tjhelete nakong eo ba sa sebetseng ka lebaka la ho tshwarwa ke HIV le ho koafala. Sekgahla sa kokwana se bakile bothata ba ho hloka mesebetsi ka hara batho ba batsho ka hara Afrika Borwa. Maikemisetso a dipatlisiso tsena ke ho hlahloba diphephetso tseo batho ba phelang ka HIV ba kopanang le tsona nakong eo Dithuso tsa Nakwana tsa ho Kowafala di felang dibakeng tsa seka-ditoropo Gauteng. Dithuso tsa Nakwana tsa ho kowafala di fihla pheletsong ka moea dikgwedi tse tsheletseng ka mora ho di fumantshwa. Di-inthavu tse tebileng di ile tsa tshwarwa le batho ba phelang ka HIV bao e leng ditho tsa sehlopha se tshehetsang sa Ekupholeni Mental Health and Trauma Centre. Manollo ya mookotaba o ile wa sebediswa bakeng sa ho sekaseka lesedi. Tse fumanweng ka hara dipatlisiso tsena di hlahisa hore ho fela ha Dithuso tsa Nakwana tsa Ditjhelete di ama tsamaisong ya malapa a batho ba phelang ka HIV, di baka taolo e fokolang ya bohloko, ho se ikamahanye le phekolo ho etsang hore bohloko bo kgutle hape, phepo e sa lokang e bakwang ke tjhelete e nyane. Tse fumanwanwang ka hara dipatlisiso tsena ke tsa bohlokwa bakeng sa hore maano a shejwe hape mabapi le hore e k aba nako e kae moo mokudi a lokelang ho fumantshwa thuso, mmoho le tsela e sebediswang ho etsa kopo ya dithuso tsa bokowa, le ho kgothalletsa batho ba phelang ka HIV hore ba iqalle manane a temo bakeng sa phepelo ya dijo. Ho feta moo, ho kgothaletsa ho hlahiswa ha Dithuso tsa Mahloko a sa foleng (Chronic Desease Grant) bakeng sa batho ba phelang ka HIV. MANTSWE A SEHLOOHO Bokowa, dithuso tsa bokowa, baamohedi ba dithuso tsa bokowa, batho ba phelang ka HIV le AIDS, ho fela ha dithuso tsa bokowa le phekolo ka dipidisi tsa anthiritrovaerale. / Sociology / M.A. (Sociology (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV and AIDS))

This quantitative study sought to identify and describe factors influencing HIV disclosure and sexual practices among 340 PLWHA on ART at Mbabane National Referral VCT/ART Centre, Swaziland. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A high general HIV disclosure rate (94.1%; f=320; N=340) was observed of which 57.5% (f=184; n=320) was to sexual partners. X2 procedures indicate an association with gender, residential region, religion, and period of being on ART. The majority (70.2%; f=179; n=255) of the respondents used condoms all the time to avoid infecting their sexual partners (99.2%; f=243; n=245) and to avoid contracting STIs (99.2%; f=243; n=245). X2 procedures indicate an association with gender, residential region, marital status, number of sexual partners, knowledge of the HIV status of sexual partners and period of being on ART. The single leading reason for not using the condom was sexual partners’ refusal to use condoms (85.7%; f=54; n=63). / Health Studies / M.A.(Health Studies)

This study was done to assess the quality of life (QOL) of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in Swaziland who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART). No study has been done on QOL of PLWHA in Swaziland who are on ART since it started to be administered in Swaziland in 2001. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and contextual design was used to assess QOL of PLWHA in Swaziland who are on ART. Twenty-four PLWHA were purposely selected to participate in the study. Methods of data collection used were semi-structured individual in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. The data (tape-recorded interviews and discussions, and field notes) were transcribed verbatim for data analysis. Data analysed was done using Tesch’s framework of data analysis as described in Creswell (2002:256-283). The research findings are reflected, with the six domains of QOL identified through a literature review and validated by nurses’ expertise. These domains are the physiological, psychological, spiritual, socio-economic, cognitive, and environmental domains.The study revealed that PLWHA in Swaziland are faced with many challenges concerning ART, namely: inability to meet their nutrition needs, non-adherence to ART, experience of disfiguring side effects of ARVs, inconsistent condom use, experience of stigma and discrimination, depression, difficulty in accepting and coping with ARVs, lowered self-esteem, a negative influence of some religions on ART, a lack of financial support, poor support systems, poor understanding of ARVs, negative thoughts about HIV and AIDS and ART, an unsatisfactory health care delivery system, a negative influence of culture on ART, and violation of the rights of PLWHA. These challenges negatively influence the QOL of PLWHA and hence the study concluded that PLWHA in Swaziland who are on ART have a poor QOL. Conclusions drawn from the data analysis reveal that PLWHA in Swaziland are powerless to deal with the above challenges and improve their QOL. The researcher, therefore, developed guidelines to empower PLWHA to deal with these challenges and adhere to ART, thus improving their QOL. Recommendations were made with regard to nursing practice, nursing education, and further nursing research. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the right to confidentiality in the context of HIV/AIDS through an interdisciplinary lens. This study indicates that whilst confidentiality is important and should be preserved in order to protect persons living with HIV/AIDS against stigmatisation, discrimination and victimisation, this should be balanced by other equally important interests, such as the protection of public health and individual third parties who may be affected by the intentional or negligent infection of others with HIV. As the consideration of the legal issues relating to confidentiality and privacy cannot be divorced from the social context in which HIV/AIDS plays out in South African communities, the study will examine, amongst others, the victimisation, discrimination and stigmatisation experienced by persons living with HIV/AIDS, followed by a critical exploration of the present legal and ethical framework governing privacy and confidentiality, including medical confidentiality, as well as the duty to disclose a positive HIV-status, in the context of HIV/AIDS. Possible limitations on the right to privacy in this context are also examined, which include, amongst others, a consideration of making HIV/AIDS notifiable diseases in South Africa. The study suggests that it is imperative that legal interventions aimed at curbing the spread of HIV will need to be mindful of the unique social, cultural and economic forces that impact on the duty to disclose a positive HIV-status to partners and other affected third parties. Insights gained from philosophical theories relating to Africanism, individualism, communitarianism and utilitarianism are valuable tools in facilitating a clearer understanding of relevant social and cultural factors that keep South African society locked in the present stalemate with regard to the disclosure of HIV status. / Public, Constitutional, and International law / LLD

Stigma and discrimination (SAD) attached to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been recognised as a major obstacle to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support throughout the world. SAD is more devastating when it occurs in health care settings where it is least expected. Health care providers (HCPs) are supposed to provide physical, social and psychological support to people living with HIV (PLWHA) but HIV and AIDS-related SAD has been extensively documented among the HCPs. Different studies have pointed out that there are three major actionable causes of HIV-related SAD in health care settings. These are lack of awareness among HCPs, fear of casual contacts and associating the SAD to immoral behaviour. The main objective of the current study is to determine the magnitude of HIV and AIDS-related SAD and its associated factors in hospitals and then to propose appropriate SAD reduction-intervention strategy in the health care settings. The study employed pre-test-post-test design with non-equivalent control group. Two paradigms were used in this study including quantitative and qualitative approaches. The sampling method for the quantitative part of the study was probability sampling in which the respondents were randomly selected using stratified sampling technique. The study was able to determine the magnitude of HIV and AIDS-related SAD among the HCPs. Moreover, the study has identified the factors that are attributed to the prevalence of SAD in the hospitals. The major factors identified for causing the SAD in the hospitals were sex, age, work experience, low level of knowledge, negative attitudes and percieved risk of HIV infection of some HCPs toward the PLWHA. The intervention made on the respondents in the treatment group was able to reduce the overall prevalence of the SAD among the HCPs. The study suggests that to reduce the SAD, HIV and AIDS-related trainings before and after graduation is critical to improve the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the HCPs. Besides, ensuring the availability of the protective supplies in hospitals is crucial in reducing the fear of HIV infection among the HCPs while providing care for HIV positive patients. Effective implementation of the hospital policies, strategies, guidelines and protocols along with good institutional support is also vital in creating safe and user-friendly hospitals for PLWHA. / Health Studies

Stigma and discrimination (SAD) attached to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been recognised as a major obstacle to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support throughout the world. SAD is more devastating when it occurs in health care settings where it is least expected. Health care providers (HCPs) are supposed to provide physical, social and psychological support to people living with HIV (PLWHA) but HIV and AIDS-related SAD has been extensively documented among the HCPs. Different studies have pointed out that there are three major actionable causes of HIV-related SAD in health care settings. These are lack of awareness among HCPs, fear of casual contacts and associating the SAD to immoral behaviour. The main objective of the current study is to determine the magnitude of HIV and AIDS-related SAD and its associated factors in hospitals and then to propose appropriate SAD reduction-intervention strategy in the health care settings. The study employed pre-test-post-test design with non-equivalent control group. Two paradigms were used in this study including quantitative and qualitative approaches. The sampling method for the quantitative part of the study was probability sampling in which the respondents were randomly selected using stratified sampling technique. The study was able to determine the magnitude of HIV and AIDS-related SAD among the HCPs. Moreover, the study has identified the factors that are attributed to the prevalence of SAD in the hospitals. The major factors identified for causing the SAD in the hospitals were sex, age, work experience, low level of knowledge, negative attitudes and percieved risk of HIV infection of some HCPs toward the PLWHA. The intervention made on the respondents in the treatment group was able to reduce the overall prevalence of the SAD among the HCPs. The study suggests that to reduce the SAD, HIV and AIDS-related trainings before and after graduation is critical to improve the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the HCPs. Besides, ensuring the availability of the protective supplies in hospitals is crucial in reducing the fear of HIV infection among the HCPs while providing care for HIV positive patients. Effective implementation of the hospital policies, strategies, guidelines and protocols along with good institutional support is also vital in creating safe and user-friendly hospitals for PLWHA / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This study assessed healthcare providers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards IPT provision for people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used for the study and data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire from 104 clinicians working in ART clinics. The findings show that healthcare providers who participated in this study had a mean value of high knowledge, positive attitude and good practice towards IPT provision for PLHIV. Significant association was found between knowledge and attitude (P=0.000) but no significant associations were found between knowledge and practice, attitude and practice as well as between the type of facility (public/private) and level of practice. This implied that, the low level of IPT implementation in Addis Ababa doesn’t seem due to health care providers’ lack of knowledge and resistance to provide IPT for people living with HIV. As a result, the researcher recommends for further researches of other possible factors like; the reliability of IPT information/data management, drug supply and the leadership and governance of the health system that IPT program is a direct concern. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health (with specialisation in Medical Informatics))

MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Survival of children with HIV/AIDS has increased considerably with the use of effective antiretroviral therapy. However, the benefits of this therapy are limited by the difficulty of adherence to the treatment. This study sought to explore the role of professional nurses on anti-retroviral therapy adherence among children in Lejweleputswa district: Free State, South Africa. An exploratory descriptive qualitative research design was used to identify and describe role of professional nurses toward anti-retroviral therapy adherence among children. Population for this study included seventeen (17) professional nurses working in four purposively sampled Primary Health Care clinics invited to participate in the study. Four focus group discussions were conducted in which each group had 6 participants. The transcribed data was analysed using the framework approach of data analysis. Professional nurses in Lejweleputswa district report poor knowledge of parents/caregivers of children, perceived poverty, stigma and discrimination, inappropriate care approaches, and parental dynamics as factors influencing poor ART adherence. Recommendations for enhancing children ART adherence levels in Lejweleputswa district included: mainstreaming adherence counselling in children ART and adopting a comprehensive family centered care approach were identified as measures for improving children ART adherence. Other measures included integration of ART services into Primary Health Care (PHC) services, parental empowerment, development of a programme to reduce stigma and discrimination in the community.

Text in English with abstracts and keywords in English, Tswana and Sepedi / Providing support to employees living with HIV to adhere with treatment at home and at work is the key to prolong life and wellbeing of those who are infected and affected by HIV/AIDS pandemic. This study was qualitative explorative research. The study used qualitative method of collecting data which allowed the researcher to conduct interviews at the natural settings where it was convenient for participants to take interview calls. The purpose of this study was to explore how implementation of ART programmes support employees living with HIV (ELWHIV) to adhere with treatment at home and work so that gaps and areas of improvement are identified. The study took place at SWHAP companies that are based in Ekurhuleni, Gauteng. The study used purposive sampling to identify key informants who were directly involved in the implementation of the ART programmes. Data was largely analysed using content, thematic and triangulation analysis. Theory of social ecology and empowerment theory were applied as companies are seen using workplaces as safe space to provide counselling and psychosocial support to ELWHIV through Reality Wellness. Findings: The findings of the study revealed that ART programmes are in place in SWHAP companies and are also ongoing. The study also reveals that Reality Wellness provided counselling and psychosocial support to ELWHIV to adhere with treatment at home and at work. The study further reveals that ELWHIV fear to disclose their HIV status because of stigma and discrimination. Recommendations: More dialogue and further studies on ART programmes particularly on ART adherence at home and at work need to be done. Management should take ownership and get involved directly with ART programmes and enhance support to ELWHIV to adhere with treatment at home and at work. / Go tshegetsa badiri ba ba tshelang ka mogare wa HIV gore ba obamele tiriso ya kalafi kwa gae le kwa tirong go botlhokwa go tshegetsa botshelo le itekanelo ya ba ba tshwaeditsweng le ba ba amilweng ke leroborobo la AIDS. Thutopatlisiso eno e ne e lebelela mabaka mme e tlhotlhomisa. Mokgwa wa go lebelela mabaka go kokoanya data o letlile mmatlisisi go dira dipotsolotso mo mafelong a tlwaelo a banni-le-seabe moo go neng go le bonolo mo go bone go araba megala ya dipotsolotso. Maikemisetso a thutopatlisiso eno, e ne e le go tlhotlhomisa ka moo go tsenngwa tirisong ga mananeo a ART go tshegetsang badiri ba ba tshelang ka HIV (ELWHIV) ka go na go obamela tiriso ya kalafi kwa gae le kwa tirong gore go kgone go supiwa diphatlha le dikarolo tse di ka tokafadiwang. Thutopatlisiso e dirilwe kwa ditlamong tsa SWHAP tse di kwa Ekurhuleni, Gauteng. Go diragaditswe mokgwa wa go tlhopha sampole go ya ka maikaelelo a thutopatlisiso go supa basedimosetsi ba botlhokwa ba ba neng ba na le seabe ka tlhamalalo mo go tsenngweng tirisong ga mananeo a ART. Go lokolotswe data go dirisiwa molokololo wa diteng, morero le tiriso ya melebo e e farologaneng go lokolola. Go dirisitswe tiori ya ikholoji ya loago le tiori ya maatlafatso ka ntlha ya fa ditlamo di bonwa di dirisa mafelo a tiro jaaka dibaka tse di bolokesegileng tsa go tlamela tshegetso ya maikutlo le tshegetso ya tlhaloganyoloago go badiri ba ba tshelang ka HIV ka itekanelo ya nnete. Diphitlhelelo: Diphitlhelelo tsa thutopatlisiso di bontsha gore mananeo a ART a gona mo ditlamong tsa SWHAP mme a tswelela pele. Itekanelo ya nnete e tlamela ka tshegetso ya maikutlo le ya tlhaloganyoloago go badiri ba ba tshelang ka HIV gore ba obamele tiriso ya kalafi kwa gae le kwa tirong. Gape thutopatlisiso e bontsha gore badiri ba ba tshelang ka HIV ba tshaba go senola seemo sa bona sa HIV ka ntlha ya sekgobo le go tlhaolwa. Dikatlenegiso: Go tshwanetse ga nna le dipuisano le dithutopatlisiso tse dingwe tsa manaeo a ART, bogolo segolo kobamelo ya tiriso ya ART kwa gae le kwa tirong. Botsamaisi bo tshwanetse go nna beng ba, e bile bo nne le seabe ka tlhamalalo mo mananeong a ART le go tshegetsa badiri ba ba tshelang ka HIV gore ba obamele tiriso ya kalafi kwa gae le kwa tirong. / Go fa bašomi bao ba phelago ka HIV gore ba obamele go nwa dihlare ka gae le mošomong ke selo se bohlokwa go dira gore ba phele lebaka le letelele le gore bao ba fetetšwego le go angwa ke leuba la AIDS ba phele gabotse. Dinyakišišo tše di bile tša boleng le tša go utolla. Mokgwa wa go kgoboketša tshedimošo wa boleng o kgontšhitše monyakišiši go dira dipoledišano ka seemong sa tlhago sa mokgathatema fao go bilego bonolo go yena go araba megala ya dipoledišano. Maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo tše e bile go utolla ka fao go tsenya tirišong ga mananeo a ART go thekgago bašomi bao ba phelago ka HIV (ELWHIV) go obamela go nwa dihlare ka gae le mošomong gore dikgoba le dibaka tša kaonafalo di tsebje. Dinyakišišo tše di dirilwe ka dikhamphaning tša SWHAP tšeo di lego ka Ekurhuleni, Gauteng. Go dira sampole ka maikemišetšo go phethagaditšwe ka nepo ya go tseba baseboši ba bohlokwa bao ba bego ba kgatha tema thwii ka mananeong a ART. Tshedimošo e sekasekilwe ka go šomiša tshekatsheko ya diteng, ya morero le ya seemokhutlotharo. Teori ya ekholotši ya leago le theori ya maatlafatšo di dirišitšwe ka ge dikhamphani di bonwa e le tšeo di šomišago mafelo a mošomong bjalo ka mafelo ao a bolokegilego a go fana ka keletšo le thekgo ya tša menagano go ELWHIV ka go diriša temogo ya seemo sa makgonthe. Dikutollo: Dikutollo tša dinyakišišo di utolla gore mananeo a ART a tsentšwe tirišong ka dikhamphaning tša SWHAP ebile a tšwela pele. Temogo ya seemo sa makgonthe e fana ka keletšo le thekgo ya menagano go ELWHIV ka nepo ya gore ba omabele go nwa dihlare ka gae le mošomong. Dinyakišišo di tšwela pele go utolla gore ELWHIV ba tšhoga go tsebagatša maemo a bona a HIV ka lebaka la kgobošo le kgethologanyo. Ditšhišinyo: Dingangišano tše dingwe le dinyakišišo go tšwela pele ka go mananeo a ART, kudukudu mabapi le go obamela go nwa dihlare tša ART ka gae le mošomong, di swanetše go dirwa. Ba taolo ba swanetše go tšea maikarabelo a mananeo a ART le go kgatha tema ka go ona thwii le go maatlafatša thekgo go ELWHIV ka nepo ya go obamela go nwa dihlare ka gae le mošomong. / Health Studies / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)