Thesis (M.F.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2008. / Adviser: J. J. Ruscella. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-92).

[pt] Os Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) são poluentes ubíquos na natureza sendo os derrames de óleo uma das principais fontes destes compostos para os ambientes aquáticos costeiros. Este trabalho avalia a possibilidade de uso dos metabólitos de HPAs na bílis do peixe Mugil liza (tainha) como biomarcadores no monitoramento ambiental de ecossistemas aquáticos. Para esta avaliação realizou-se um monitoramento sazonal na Baía de Guanabara, RJ, área cronicamente contaminada por óleo, e em Itaipu, Niterói, RJ, como área controle. Nos locais de coleta foram medidos parâmetros físico-químicos tais como, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, entre outros e selecionados os peixes variando entre 35 e 51 cm para maior homogeneidade das amostras. Em laboratório foram feitas medidas morfométricas dos indivíduos e retirado o seu líquido biliar. O método analítico foi otimizado e seus parâmetros de desempenho analítico foram determinados. As amostras de líquido biliar foram diluídas em etanol 48% (1:2000 v/v) e analisadas por fluorescência nos comprimentos de onda de excitação e emissão, respectivamente, 332 nm e 383 nm. A média das concentrações de HPAs totais na bílis dos peixes coletados na Baía de Guanabara foi significativamente diferente da área controle, Itaipu. Na Baía de Guanabara, valores de 7,0 ± 3,4 (n=19) e 10,4 ± 6,4 (n=12) mg de equivalentes (eqv.) de pireno L-1 foram obtidos, respectivamente, no inverno e no verão. Em Itaipu, a concentração de HPAs foi de 1,8 ± 0,7 (n=11) mg de eqv. de pireno L-1. Estes resultados indicam que o método é capaz de diferenciar áreas recentemente contaminadas por óleo de áreas não contaminadas, sendo o peixe Mugil liza um possível biomonitor para esta área. Este método analítico apresenta vantagens em relação a outros métodos, tais como tempo e custo de análise reduzidos, podendo ser usado em levantamento de dados preliminares nos programas de monitoramento ambiental. / [en] Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment. The main source of contamination is antropogenic, and oil spills are one of the main PAHs sources for the aquatic environment. This work evaluates the usage of PAH metabolites in fish bile (Mugil liza) as biomarkers in the aquatic environment. For this evaluation two distinct areas were monitores: Guanabara Bay, RJ, known for its chronic oil contamination, and Itaipu, Niterói, RJ, the control area. Physico-chemical measurements: pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and transparency were made in situ and fish varying from 35 to 50 cm were selected for sampling homogeneity and sexual maturity. In the laboratory, morphometric measures were taken and the fish bile was extracted. After optimizing the analytical method the samples were analysed by diluting each bile sample in ethanol 48% (1:2000 v/v) and fluorimetric measurements were made in excitation/emission wavelengths of 332 nm/383 nm. The mean total PAHs concentrations in the bile samples collected in the Guanabara Bay were significantly different from the control area, Itaipu. In the Guanabara Bay the means were 7,0 ± 3,4 (n=19) and 10,4 ± 6,4 (n=12) mg L-1 pyrene equivalents, in winter and summer, respectively. In Itaipu, the mean HPA concentration was 1,8 ± 0,7 (n=11) mg L-1 pyrene equivalents. These results indicate that this method can differentiate contaminated areas from non contaminated ones, making the fish Mugil liza one possible biomonitor in the Guanabara Bay, RJ. Additionally, this analytical method has advantages compared to other methods because it is less time consuming and is inexpensive and therefore could be used as a preliminary monitoring tool.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>The topic of this essay is to show why I regard the <em>non fiction novel</em> as a problematic genre and to compare two popular and famous swedish non fiction novels; <em>Legionärerna</em> (1968) by Per Olov Enquist and <em>Gömda</em> (1995) by Maria Eriksson and Liza Marklund.</p><p>I start with giving a short introduction to modern genre theory and to non fiction novels as a genre. I also discuss different definitions of non fiction novels by, for example, Rolf Yrlid and Lars-Olof Franzén. Then I discuss Enquist’s <em>Legionärerna</em> and the critics’ reception of it. I am also doing the same with Eriksson’s and Marklund’s <em>Gömda</em> before I compare these two novels with each other.</p><p> </p><p>My conclusion is that <em>Legionärerna</em> and <em>Gömda</em> have a lot in common although there are some differences. One important difference is that the uncertainty between fact and fiction in <em>Legionärerna</em> seems to be an important part of the novel, in contrast to <em>Gömda</em> which has a political purpose but no discussion about objectivity and the limit between fact and fiction.</p><p>The big problem with non fiction novels, as I see it, is that a lot of people regards the genre as fact but according to a number of scholars it is more convenient too see it as a mixture between fact and fiction where the author both interprets and manipulates the actual events.</p><p>Though there are no established definition of what a non fiction novel is the author of a non fiction novel  has a responsibility to the reader to write in the beginning of the novel if the plot is true or not. We can compare this declaration by the author with a contract between the author and the reader which is cancelled if it turns out that the declaration is false.</p>

Abstract   The topic of this essay is to show why I regard the non fiction novel as a problematic genre and to compare two popular and famous swedish non fiction novels; Legionärerna (1968) by Per Olov Enquist and Gömda (1995) by Maria Eriksson and Liza Marklund. I start with giving a short introduction to modern genre theory and to non fiction novels as a genre. I also discuss different definitions of non fiction novels by, for example, Rolf Yrlid and Lars-Olof Franzén. Then I discuss Enquist’s Legionärerna and the critics’ reception of it. I am also doing the same with Eriksson’s and Marklund’s Gömda before I compare these two novels with each other.   My conclusion is that Legionärerna and Gömda have a lot in common although there are some differences. One important difference is that the uncertainty between fact and fiction in Legionärerna seems to be an important part of the novel, in contrast to Gömda which has a political purpose but no discussion about objectivity and the limit between fact and fiction. The big problem with non fiction novels, as I see it, is that a lot of people regards the genre as fact but according to a number of scholars it is more convenient too see it as a mixture between fact and fiction where the author both interprets and manipulates the actual events. Though there are no established definition of what a non fiction novel is the author of a non fiction novel  has a responsibility to the reader to write in the beginning of the novel if the plot is true or not. We can compare this declaration by the author with a contract between the author and the reader which is cancelled if it turns out that the declaration is false.

O presente estudo teve por objetivos pesquisar a presença de metacercárias de Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa em amostras de tainha comercializada na CEAGESP/SP e, relatar a importância da tainha ao longo do tempo, apresentando sua história, descrevendo sua pesca no Estado de São Paulo e a sua representatividade socioeconômica e cultural. O presente trabalho foi estruturado em quatro capítulos. O primeiro faz uma síntese da importância do pescado como alimento, no contexto da segurança alimentar, ressalta a sua participação como potencial transmissor de agente parasitário de caráter zoonótico, mais especificamente Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa. No capitulo dois, é feita a descrição da biologia da tainha (Mugil liza), do trematódio digenético Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa e a pesquisa a campo da presença de metacercárias do parasito em amostras de tainha provenientes do maior mercado atacadista de pescado da América Latina CEAGESP/SP. A construção do terceiro capítulo utilizou metodologia de qualitativa, descritiva e de caráter exploratório, considerada a mais coerente com o perfil do estudo, em virtude da escassez quase completa de publicações sobre o tema. Como resultados obteve-se 100% (92/92) das amostras infectadas com metacercárias de Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, permitindo recomendar o consumo de tainha exclusivamente cozida ou assada. / The present study aimed at investigating the presence of metacercariae Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa in samples of mullets sold at CEAGESP/SP, reporting the importance of mullets over time, presenting its history, describing its fishing in the state of São Paulo and its social economic and cultural representativity. It is divided into four chapters. The first one summarizes the importance of fish as food, in the context of food safety, highlighting its role as potential carrier of zoonotic parasitary agents. Chapter two covers a description of the biology of mullets (Mugil liza), of the trematode digenea Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, and the field research on the presence of the parasite in samples of mullets from the largest wholesale fish market in Latin America CEAGESP/SP. Chapter three is on the systematization of information for describing the cultural representativity of mullets using qualitative and descriptive methodology. Results showed that 100% (92/92) of the mullets were infected, in their body musculature, which confirms the need for full cooking before consumption, as a broader, easier and safer control strategy. It was also concluded through this study that fishing mullets is a significant activity along the entire Brazilian coast and it maintains its social economic and cultural representativity. However, it requires effective actions for preservation and maintenance of the species, avoiding instabilities in the marine ecosystem, in order to assure the availability of the product in the market.

O presente estudo teve por objetivos pesquisar a presença de metacercárias de Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa em amostras de tainha comercializada na CEAGESP/SP e, relatar a importância da tainha ao longo do tempo, apresentando sua história, descrevendo sua pesca no Estado de São Paulo e a sua representatividade socioeconômica e cultural. O presente trabalho foi estruturado em quatro capítulos. O primeiro faz uma síntese da importância do pescado como alimento, no contexto da segurança alimentar, ressalta a sua participação como potencial transmissor de agente parasitário de caráter zoonótico, mais especificamente Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa. No capitulo dois, é feita a descrição da biologia da tainha (Mugil liza), do trematódio digenético Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa e a pesquisa a campo da presença de metacercárias do parasito em amostras de tainha provenientes do maior mercado atacadista de pescado da América Latina CEAGESP/SP. A construção do terceiro capítulo utilizou metodologia de qualitativa, descritiva e de caráter exploratório, considerada a mais coerente com o perfil do estudo, em virtude da escassez quase completa de publicações sobre o tema. Como resultados obteve-se 100% (92/92) das amostras infectadas com metacercárias de Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, permitindo recomendar o consumo de tainha exclusivamente cozida ou assada. / The present study aimed at investigating the presence of metacercariae Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa in samples of mullets sold at CEAGESP/SP, reporting the importance of mullets over time, presenting its history, describing its fishing in the state of São Paulo and its social economic and cultural representativity. It is divided into four chapters. The first one summarizes the importance of fish as food, in the context of food safety, highlighting its role as potential carrier of zoonotic parasitary agents. Chapter two covers a description of the biology of mullets (Mugil liza), of the trematode digenea Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, and the field research on the presence of the parasite in samples of mullets from the largest wholesale fish market in Latin America CEAGESP/SP. Chapter three is on the systematization of information for describing the cultural representativity of mullets using qualitative and descriptive methodology. Results showed that 100% (92/92) of the mullets were infected, in their body musculature, which confirms the need for full cooking before consumption, as a broader, easier and safer control strategy. It was also concluded through this study that fishing mullets is a significant activity along the entire Brazilian coast and it maintains its social economic and cultural representativity. However, it requires effective actions for preservation and maintenance of the species, avoiding instabilities in the marine ecosystem, in order to assure the availability of the product in the market.

Lors de catastrophes pétrolières, l’utilisation de dispersant est une stratégie de lutte qui permet le transfert de la nappe de pétrole de la surface vers la colonne d’eau, sous forme de gouttelettes d’hydrocarbure. En milieu côtier, la dispersion d’une nappe de pétrole est une mesure controversée car la faible profondeur de la colonne d’eau ne permet pas une dissémination rapide des gouttelettes d’hydrocarbure et expose ainsi les écosystèmes aquatiques à de fortes concentrations de contaminant. Afin d’évaluer la toxicité de l’application de dispersant en zones côtières, une approche expérimentale a été menée chez des juvéniles de Liza sp. en considérant trois scenarii : (i) la dispersion mécanique de la nappe simulant une dispersion naturelle due aux conditions météorologiques ; (ii) la dispersion chimique de la nappe simulant l’application de dispersant ; (iii) l’absence de dispersion de la nappe simulant son confinement avant récupération. La toxicité de chaque condition a été évaluée au travers d’une mesure de la mortalité sur un groupe d’individu, par l’estimation des performances de nage et de la capacité métabolique au niveau de l’organisme, et par une approche multimarqueur au niveau de l’organe.La comparaison entre une nappe de pétrole non dispersée et une nappe de pétrole dispersée chimiquement montre que l’application de dispersant entraine une augmentation des phénomènes de mortalité et une diminution, au niveau hépatique et branchial, des capacités de défense contre les xénobiotiques. A l’inverse, la comparaison entre une nappe de pétrole dispersée mécaniquement et chimiquement montre que, lorsque l’agitation de la mer est importante, l’application de dispersant ne semble pas potentialiser la toxicité du pétrole.Ces résultats suggèrent que (i) la récupération de la nappe de pétrole devrait être considérée comme une technique de lutte prioritaire sur l’utilisation de dispersant ; (ii) l’application de dispersant pourrait être considérée lors de conditions météorologique appropriées. / Dispersant application is an oil spill response technique which accelerates the dispersion of petroleum from the sea surface into the water column by inducing the formation of oil droplets. In coastal areas this response technique is controversial since the low water depth reduces the dissemination of oil droplets and by the way increases the exposure of aquatic ecosystems to petroleum. To evaluate the toxicity of dispersant application in nearshore areas, an experimental approach was conducted. Juvenile of Liza sp. were exposed to three scenarios of contamination: (i) to chemically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, dispersant application ; (ii) to mechanically dispersed oil - simulating, in vivo, natural dispersion due to meteorological conditions ; (iii) to an undispersed oil slick simulating, in vivo, oil slick confinement as a response technique. Toxicity of each condition of exposure was evaluated through the mortality upon a group of individuals, through the swimming performance and the metabolic scope at the organism level, and through the measurement of biomarkers at the organ level.Comparison between an undispersed oil slick and a chemically dispersed oil slick shows that dispersant application induces an increase of the mortality and decreases the ability of the animal to cope with environmental contaminants (deduced from gill and liver total glutathione rate). Conversely, comparison between both a mechanically and a chemically dispersed oil slick, suggests that, when sea water is under mixing processes, dispersant application does not enhance petroleum toxicity. Taken together these results suggest that (i) an oil slick must not be dispersed when recovery can be conducted; (ii) dispersant application could be considered as a response technique when meteorological conditions are appropriated.

Les lagunes côtières Méditerranéennes constituent des zones de nourrissage pour les juvéniles de plusieurs espèces de poissons côtiers. C’est sur cet apport constant en juvéniles ainsi que sur les ressources trophiques du milieu que s’appuie l’aquaculture extensive dans la lagune Vassova (Préfecture de Kavala, Grèce). Afin d’optimiser la production piscicole, il apparaît important d’identifier les processus favorisant la survie et la croissance des jeunes poissons.Ce travail s’est focalisé sur une espèce communément exploitée dans les lagunes Méditerranéennes : le mulet sauteur Liza saliens (Mugilidae). Notre étude s’est attachée à identifier les ressources trophiques soutenant la croissance des juvéniles de L. saliens (15 - 50 mm, longueur totale / LT) et à préciser leur qualité nutritionnelle en termes d’apports en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI). Ainsi, pendant la période de colonisation de la lagune Vassova par L. saliens (Juin - Novembre), des prélèvements mensuels de poissons (juvéniles de L.saliens et principales espèces piscicoles sédentaires), de leurs proies potentielles, et des différentes sources de matière organique ont été effectués sur deux stations de la lagune. Une approche combinant l’analyse des biomarqueurs lipidiques, l’analyse isotopique et l’analyse des contenus stomacaux a été adoptée afin d’identifier les sources de carbone soutenant la croissance des jeunes L. saliens. Les analyses lipidiques ont également permis de suivre l’évolution de la composition en AG des lipides membranaires (lipides polaires : LP) et destockage (lipides neutres : LN) des juvéniles de L. saliens durant leur premiers mois de vie lagunaire. Enfin, en déterminant par GC-C-IR-MS la composition isotopique des AGPI assimilés par L. saliens, il a été possible d’identifier l’origine de ces composés essentiels. Nos résultats montrent qu’à leur arrivée dans la lagune, les juvéniles (~15 mm, LT) se nourrissent exclusivement d’organismes planctoniques. Lorsque les juvéniles atteignent les 20 mm (LT), ils passent progressivement vers une alimentation principalement basée sur des proies benthiques. Ce changement de régime alimentaire se traduit par une diminution importante des apports alimentaires en 22:6ω3. A cet égard, les résultats obtenus en GC-C-IRMS montrent que chez L. saliens cet AGPI a comme toute première origine, les microorganismes du compartiment planctonique. Il apparaît donc qu’au cours de leur transition du milieu planctonique marin vers le milieu benthique lagunaire, les juvéniles de L. saliens sont confrontés à une diminution de la qualité nutritionnelle. Néanmoins, le 22 :6ω3, mais également le 20:4ω6 semblent être activement retenus dans les lipides membranaires des jeunes poissons. Plus généralement, nos résultats montrent que le 20:4ω6 est fortement retenu par les principales espèces pisciaires de la lagune, suggérant l’importance pour les poissons estuariens, de ce composé essentiel impliqué dans la résistance des poissons aux stress environnementaux. / Mediterranean coastal lagoons are considered as major nursery areas for several coastal fish species. In Vassova lagoon (Kavala Prefecture, Greece), this continuous input of juveniles, along with the lagoons’ naturalfood resources, sustain local extensive aquaculture. Therefore, in order to optimise the fisheries’ yield, thefactors affecting juveniles’ growth and survival in the lagoon need to be assessed. The objectives of this research work are to identify the organic matter sources sustaining growth of a common commercial Mediterranean species (Liza saliens, Mugilidae) juveniles’ (15 – 50 mm, total length / TL) and to assess their nutritional quality in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In that aim, fish (L.saliens juveniles and principal resident fish species), their potential preys, and basal organic matter sources where sampled monthly during L. saliens settlement in Vassova lagoon (June - November). The origin of carbon assimilated by L. saliens was assessed using lipid and isotopic biomarker approaches as well as stomach content analysis. Moreover, lipid analyses allowed understanding the influence of diet on the fatty acid (FA) composition of L. saliens storage (neutral lipids : NLs) and membrane lipids (polar lipids: PLs) during early life in the lagoon. Finally, the isotopic composition of the PUFAs assimilated by L. saliens juveniles was determined by GC-C-IRMS and allowed the assessment of the sources of these compounds in the ecosystem. Results indicate that at their arrival at the lagoons’ mouth L. saliens juveniles (~15 mm, TL) feed on planktonic organisms. When juveniles reach the size of 20 mm (TL), they progressively shift towards benthic prey. This dietary shift is followed by an important decrease of the dietary levels of DHA. Indeed, in Vassova lagoon, this PUFA seems to be mainly produced by planktonic microorganisms. Therefore, during the transition from the marine planktonic environment towards the lagoons’ demersal habitat, L. saliens juveniles probably experience a decrease in the nutritional quality of their food. However, 22:6ω3 as well as 20:4ω6 appear to be actively retained in L.saliens membrane lipids (PLs). More interestingly, 20:4ω6 seems also to be retained by other fish species found in the lagoon. The latter suggests that this essential compound, which in fish is implicated in resistance processes to environmental stressors, has an important physiological role for fish in estuarine environments.

Lors de catastrophes pétrolières, l'utilisation de dispersant est une stratégie de lutte qui permet le transfert de la nappe de pétrole de la surface vers la colonne d'eau, sous forme de gouttelettes d'hydrocarbure. En milieu côtier, la dispersion d'une nappe de pétrole est une mesure controversée car la faible profondeur de la colonne d'eau ne permet pas une dissémination rapide des gouttelettes d'hydrocarbure et expose ainsi les écosystèmes aquatiques à de fortes concentrations de contaminant. Afin d'évaluer la toxicité de l'application de dispersant en zones côtières, une approche expérimentale a été menée chez des juvéniles de Liza sp. en considérant trois scenarii : (i) la dispersion mécanique de la nappe simulant une dispersion naturelle due aux conditions météorologiques ; (ii) la dispersion chimique de la nappe simulant l'application de dispersant ; (iii) l'absence de dispersion de la nappe simulant son confinement avant récupération. La toxicité de chaque condition a été évaluée au travers d'une mesure de la mortalité sur un groupe d'individu, par l'estimation des performances de nage et de la capacité métabolique au niveau de l'organisme, et par une approche multimarqueur au niveau de l'organe.La comparaison entre une nappe de pétrole non dispersée et une nappe de pétrole dispersée chimiquement montre que l'application de dispersant entraine une augmentation des phénomènes de mortalité et une diminution, au niveau hépatique et branchial, des capacités de défense contre les xénobiotiques. A l'inverse, la comparaison entre une nappe de pétrole dispersée mécaniquement et chimiquement montre que, lorsque l'agitation de la mer est importante, l'application de dispersant ne semble pas potentialiser la toxicité du pétrole.Ces résultats suggèrent que (i) la récupération de la nappe de pétrole devrait être considérée comme une technique de lutte prioritaire sur l'utilisation de dispersant ; (ii) l'application de dispersant pourrait être considérée lors de conditions météorologique appropriées.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) level is a critical factor for the survival of fishes and sustainable management of an aquatic ecosystem. This study aims to investigate the lethal thresholds of three major fish species in the Love River, Kaohsiung, S. W. Taiwan, in an attempt to provide ecological points of view for the further improvement of the river-water quality, as well as for the restoration of its fish community. Laboratory tolerance experiments of fish fries, including mullet (Liza macrolepis), milkfish (Chanos chanos) and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), exposed to low levels of dissolved oxygen were conducted in the period of January 2002 to April 2003. At water temperature of 23¢J, median lethal times (LT50) and 48 hours median lethal concentrations (48h LC50) at the salinity of 10‰, 20‰ and 30‰ were determined, respectively. We also carried out a lethal DO experiment to mullet fry in a sudden drop of salinity from 30‰ to 20‰, which is always the case when the sewage gate of the Love River interception system is opened to avoid flooding after heavy rainfall. Under the condition of 20‰ salinity, the tolerance of low dissolved oxygen for the three species of fish fries were significantly different. Among them, milkfish was found to be the most sensitive species, followed by mullet, whereas tilapia was the most tolerant species. The 48h LC50s of milkfish, mullet and tilapia were 15.7, 8.6 and 7.8% air saturation, respectively, which were 1.16, 0.63 and 0.57 mg/l at 23¢J. Similarly, the LT50s also showed species-specific differences. At DO level of 0.52 mg/l, the LT50s were 77.9 minutes for milkfish, 245.7 minutes for mullet and over 1000 minutes for tilapia. The changing of salinity affecting the tolerance of low dissolved oxygen in fish fries was species depending. The DO lethal concentrations of mullet fry increased with the decrease of salinity, but not the case for milkfish fries. The 48h LC50 of mullet fries in 30‰ saline water was 11.5% air saturation (0.8 mg/l), which was higher than those in 10‰ and 20‰ saline water. However, no significant difference in 48h LC50 was found between milkfish kept in 10‰ and 20‰ saline water. The 48h LC50 for the former was 14.9% air saturation while the latter was 15.7%. Both are equivalent to 1.16 mg/l at water temperature of 23¢J. A rapid change of salinity reduced the low Do tolerance of fish fry. When mullet fry were introduced to 20‰ saline water from acclimated salinity of 30‰, its 48h LC50 raised significantly (13.9% air saturation; 1.02 mg/l). Under the DO concentration of 0.52 mg/l, the LT50 also dropped to 7.6 minute. It means that the opening of sewage interception gate largely challenges the survival fish fry. Based on the results of current study, the DO level of Love River is suggested to be maintained beyond 2.19 mg/l (28 % air saturation, 48h LC50 of milkfish at 10‰ salinity and 23¢J water temperature), in order to achieve a sustainable environment for the present fish community. In case of that DO occasionally fall to the above level, it is strongly recommended that a manual aeration system should be operated within 100 minutes.