Στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάζω εκφράσεις που έχουν εισαχθεί τα τελευταία χρόνια στη νεοελληνική γλώσσα, οι οποίες συναντώνται συχνότερα στη γλώσσα των νέων (ηλικίας 15-20 ετών), π.χ. πάρε το χρόνο σου < take your time, αγαπώ αυτό το φόρεμα < I love that dress, στο τέλος της μέρας < at the end of the day (idiom), πουλάει σαν ζεστό ψωμί < it sells like hot buns (idiom). Ως μία πρώτη προσέγγιση σε αυτό το θέμα συγκέντρωσα ένα δείγμα τέτοιων εκφράσεων μέσω της διαδικτυακής έρευνας στα διάφορα blogs και social networks, την τηλεόραση, το ραδιόφωνο, τον Τύπο την καθημερινή επικοινωνία,μελέτησα τα τυπικά χαρακτηριστικά των εκφράσεων αυτών και τα συνέκρινα με αυτά των αντίστοιχων εκφράσεων της νεοελληνικής και τέλος εξέτασα την επίγνωση των ομιλητών της νέας ελληνικής (ηλικίας από 15 – άνω των 50 ετών) για την ύπαρξη τέτοιων εκφράσεων στην καθημερινή τους επικοινωνία και τη στάση τους απέναντί τους μέσω μίας έρευνας ερωτηματολογίου. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας φαίνεται να επιβεβαιώνουν την αρχική μου υπόθεση, ότι δηλαδή αρκετές εκφράσεις έχουν εισαχθεί πρόσφατα στη νεοελληνική γλώσσα μέσω του μεταφραστικού δανεισμού από την αγγλική. Επιπρόσθετα,τα αγγλικά ως κυρίαρχη γλώσσα δανείζει στοιχεία στη νέα ελληνική γλώσσα, πέρα από το λεξιλογικό επίπεδο, που εκτείνονται στη φρασεολογία, ακόμα και στους ιδιωματισμούς.Αυτές οι νέες εκφράσεις είναι λέξη προς λέξη μετάφραση που σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις παραβιάζουν τη γραμματική δομή και τέλος αυτό το ζήτημα μπορεί να είναι μία ισχυρή ένδειξη υπέρ της αγγλοποίησης των γλωσσών όπως τα ελληνικά, με περιορισμένο αριθμό ομιλητών σε ευρωπαϊκό ή ίσως και παγκόσμιο επίπεδο. / In this work I examine expressions in everyday Modern Greek (MG), chiefly found in the language of young people (age 15-20), that seem to have entered the language from English fairly recently, e.g. pare to xrono sou < take your time; agapo afto to forema < I love that dress; sto telos tis meras < at the end of the day (idiom); poulai san zesto psomi < it sells like hot buns (idiom). As a first approach to this issue I collected a sample of such expressions through internet search from blogs and social networks, television, radio, newspapers and magazines and everyday communication, I studied the formal characteristics of these expressions and compared them with their genuine equivalents in Modern Greek and finally I investigated the awareness of MG speakers (age 15 – 50+ years old) about the existence of such expressions in their everyday communication and their attitude towards them, through a questionnaire survey. The results of my survey appear to confirm my initial hypothesis that several expressions have recently been imported into MG through loan translation from English. In addition, English as a dominant language lends elements to Modern Greek beyond the lexical level reaching phraseology and even idiomaticity. These newly imported expressions are word by word translations that in some cases violate MG grammatical structure and finally this issue may be a strong indication in favor of englishization / anglicisation of languages like Greek, with limited number of speakers at European or perhaps world wide level.

The aim of this study is to investigate crosslinguistic influence in the Arabic language of Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children (5-7) who live in Sweden. The scope is to study lexical, morphological and syntactic uses in the children’s speech that do not belong to the Iraqi Arabic variety (IAV). The used research method was interview method that has been applied in a descriptive framework without any normative evaluations. The interviews were based on a series of narrative pictures that had already been designed for the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN). The primary material is a corpus which totals 164 recorded minutes that were obtained from twelve Iraqi Arabic-Swedish bilingual children who are 5-7 years old. The secondary material was sociolinguistic background information that was obtained from the children’s parents by using a questionnaire. The results revealed the following main points: (1) Most of the children’s linguistic uses that did not belong to IAV occurred mainly on the lexical level, less on the morphological level and least on the syntactic level. (2) Not all linguistic uses that do not belong to the IAV indicate a crosslinguistic influence in the children’s language development, because some of these uses occur occasionally. (3) Many linguistic uses that do not belong to the IAV were related to Modern standard Arabic (MSA), other Arabic varieties and Swedish, but some of them, e.g. morphological observations, were not related to a specific language. (4) Diglossia and bilingualism have led to different crosslinguistic influences on the children’s speech. Diglossia has led to lexical influence and bilingualism has led to lexical and syntactic influence. (5) The combination of diglossia and bilingualism can increase the crosslinguistic influence on the bilingual children compared to other bilingual children that do not experience this combination of both phenomena. (6) The fact that the children use MSA spontaneously along with their mother tongue shows that they learn MSA before they start school. (7) Use of other Arabic varieties by the children along with their mother tongue can bring these different Arabic varieties closer to the IAV and may also create a mixed variety in the future, if there is continuous and intensive language contact. (8) The results indicate the possible types of language acquisition for all children’s languages/varieties but without normative evaluation as the following: IAV as L1 (first language/mother tongue), Swedish as L1 or ESLA (early second language acquisition), MSA as ESLA or L2, and other Arabic varieties as ESLA or L2.

This thesis addresses the problem of the lack of a systematic approach to the modernisation of the indigenous languages of South Africa, with particular reference to Venda. Thus, a systematic approach is proposed in this study for the development of modem terminology in Venda. This approach is based on the canonical model for language planning. In this model, terminology development should follow the following four steps: (1) analysis of the terminological needs of the situation, (2) preparation of a plan and strategies for research, (3) implementation of terminology in practice by means of suitable policies, and lastly, (4) evaluation and constant updating of terminology. Within the canonical model for language planning, different models or frameworks are proposed. First is the theoretical model, which follows the pragmatic approach rather than a purist approach and takes into consideration other extralinguistic factors such as the nature of the special subject field, the needs of the target users and the socio-cultural context. The pragmatic approach is divided into two phases, namely the borrowing phase and the indigenisation phase. In the borrowing phase the borrowed terms are incorporated into the language with immediate effect and these terms may be replaced by indigenous terms in the indigenisation phase where less specialised communication is used. In the indigenisation phase, different language internal term formation strategies were identified, namely semantic shift, derivation, compounding, paraphrasing, initialisms, acronyms, clipping and new word manufacture. It was established that the use of these term formation strategies in Venda requires linguistic expertise, technical expertise and cultural expertise. Accordingly, a sociolinguistic approach is recommended rather than a purely linguistic approach. Lastly, a model of practical terminology work and a model for cooperation and coordination are proposed for terminology work in this language. With regard to the former, various steps that should be followed in terminology work are outlined. In the latter model various language agencies, such as government departments, parastatals and non-governmental organisations that may be involved in the modernisation of this language are identified. A framework in which these agencies could cooperate and coordinate their terminology work is proposed. / Linguistics / D.Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

This thesis addresses the problem of the lack of a systematic approach to the modernisation of the indigenous languages of South Africa, with particular reference to Venda. Thus, a systematic approach is proposed in this study for the development of modem terminology in Venda. This approach is based on the canonical model for language planning. In this model, terminology development should follow the following four steps: (1) analysis of the terminological needs of the situation, (2) preparation of a plan and strategies for research, (3) implementation of terminology in practice by means of suitable policies, and lastly, (4) evaluation and constant updating of terminology. Within the canonical model for language planning, different models or frameworks are proposed. First is the theoretical model, which follows the pragmatic approach rather than a purist approach and takes into consideration other extralinguistic factors such as the nature of the special subject field, the needs of the target users and the socio-cultural context. The pragmatic approach is divided into two phases, namely the borrowing phase and the indigenisation phase. In the borrowing phase the borrowed terms are incorporated into the language with immediate effect and these terms may be replaced by indigenous terms in the indigenisation phase where less specialised communication is used. In the indigenisation phase, different language internal term formation strategies were identified, namely semantic shift, derivation, compounding, paraphrasing, initialisms, acronyms, clipping and new word manufacture. It was established that the use of these term formation strategies in Venda requires linguistic expertise, technical expertise and cultural expertise. Accordingly, a sociolinguistic approach is recommended rather than a purely linguistic approach. Lastly, a model of practical terminology work and a model for cooperation and coordination are proposed for terminology work in this language. With regard to the former, various steps that should be followed in terminology work are outlined. In the latter model various language agencies, such as government departments, parastatals and non-governmental organisations that may be involved in the modernisation of this language are identified. A framework in which these agencies could cooperate and coordinate their terminology work is proposed. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

This study is in the area of terminology activities in Zimbabwe and it analyses the term creation used in the following selected specialised terms dictionaries: Duramazwi Reurapi Neutano (Dictionary of Biomedical Terms), Duramazwi Remimhanzi (Dictionary of Shona Musical Terms), and Duramazwi Redudziramutauro NeUvaranomwe (Dictionary of Shona Linguistic and Literature Terms). The study specifically analyses and explores how terminographers together with health, music, language and literature specialists made use of their term creation skills and strategies in the creation of new specialised terms for the field of music, health and linguistics. In addition, this research takes into account the impact of factors such as culture, socio- economic, etymological purity, attitudes of the target users, language policy, as well as availability of resourceson term creation. Hence, term creation is an exercise that involves many aspects and interlinked factors. This research advances the argument that while some term creation strategies (compounding, coining and derivation) can be adequate and appropriate, however, at times; they are some which result in created terms that are rather cumbersome, vague, artificial, and difficult to master and remember. In addition, this study found out that some term creation strategies (semantic expansion and loan translations) are unproductive; that means they do not add any value on the Shona language vocabulary. Moreover, the borrowing term creation strategy was analysed on the basis of whether it is promoting and elevating the Shona language or is it undermining its value and vitality. This study emphasises the need for a collaborative approach to term creation, with terminologists, linguists, subject area specialists and target language users during the different phases of word formation processes for the collective ownership of the created term and their acceptability to the target users. This study highlights that, through good term creation strategies the Shona Language can significantly contribute to the promotion and development of Shona language in Zimbabwe. Overally, the research yields a substantial amount of information in the terminological formation processes as well as the identification of factors that can be used to improve term creation strategies in order to develop indigenous languages for use in all spheres of life.The major contribution of this study is the identification and highlighting of the major strength and weaknesses of term creation strategies as a way of developing indigenous languages. The useful findings in this study will benefit the indigenous language development and language policy planners and terminologists in Zimbabwe and other African languages in similar situations. The significant amount of information about term creation that was used in the analysis of term creation in the three dictionaries was solicited from questionnaires and interviews that were carried out with linguists, the specialised dictionary compilers, music students, medical students and high school students doing Shona language and literature subject in Zimbabwe. More information on the term creation was done through content analysis of the three specialised dictionaries and the present researcher’s own experiences as a former Shona high school teacher, linguist and above all as a Shona language speaker. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)