Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-06T12:41:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Karolina Martins Ferreira Menezes - 2017.pdf: 2464113 bytes, checksum: 32b27416285d148a8688f05ca977eafa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-06T12:41:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Karolina Martins Ferreira Menezes - 2017.pdf: 2464113 bytes, checksum: 32b27416285d148a8688f05ca977eafa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T12:41:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Karolina Martins Ferreira Menezes - 2017.pdf: 2464113 bytes, checksum: 32b27416285d148a8688f05ca977eafa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Amblyomma sculptum belongs to Amblyomma cajennense complex and parasites human beings as well domestic and wild animals. This tick species has a world recognized importance in public and animal health due blood expoliation and transmission of some pathogens such as Rickettsia rickettsia, causal agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Brazil. Ticks oriented themselves using chemical stimuli perceived by their sensorial organs. The Haller organ, which is localized in the first leg, has olfactory sensilla which perceive volatile molecules, as the odors. Inside of the sensilla there are neurones that project themselves to olfactory lobes in the synganglion, the central nervous system. In ticks, there is a gap in how the perception of the olfactory information is integrated in the synganglion and this comprehension would allow obtain details that could be used to the development of new control strategies. This work aims to verify the integration between the Haller organ and the synganglion by determining its neuronal projection patterns until the olfactory lobes as well accomplish its three-dimensional reconstruction. Males and females of A. sculptum were immobilized and the Haller organ was excised. The olfactory nerves were filled with one drop of dextran tetramethylrhodamine 1%. The synganglions were dissected in saline, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed in saline and triton X-100, dehydrated in alcohol series and mounted in glicerol. The synganlions were examined in a fluorescence microscope (Axio Scope.A1) to confirm filling from the peripheral neurons to the synganglion. The olfactory lobes stained were digitalized in a confocal microscope TCS SP8 (Leica) and the series were examined in the Reconstruct software. The olfactory lobes of one male and three females were selected to tracing the edges of each glomerulus in successive optical sessions in order to obtain the 3D reconstruction. The volume was calculated using the same software and their correlation was analyzed by Pearson correlation. The neuronal projections from the Haller organ were confined in the olfactory lobes, which were organized in glomeruli. The number of glomeruli in the males was 26 and 30 in each olfactory lobe examined and in the females varied between 24 and 29. Male and females showed similar glomeruli in both olfactory lobes, meaning they are homologues, when compared intra and intersexually, with a positive correlation between 72% and 95%. Considering the volume, the glomeruli were also similar and no macroglomerulus was identified, as any glomerulus in the male and female were two times bigger than the average volume. The number of specimens evaluated does not allow inferring if the lower number of glomeruli in the females was statistically significant. This work shows, for the first time, the 3D reconstruction of the olfactory lobe in a tick species. The results obtained contribute to understand how ticks process their olfactory information. / Amblyomma sculptum, pertencente ao complexo A. cajennense, parasita humanos, animais domésticos e silvestres. Apresenta importância mundialmente reconhecida na saúde pública e animal por espoliar seus hospedeiros e transmitir patógenos causadores de doenças, como Rickettsia rickettsii agente de Febre Maculosa no Brasil. Os carrapatos orientam-se por estímulos químicos detectados por seus órgãos sensoriais, como o órgão de Haller, localizado no primeiro par de patas, que possui sensilas olfativas capazes de detectarem moléculas voláteis, como os odores. No interior destas sensilas há neurônios que se projetam para os lobos olfativos, organizados em glomérulos, no interior do singânglio, o sistema nervoso central. Em carrapatos, pouco se sabe sobre como a percepção da informação olfativa é integrada no singânglio e esta compreensão permitiria obter mais detalhes sobre a biologia, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias de controle. Objetivou-se verificar a integração entre o órgão de Haller e o singânglio por meio da determinação dos padrões de projeção neuronal das sensilas olfativas aos lobos olfativos e da reconstrução tridimensional dos glomérulos. Machos e fêmeas adultos de A. sculptum foram imobilizados, o órgão de Haller seccionado e o nervos olfativos corados com dextran tetrametilrodamina 1%. Os singânglios foram dissecados em PBS, fixados em paraformaldeído 4%, lavados em PBST e PBS, desidratados em séries ascendente de etanol e montados em lâminas com glicerol. Os singânglios foram observados em microscópio de fluorescência Axio Scope.A1 para determinar aqueles onde houve projeção. Os lobos olfativos corados foram digitalizados em microscópio confocal a laser TCS SP8 e as séries de imagens confocais foram avaliadas no programa Reconstruct. Selecionaram-se os lobos olfativos de um macho e três fêmeas para identificação dos glomérulos, marcação manual e numeração, com posterior reconstrução 3D. O programa permitiu o cálculo dos volumes glomerulares que foram analisados por correlação de Pearson. As projeções neuronais originadas nas sensilas olfativas do órgão de Haller estiveram confinadas estritamente aos lobos olfativos, organizados em glomérulos. Os glomérulos no macho variaram entre 26 e 30 e nas fêmeas, entre 24 e 29. Macho e fêmeas apresentaram glomérulos similares, denominados homólogos, nos dois lobos olfativos quando comparados intra- e intersexualmente, com correlação positiva entre 72% e 95%. Com relação aos tamanhos e formas, os glomérulos foram similares e não foram identificados macroglomérulos, uma vez que os glomérulos com maiores volumes no macho e nas fêmeas não apresentaram valores superiores a duas vezes o valor da média. O número de indivíduos avaliados não permitiu inferir se a menor quantidade de glomérulo nas fêmeas foi estatisticamente significativa e, portanto, não se pode afirmar se há dimorfismo sexual. Em carrapatos este foi o primeiro trabalho em que se realizou a reconstrução tridimensional dos lobos olfativos. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para o conhecimento do processamento central da informação olfativa em carrapatos.

This thesis is titled "A Framework for Enhancing the Accuracy of Ultra Precision Machining." In this thesis unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibration is identified as a major contributor to workpiece inaccuracy. The phenomenon is studied via in situ vibrational measurements during cutting and also by the analysis of the workpiece surface metrology of ultra precision diamond face turned aluminum 6061-T6. The manifestation of vibrations in the feed and in-feed directions of the workpiece was studied over a broadband of disturbance frequencies. It is found that the waviness error measured on the cut workpiece surface was significantly larger than that caused by the feed marks during cutting. Thus it was established that unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibrations are the dominant source of surface finish error in ultra precision machining. By deriving representative equations in the polar coordinate system, it was found that the vibrational pattern repeats itself, leading to what are referred to in this thesis as surface finish lobes. The surface finish lobes describe the waviness or form error associated with a particular frequency of unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibration, given a particular feed rate and spindle speed. With the surface finish lobes, the study of vibrations is both simplified and made more systematic. Knowing a priori the wavelength range caused by relative tool / workpiece vibration also allows one to extract considerable vibration content information from a small white light interferometry field of view. It was demonstrated analytically that the error caused by relative tool / workpiece vibration is always distinct from the surface roughness caused by the feed rate. It was also shown that the relative tool / workpiece vibration-induced wavelength in the feed direction has a limited and repeating range. Additionally, multiple disturbance frequencies can produce the same error wavelength on the workpiece surface. Since the meaningful error wavelength range is finite given the size of the part and repeating, study then focussed on this small and manageable range of wavelengths. This range of wavelengths in turn encompasses a broadband range of possible disturbance frequencies, due to the repetition described by the surface finish lobes. Over this finite range of wavelengths, for different machining conditions, the magnitude of the waviness error resulting on the cut workpiece surface was compared with the actual relative tool / workpiece vibrational magnitude itself. It was found that several opportunities occur in ultra precision machining to mitigate the vibrational effect on the workpiece surface. The first opportunity depends only on the feed rate and spindle speed. Essentially, it is possible to force the wavelength resulting from an unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibration to a near infinite length, thus eliminating its effect in the workpiece feed direction. Further, for a given disturbance frequency, various speed and feed rate combinations are capable of producing this effect. However, this possibility exists only when a single, dominant and fixed disturbance frequency is present in the process. By considering the tool nose geometry, depth of cut, and vibrational amplitude over the surface finish lobe finite range, it was found that the cutting parameters exhibit an attenuating or filtering effect on vibrations. Thus, cutting parameters serve to mitigate the vibrational effect on the finished workpiece over certain wavelengths. The filter curves associated with various feed rates were compared. These filter curves describe the magnitude of error on the ultra precision face turned workpiece surface compared with the original unwanted tool / workpiece vibrational magnitude. It was demonstrated with experimental data that these filter curves are physically evident on the ultra precision diamond face turned workpiece surface. It was further shown that the surface roughness on the workpiece surface caused by the feed rate was reduced with relative tool / workpiece vibrations, and in some cases the feed mark wavelength was changed altogether. Mean arithmetic surface roughness curves were also constructed, and the filtering phenomenon was demonstrated over a broadband of disturbance frequencies. It is well established that a decrease in the feed rate reduces the surface roughness in machining. However, it was demonstrated that the improved surface finish observed with a slower feed rate in ultra precision diamond face turning was actually because it more effectively mitigated the vibrational effect on the workpiece surface over a broadband of disturbance frequencies. Experimental findings validated this observation. By only considering the effect of vibrations on the surface finish waviness error, it was shown that the workpiece diamond face turned with a feed rate of 2 {tm / rev has a mean arithmetic surface roughness, Ra , that was 43 per cent smaller than when a feed rate of 10 μm / rev was used. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Divers radars sont développés pour des besoins d’aide à la conduite automobile de sécurité mais aussi de confort. Ils ont pour but de détecter la présence d’obstacles routiers afin d’éviter d’éventuelles collisions. La demande actuelle en termes de capteurs radars pour l’automobile connaît une croissance importante et les technologies employées doivent garantir de bonnes performances dans un environnement dégradé par les signaux interférents des autres utilisateurs. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au développement d’un système radar performant en tout lieu et en particulier dans un contexte multi-utilisateurs. A ce propos, nous proposons de nouvelles formes d’ondes qui se basent sur la combinaison des codes fréquentiels de Costas et d’autres techniques de compression d’impulsion en exploitant les signaux de Costas modifiés. La conception adoptée permet, grâce à la diversité introduite, de synthétiser un nombre important de formes d’ondes. Nous avons, ensuite, exploité deux approches d’estimation des paramètres des cibles. La première, plutôt classique, se base sur le traitement Doppler dans un train d’impulsions cohérent. La deuxième, récente dans le domaine automobile, se base sur la technique dite de « Compressed Sensing ». Une adaptation de ces algorithmes pour les signaux proposés a été discutée dans des environnements bruités et multi-cibles. L’ensemble de ces travaux contribue à explorer de nouvelles formes d’ondes, autres que celles utilisées dans les radars actuels et à proposer un traitement innovant en réception, adapté aux radars en général et à l’automobile en particulier. / Several driver assistance radars are developed for security and comfort requirements. Their goal is among others to detect the presence of obstacles for collision avoidance. The current demand in terms of automotive radar sensors experience a significant growth and the technologies being employed must ensure good performances especially in an environment degraded by interfering signals of other users. In this thesis, we are interested in developing a radar system which is effective in all situations especially in a multi-user context. For this purpose, we propose novel radar waveforms based on the combination of frequency hopping Costas codes and other pulse compression techniques, using modified Costas signals. The design approach allows to synthesize a significant number of waveforms, thanks to the high diversity introduced. Afterwards, we have exploited two estimation of target parameters approaches. The first one, quite classic, is based on Doppler processing in a coherent pulse train. The second one, recent in the automotive field , is based on the Compressed sensing techniques. An adaptation of these algorithms to proposed signals is discussed in noisy and multi-target environments. All these works contribute in one hand to explore novel radar waveforms, complement to those currently used in automotive radars and in another hand to propose an innovative processing at the receiver level, suited to radar applications in general and automotive ones in particular.

Le concept du radar MIMO est prometteur en raison des nombreux avantages qu'il apporte par rapport aux architectures radars actuelles : flexibilité pour la formation de faisceau à l'émission - large illumination de la scène et résolution fine après traitement - et allègement de la complexité des systèmes, via la réduction du nombre d'antennes et la possibilité de transférer des fonctions de contrôle et d'étalonnage du système dans le domaine numérique. Cependant, le radar MIMO reste au stade du concept théorique, avec une prise en compte insuffisante des impacts du manque d'orthogonalité des formes d'onde et des défauts matériels.Ce travail de thèse, dans son ambition de contribuer à ouvrir la voie vers le radar MIMO opérationnel, consiste à anticiper et compenser les défauts du monde réel par des traitements numériques. La première partie traite de l'élaboration des formes d'onde MIMO. Nous montrons que les codes de phase sont optimaux en termes de résolution spatiale. Nous présentons également leurs limites en termes d'apparition de lobes secondaires en sortie de filtre adapté. La seconde partie consiste à accepter les défauts intrinsèques des formes d'onde et proposer des traitements adaptés au modèle de signal permettant d'éliminer les lobes secondaires résiduels induits. Nous développons une extension de l'Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) qui satisfait les conditions opérationnelles, notamment par sa robustesse aux erreurs de localisation, sa faible complexité calculatoire et la non nécessité de données d'apprentissage. La troisième partie traite de la robustesse des traitements vis-à-vis des écarts au modèle de signal, et particulièrement la prévention et l'anticipation de ces phénomènes afin d'éviter des dégradations de performance. En particulier, nous proposons une méthode numérique d'étalonnage des phases des émetteurs. La dernière partie consiste à mener des expérimentations en conditions réelles avec la plateforme radar MIMO Hycam. Nous montrons que certaines distorsions subies non anticipées, même limitées en sortie de filtre adapté, peuvent impacter fortement les performances en détection des traitements dépendant du modèle de signal. / The MIMO radar concept promises numerous advantages compared to today's radar architectures: flexibility for the transmitting beampattern design - including wide scene illumination and fine resolution after processing - and system complexity reduction, through the use of less antennas and the possibility to transfer system control and calibration to the digital domain. However, the MIMO radar is still at the stage of theoretical concept, with insufficient consideration for the impacts of waveforms' lack of orthogonality and system hardware imperfections.The ambition of this thesis is to contribute to paving the way to the operational MIMO radar. In this perspective, this thesis work consists in anticipating and compensating the imperfections of the real world with processing techniques. The first part deals with MIMO waveform design and we show that phase code waveforms are optimal in terms of spatial resolution. We also exhibit their limits in terms of sidelobes appearance at matched filter output. The second part consists in taking on the waveform intrinsic imperfections and proposing data-dependent processing schemes for the rejection of the induced residual sidelobes. We develop an extension for the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) that satisfies operational requirements, especially localization error robustness, low computation complexity, and nonnecessity of training data. The third part deals with processing robustness to signal model mismatch, especially how it can be prevented or anticipated to avoid performance degradation. In particular, we propose a digital method of transmitter phase calibration. The last part consists in carrying out experiments in real conditions with the Hycam MIMO radar testbed. We exhibit that some unanticipated encountered distortions, even when limited at the matched filter output, can greatly impact the performance in detection of the data-dependent processing methods.

Le concept de radar passif aéroporté repose sur l’utilisation de plusieurs antennes réseau, disposées sur une plateforme en vue de couvrir un angle solide large de détection, en s’appuyant sur l’utilisation de signaux d’opportunité provenant d’émetteurs au sol. La détection aéroportée à partir de signaux d’opportunité est intéressante, notamment pour assurer l’autoprotection d’un avion ou d’un hélicoptère ; en revanche elle constitue un défi technique notamment en raison du niveau des signaux interférents, en provenance de l’émetteur et des trajets multiples indirects (le fouillis), bien supérieur au niveau de signal utile diffusé par la cible à détecter. D’autres effets, tels que la structure arbitraire des signaux (forme d’onde non-radar) et sa conséquence sur les lobes secondaires en distance, contribuent à la complexité du traitement à mettre en œuvre.Le point de départ des recherches se situe à l’intersection des techniques de radar passif (utilisant la corrélation entre un signal de référence non connu a priori et les signaux diffus renvoyés par l’environnement) et les techniques de type STAP (Space Time Adaptive Processing) utilisées pour la détection des cibles mobiles par les radars aéroportés conventionnels. Dans ce contexte, les travaux de thèse permettent d’étendre d’une part la caractérisation et la qualification des signaux « radar passif » à une configuration aéroportée, d’autre part les techniques STAP à une configuration bistatique et à des signaux de forme arbitraire et non structurés comme des signaux radar. Les recherches mettent en évidence l’importance primordiale du trajet direct et des premiers échos de fouillis qui parasitent la caractérisation spatio-temporelle des échos reçus dans la case distance de la cible sous test. La caractéristique du fouillis, habituellement tracée dans le plan Doppler-angle, se trouve affectée par ces interférences qu’il faut éliminer au préalable. Pour cela, un premier filtre à réponse finie est mis en œuvre sur chaque capteur, puis le traitement STAP est appliqué à l’ensemble du réseau d’antennes.Les traitements proposés sont simulés et les performances en détection sont analysées. Une expérimentation est conduite, à l’aide d’un réseau de 4 antennes mobiles au sol. Les conditions sont réunies pour collecter des signaux de fouillis étalés en Doppler et analyser l’effet d’une forme d’onde non-radar. Les traitements d’élimination des interférences sont mis en œuvre et ainsi qualifiés expérimentalement. / The novel concept for the airborne passive radar is to have multiple passive receiving arrays covering a 4 steradian angle around the platform which makes use of the ground-based stationary transmitter as the illuminator of opportunity. This challenging passive radar configuration would well find application for localized covert surveillance on an airborne platform such as an unmanned aerial vehicle, helicopter, etc. For the airborne passive radar, during moving target detections, it encounters the effects of strong interfering signal returns against the weak target returns where this severe interfering environment is usually characterized by the high levels of direct path and clutter against the thermal noise background. Due to the continuous wave, random and aperiodic nature of the passive signal and given the strong direct path and clutter signals, their random range sidelobes couplings into further range cells will seriously exacerbate the background interference, making target detections a big challenge. Moreover, owing to the platform motion, the clutter received by the airborne passive radar is not only extended in both range and angle, it is also spread over a region in Doppler frequency which further complicates the problem.This research work is focused on identifying and analyzing the critical issues faced by the airborne passive radar on moving target detections and to develop effective signal processing schemes for improved performance. As a first step, it is important to accurately derive the model for the received passive signals and consequently, efficient signal processing schemes can be studied to mitigate and to improve detections performance. The signal processing schemes for the airborne passive radar can be segregated into a two-step interference cancellation process where the direct path and strong clutter coupling components (and their corresponding random range sidelobes) present in the received signal at each antenna element can first be effectively suppressed by the adaptive interference cancellation algorithm prior to matched filter processing. Further cancellation on the residual random range sidelobes couplings and on the spatial-Doppler dependent clutter can be achieved using reduced-dimension STAP. Trials based on the ground-based moving passive radar experiments are conducted as the final part of this research work to validate and evaluate the signal processing schemes which is a major progress towards implementing an operational airborne passive radar.

Orientador: Mary Massumi Itoyama / Banca: Fernanda Cristina Alcantara dos Santos / Banca: Sandra Regina de Carvalho Marchesin / Resumo: No presente trabalho verificamos que os testículos possuem morfologias diferentes podendo ser arredondados, arredondados/espiralados ou alongados/espiralados. Com relação à morfometria das células em prófase I, B. micantulum e R. zela foram as que apresentaram as menores células, G. f. flavus foi a que apresentou maior tamanho e R. c. crassifemur e M. brasiliensis apresentaram tamanho intermediário. A avaliação da espermatogênese nos permitiu concluir que as características observadas são semelhantes às das outras espécies de Heteroptera, descritas na literatura, diferindo apenas com relação à morfologia dos testículos, o número de cromossomos e o sistema cromossômico do sexo. A análise das ultraestruturas observadas durante a espermatogênese de Gelastocoris flavus flavus e Martarega uruguayensis mostraram a presença de várias mitocôndrias pequenas e uniformemente distribuidas pelo citoplasma em células em profase I, de ambas espécies, que foram se unindo formando o complexo mitocondrial, que possui no seu interior as mitocôndrias enoveladas, posteriormente este complexo mitocondrial se divide em duas estruturas denominadas derivados mitocondriais, que se dispõem bilateralmente ao axonema. O axonema dessas espécies possui o padrão de 9+9+2. A formação do acrossomo inicia-se nos primeiros estágios da espermiogênese sendo composto de muitas vesículas acrossomais que se unem formando uma única estrutura, sendo observada regiões e algumas estruturas mais coradas em seu interior. Basicamente o processo de espermiogênese não diferiu entre as duas espécies analisadas / Abstract: In this study, we found different morphologies for testes of the Heteroptera species Belostoma anurum, B. micantulum, Gelastocoris angulatus, G. flavus flavus, Rheumatobates crassifemur crassifemur, Buenoa amnigenus, B. unguis, Martarega brasiliensis, M. membranacea, M. uruguayensis, Rhagovelia tenuipes and R. zela. They can by round, round/spiral and elongated/spiral. The size of prophase I cells also varied, being the smallest ones detected in B. micantulum and R. zela, the largest in G. f. flavus, and the intermediate in R. c. crassifemur and M. brasiliensis. The analyses of spermatogenesis allowed us to conclude that, in the studied species, the features are similar to those of other previously described Heteroptera species, differing only as to the testicular morphology, the chromosome number, and the sex chromosome system. Ultrastructural analysis of the spermatogenesis showed several small mitochondrias evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, in cells at prophase I of G. f. flavus and M. uruguayensis. The small mitochondrias joined to form the mitochondrial complex. Later, this mitochondrial complex divided into two structures called mitochondrial derivatives, located bilaterally to the axoneme. The axoneme of these species showed the flagellar pattern 9+9+2. The acrosome started to be formed in the early stages of spermiogenesis, being composed of many acrosome vesicles that join to form a single structure. Some regions within this structure were more strongly stained. Basically the process of spermiogenesis did not differ between the species G. f. flavus and M. uruguayensis / Mestre

Chan Yu-leung. / "Nov 2003." / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-193). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Limburg, Maastricht, 1992. / Summary in Dutch. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-119)

Every thousand years or so, when the Mississippi River's sediment load lengthened and blocked the River’s route to the Gulf of Mexico, the mother stream changed course completely, finding a shorter route to the sea. Then, it built a new delta, thus spreading the gift of land creation along a wide coastline and creating the bayou region of Louisiana. However, this ancient, natural process was gradually halted by the arrival of man who settled across the River's natural floodplain (delta) and constructed levees and other structures to control the great Mississippi River. Since the 1930s, the Mississippi River Delta Basin and the coast of Louisiana have been literally losing ground. The decline of this environment is now affecting, and will continue to affect, our nation's economy, infrastructure, culture, and safety. Moreover, efforts to fix this problem are not working. My research and this thesis will address the issue of how plans without action have appeased Louisianans while the nation looses vital wetlands daily.

Thesis (M.S.)-- Air Force Institute of Technology. / The original document contains color images.