La décentralisation apparaît comme une des réponses à la crise de gouvernabilité de l’État malien et une condition nécessaire à l’enracinement de la démocratie et du développement. Il s’est agi de trouver une solution à la quête d’une plus grande autonomie dans la gestion de leurs affaires que certaines régions du pays exprimaient y compris de manière violente, allant même jusqu’à évoquer la possibilité d’une sécession (rébellion Touareg 1990-96 au Mali). La gestion de la rébellion au Mali a donné naissance à la décentralisation. Cette dernière aura comme prérogative la gestion foncière au sein des nouvelles collectivités territoriales.Les chefferies traditionnelles ont encore un pouvoir sur toutes les communes et en particulier sur le foncier. Les problèmes de gestion sont liés à une distribution non juridiquement établie de la terre provoquant des occupations de fait usuelles qui entraînent des litiges sans fin entre propriétaires (premiers occupants) et occupants actuels. La question de la décentralisation et du foncier se pose au niveau d’une gestion peu transparente du pouvoir local et de l’attribution arbitraire des champs, des différentes cultures de cram-cram, de fonio, des rizières, des pâturages, de l’eau…etc. Les législations foncières ignorent les principes juridiques des systèmes fonciers locaux et laissent l’essentiel des populations rurales dans un système de précarité et souvent d’illégalité aux yeux de l’État. Elles sont sources de conflits que la pluralité des instances d’arbitrage (coutumières, administratives, judiciaires) ne permet pas de régler de façon durable. De tels choix institutionnels sont d’abord des choix politiques. Par la présente étude nous nous proposons de montrer l’importance de la place du foncier dans le processus de décentralisation, à l’interphase des droits coutumiers ancestraux et des droits nouveaux apportés par la décentralisation et les problèmes qui en découlent. / Decentralization appears as one of the answers to the crisis of the governing of the state of Mali and as a compulsory condition to the rootedness of democracy and development.They had to find a solution to the quest of a greater autonomy in the management of their affairs that some regions of the country expressed -sometimes violently- even going as far as evoking the eventuality of a secession (Touareg revolt in Mali 1990-1996).The management of the revolt in Mali has given birth to decentralization. This one will have the prerogative of the management of the land through the new territory authorities.The traditional District officers are bound to a non-judicially established distribution of the land –causing usual actual occupations which involve endless disputes between owners (first occupants) and today’s occupants.The problems between the devolution and the land property lies in a very little clear management of the local authorities and of the arbitrary allotment of the meadows, the different growing of cram-cram, of fonio, of the rice-fields, of the grazing-grounds, of the water...The land laws ignore the judicial principles of the local land systems and leave the major part of the rural populations in a state of great precariousness and often of illegality regarding the government.They are a source of conflicts that can’t be solved in a permanent way because of the numerous arbitration authorities (customary-administrative-judiciary).Such institutional choices are mainly political choices.Through this study we intend to show the importance of the land in the process of decentralization, at the interface of ancestral rights and new rights brought about by decentralization and the problems that proceed from it.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:10:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Cecilia Araujo.pdf: 662655 bytes, checksum: 82ebceafc204605b23f1f5f46d8518f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-05 / This work combines it the line of research State and Educational Politics of the Program of postgraduation in Education of the Education School of the Federal University of Goiás and consists as one case study of the Municipal System of Education of the city of Aparecida de Goiânia/GO. The decade of 1990 represented, in Brazil, a period of great transformations in the educational field. It is the decade where if it approves, amongst other normalization, the LDB - Law of Lines of direction and Bases of the National Education (Law N. 9.394/96) - and the Law of the FUNDEF - Deep of Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and of Valuation of the Teaching (Law N. 9.424/97), laws that will happen, excessively, on the municipal education. To count of the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988, that it confers to the city status of being of the federacy, two laws are these that more will contribute in the direction of to induce the cities to assume a great parcel of school registrations of the basic education, especially, of basic education. Leaving of this premise we look for, in this research: 1) to evidence the reasons and the contradictions of one national politics of decentralization of the education, configured in the municipalization form, that has induced the Brazilian cities to constitute its education systems; e 2) to analyze as she has been lead management of the education in these municipal systems, verifying if these or they have not followed the beginning of the democratic management of public education, evidenced for the Great Letter of 1988 and the LDB/96. Better to understand these questions we choose as research methodology case study, in view of the fact of that this in allows them to concentrate in a specific case identifying, at the same time, its diverse interactive processes. In this direction, ahead of the 246 cities that compose the State of Goiás, we opt to choosing the city of Aparecida de Goiânia - located in the region metropolitan - for the reason of this if presenting as a city atypical. Amongst its characteristics it is a city dormitory , with about 40% of its inhabitants working or studying outside of the municipal limitations; it is as the more populous city of the State; it more presents one of the raised taxes of demographic density; it is as in economic wealth; it presents the fifth bigger GIP; however, he is 48° in quality of life. In view of our objectives, we analyze, therefore, the process of creation, organization and institutionalization of the Municipal System of Education of Aparecida de Goiânia, looking for to evidence you strike them politicians and ideological gifts in one national politics of education that if materializes in the municipal scope and the form of educational management assumed by the cities. / Esse trabalho integra-se à linha de pesquisa Estado e Política Educacional do Programa de pós-graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás e constitui-se como um estudo de caso do Sistema Municipal de Ensino da cidade de Aparecida de Goiânia/GO. A década de 1990 representou, no Brasil, um período de grandes transformações no campo educacional. É a década em que se aprova, dentre outras normalizações, a LDB - Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (Lei n. 9.394/96) - e a Lei do FUNDEF - Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e de Valorização do Magistério (Lei n. 9.424/97), leis que incidirão, sobremaneira, sobre a educação municipal. A contar da promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, que confere ao município o status de ente da federação, são essas duas leis que mais contribuirão no sentido de induzir os municípios a assumirem uma grande parcela de matrículas da educação básica, especialmente, do ensino fundamental. Partindo dessa premissa procuramos, nessa pesquisa: 1) evidenciar os motivos e as contradições de uma política nacional de descentralização do ensino, configurada na forma de municipalização, que tem induzido os municípios brasileiros a constituírem seus sistemas de ensino; e 2) analisar como tem sido conduzida a gestão da educação nesses sistemas municipais, verificando se estes têm ou não seguido o principio da gestão democrática do ensino público, evidenciado pela Carta Magna de 1988 e pela LDB/96. Para melhor compreendermos essas questões elegemos como metodologia de pesquisa o estudo de caso, tendo em vista o fato de que este nos permite concentrar num caso específico identificando, ao mesmo tempo, seus diversos processos interativos. Nesse sentido, diante dos 246 municípios que compõem o Estado de Goiás, optamos por escolher o município de Aparecida de Goiânia localizado na região metropolitana - pelo motivo de este se apresentar como um município atípico. Dentre suas características é uma cidade dormitório , com cerca de 40% de seus habitantes trabalhando ou estudando fora das limitações municipais; é o segundo município mais populoso do Estado; apresenta uma das taxas de densidade demográfica mais elevadas; é o segundo em riqueza econômica; apresenta o quinto maior PIB; porém, é o 48° em qualidade de vida. Tendo em vista nossos objetivos, analisamos, pois, o processo de criação, organização e institucionalização do Sistema Municipal de Ensino de Aparecida de Goiânia, procurando evidenciar os embates políticos e ideológicos presentes numa política nacional de ensino que se materializa no âmbito municipal e a forma de gestão educacional assumida pelos municípios.

The recent increase of electric cars adoption will inuence the electricity demand in the distributionnetworks which risks to be higher than the maximum power available in the grid, if not well planned. Forthis reason, it is on the DSOs and TSOs's interest to plan carefully coordinated charging of a bulk of EVsas well as assess the possibility of EVs acting as energy storages with the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) or Vehicleto-Building (V2B) capability. When parked and plugged into the electric grid, EVs will absorb energy andstore it, being also able to deliver electricity back to the grid/building (V2G/B system).This can be anoptimized process, performed by an aggregator, gathering multiple EVs that discharge the battery into thegrid at peak time and charge when there is low demand i.e. overnight and o-peak hours.Numerous studies have investigated the possibility of aggregating multiple EVs and optimizing theircharging and discharging schedules for peak load reduction or energy arbitrage with participation in theelectricity market. However, no study was found for optimizing a shared eet of EVs with daily reservationsfor dierent users trying to perform V2B. In this study an optimization modelling algorithm (mixed integerlinear problem - MILP) that manages the possible reservations of the shared eet of EVs, coordinates thecharging and discharging schedules, and provides V2B (Vehicle-to-Building), with the objective of minimizingenergy costs and accounting with battery ageing has been developed. A case study with real data for abuilding is carried out modelling dierent number of EVs for two dierent days in year 2017, one in Marchand other in June.Results show that the prots are higher for all cases when introducing V2B as compared to a no optimizationscenario: V2B with battery degradation (50 ore/kWh) has decreased daily variable electricity costsbetween 54 and 59% in March and 60 and 63% for June when compared without smart charging. Integrationof battery degradation cost in V2B applications is necessary and inuences signicantly the chargingand discharging strategies adopted by EV and nally the total daily costs: The total daily cost increaseby maximal 10% for the day in March and 13% for the day in June when comparing the scenario that hasstationary battery and uses only-charging model for EVs with the scenario applying V2B mode consideringa degradation cost of 80 ore/kWh. / Ö kningen av antalet elbilar kommer att påverka lasten i elnätet som riskerar att bli högre än kapacitetom det inte är väl planerat. Därför är det i elnätsföretags intresse att samordna laddningen av de flesta elbilarna samt att utvärdera möjligheterna att använda elbilar som energilager gentemot elnätet (Vehicleto-Grid,V2G) eller byggnader (Vehicle-to-Building, V2B). Vid parkering och anslutning till elnätet kommer elbilar att ladda energi och lagra den, samtidigt de kan leverera el tillbaka till elnätet eller byggnaden (V2G/V2B). Detta kan vara en optimerad process som utförs av en aggregator genom att ladda flera elbilar i låglasttimmar och ladda ur dem under höglasttimmar.Många studier har undersökt möjligheten att aggregera flera elbilar och optimera laddningsoch urladdningsplaner för topplastreduktion eller energiarbitrage på elmarknaden. Ingen studie har dock hittats för att optimera en gemensam flotta av elbilar med dagliga reservationer för olika användare som försöker utföra V2B. Denna studie har utvecklat en optimeringsmodell (blandad heltalsprogrammering MILP) som hanterar möjliga reservationer av en flotta av elbilar, koordinerar laddning och urladdning planering, och utför V2B för att minimera energikostnader med hänsyn till batteriets åldrande. En fallstudie för en byggnad genomfördes modellering av olika antal elbilar för två dagar 2017, en i mars och andra i juni.Resultaten visar att vinsten är högre i samtliga fall då man introducerar V2B jämfört med scenario utan optimering: V2B med batteriladdningskostnad 50 öre/kWh minskade dagliga rörliga elkostnader mellan 54% och 59% i mars och mellan 60% och 63% i juni jämfört med utan smart laddning. Att inkludera batteriladdningskostnaden i V2B-applikationer är nödvändigt och har en signifikant inverkan på laddningsstrategierna och de totala kostnaderna: De totala dagliga kostnaderna ökar med upp till 10% i mars och upp till 13% i juni då man jämför scenariot att bara ladda elbilar och ha stationärt batteri med scenariot V2B med hänsyntill batteriladdningskostnad 80 öre/kWh.

Master’s thesis is interested in air-conditioning of panel buildings. It shows problems, which happen during renovation of panel buildings. Next it shows wrong solutions, which have to solve these problems and which are used a lot today. In this thesis are designed two useful solutions, which makes internal microclimate. In experimental part is made measurement and valuation of existing condition of internal microclimate in solving building.