The transmission line is an underappreciated style of loudspeaker enclosure characterized by an acoustic labyrinth stemming from the rear of the speaker driver. In practice, the transmission line enclosure produces airy sound uncharacteristic of other styles, at the cost of more pronounced resonant peaks. The most important practical drawback of this loudspeaker enclosure design is the difficulty of properly applying damping to these enclosures. Ideally, this difficulty can be mitigated using an analytical model that accurately predicts the SPL frequency response of a transmission line loudspeaker system for a given geometry and mass of damping material. This research takes the first step towards establishing such a model by developing a limited model for a simple enclosure geometry. Through the application of a modal analysis, this research predicts the frequency response of the enclosure for the first five modes, discusses the effect damping has on this response, and experimentally verifies the produced outputs. For the simplified transmission line enclosure, the developed model successfully predicts the target portion of the frequency response. The model produces accurate results for a range of damping levels using experimentally derived damping ratios for the first five modes. The resulting curves for each modal damping ratio allow for a set of novel damping ratios to be produced from an input mass of damping material. Through this process, an input mass of damping material produces the predicted frequency response for a straight, non-tapered transmission line enclosure. This prediction can make damping a transmission line enclosure much more efficient, allowing for transmission line loudspeakers to be more widely available.

Αντικείμενο της διπλωματικής αυτής εργασίας είναι η σχεδίαση, εξομοίωση και υλοποίηση συστήματος οδήγησης ψηφιακής συστοιχίας ηχείων με 5-bit PCM και 1-bit Σ-Δ σήματα εισόδου, δια μέσω διαφορετικών τεχνικών ανάθεσης των bits της πληροφορίας σε κάθε ηλεκτροακουστικό μετατροπέα της συστοιχίας, και ο υπολογισμός της απόκρισης πλάτους της συστοιχίας και των THD και THD+N σε διάφορες θέσεις ακρόασης. Τέλος γίνεται σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων μεταξύ εξομοίωσης και υλοποίησης. / The object of this thesis is the design, simulation and implementation of a system driving a digital transducer array loudspeaker with 5-bit PCM and 1-bit Sigma-Delta input signals, by applying different bit allocation methods on the transducers of the array, and the calculation of the array's amplitude response, THD and THD+N at different positions. Finally, simulation and implementation results are contrasted.

Orientador: José Roberto de França Arruda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T12:19:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coser_LucasFernando_M.pdf: 3895849 bytes, checksum: 203a0d7be9958aaa628e2b404ad566a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Duas abordagens para a simulação do campo sonoro produzido por um arranjo esférico de alto-falantes são apresentadas e comparadas a resultados experimentais. Na primeira, modos estruturais obtidos da analise modal experimental da membrana são usados em simulações vibroacusticas por elementos de contorno no software LMS Virtual.Lab®. Na segunda, adota-se uma solução analítica baseada na expansão dos harmônicos esféricos de um padrão de velocidades sobre uma calota esférica. Os resultados são apresentados em termos de potencia sonora e de padrões de diretividade para o arranjo. No primeiro caso, são observadas as mesmas tendências na faixa de baixa freqüência em todas as curvas analisadas, havendo distorções consideráveis na faixa de alta freqüência para a solução analítica devido ao fato desta não incluir os efeitos dos modos estruturais da membrana. Por outro lado, os padrões de diretividade demonstram um alto grau de similaridade em todos os casos analisados e não são fortemente afetados pelos modos estruturais da membrana. As diferenças observadas nos resultados e as amplificações não realistas nas curvas de potencia sonora das simulações são causadas por três fatores principais: modos de cavidade acústica do arranjo esférico, desconsideração do acoplamento acústico entre os alto-falantes durante seus funcionamentos e utilização de um mesmo conjunto de FRFs para todos os alto-falantes. De uma forma geral, pode-se dizer que a simulação usando o modelo de membrana flexível melhora consideravelmente a previsão da potencia sonora na alta freqüência, o que não pode ser obtido com o modelo analítico comumente usado na analise de arranjos esféricos de alto-falantes / Abstract: Two approaches for sound field prediction of a spherical loudspeaker array operation are presented and compared to experimental measurements. In the first, real membrane modes from experimental modal analysis are used as input for BEM vibroacoustic simulations using LMS Virtual.Lab® software. In the second, an analytical solution based on the spherical harmonic expansion of an idealized velocity pattern over the spherical array is used. Results are presented in terms of sound power and directivity patterns, showing that the former has the same trend in all comparisons for the low frequency range, and that the analytical solution cannot be used for the high frequency range since it does not include the effect of the flexible membrane modes. Directivity patterns, however, show a good degree of similarity in all cases, and are not strongly affected by the flexible membrane modes. The differences found in the results and the unrealistic amplifications in the sound power curves from the simulations are caused mainly by three factors: acoustic cavity modes of the array, neglecting the acoustic coupling among loudspeakers for the operating condition and utilization of the same set of FRFs for all loudspeakers in the array. In a general way, it can be said that the flexible membrane modeling improves considerably the prediction of radiated sound power in the high frequency range, which cannot be obtained by the analytical model commonly used in the analysis of spherical loudspeaker arrays / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Ce travail réalisé au LAUM, concerne en premier lieu la caractérisation des distorsions, notamment non linéaires,observables sur des haut-parleurs en vue de les miniaturiser.En outre l’étude se rapporte au mode de contrôle de tels transducteurs au regard des avantages et des inconvénients présentés par l’électronique d’un pilotage en intensité.Après rappel des principales définitions permettant d’appréhender les mesures électroacoustiques, la structure et les propriétés des haut-parleurs font l’objet d’une première analyse, discutée dans le cadre des hypothèses de linéarité.Les exemples et les caractéristiques décrits en termes de fonctions de transfert sont présentés autour d’un transducteur générique de l’état de la technique. Les principes de la commande en courant sont ensuite présentés, compte tenu des caractéristiques globales des amplificateurs opérationnels de puissance disponibles actuellement. En maintenant l’intégrité de l’indice de contrôle en courant (Control Drive Index), la réjection du pic de résonance mécanique et des hautes fréquences sont discutés autour de structures de filtrages, soit incorporées à la boucle de feedback et adaptées au transducteur, soit disposées en feed forward. Au-delà de ces considérations de premier ordre les comportements non linéaires sont examinés. Après une analyse fondamentale se rapportant aux définitions et aux caractéristiques de non-linéarité, une évaluation analytique en régime mono fréquentiel est présentée, pour un transducteur commandé en courant. L’analyse est ensuite généralisée au moyen de modèles numériques originaux réalisés sous Simulink®, PSpice® et SLPS avec des sollicitations bitonales.Considérant divers dispositifs de l’état de la technique, des résultats conformes à ceux de la littérature récente et validés par l’expérience sont obtenus. Ainsi, les prototypes de micro haut-parleurs réalisés au laboratoire seront à court terme caractérisés avec plusieurs modes de conditionnement. / Undertaken with the LAUM, this work aims at first tocharacterize non linear distortions relative to electrodynamicloudspeakers with a view to miniaturizing units designed in thelaboratory. Furthermore, a special point about the advantages and drawbacks resulting from voltage or current driving has been investigated. After a brief review about the prominent definitions used in thefield of electro-acoustics, the main properties and specificitiesof transducers are discussed while considering at first linear devices. Considering a generic transducer of the state of theart, the main parameters are given in terms of transfer functions. Then, a current-driving policy is discussed whiletaking account of the actual power operational amplifier properties. Furthermore, the rejection of the mechanical resonance is investigated without any kind of alteration of theideal infinity of the Control Drive Index value. Specific filtering structures are calculated regarding a given transducer and considered either in feedforward or feedback arrangements within the circuitry. After such a first order analysis non linear behaviours areconsidered. At first a straightforward typology of non linearsystems is presented so as to highlight the most importantdefinitions. Then, a special analytical approach is given,allowing us to analyse the harmonic generation from a currentdriven loudspeaker with a mono frequency regime. Such anapproach is extended and generalized by way of original numerical models designed with Simulink®, PSpice® and SLPSsoftware, considering bi tonal stimuli signals. Then, such anapproach is considered with transducers and amplifiers of thestate of the art, allowing us to validate the whole relevantrationale. Thus, the micro speakers actually developed in thelaboratory should be investigated and optimized in the shortrun, considering their relevant electronic conditioning policy.

Ce travail de thèse (CIFRE, Renault) porte sur la conception, le développement et la pré-industrialisation d'un nouveau type de moteur de haut-parleur sans fer utilisant des plasto-aimants, permettant à la fois de réduire très nettement la distorsion due au moteur, ainsi que d'alléger le haut-parleur grâce à une optimisation de la masse magnétique utile.Après un rappel sur le fonctionnement du haut-parleur, sa modélisation, les différentes non-linéarités qui lui sont propres, et plus particulièrement celles liées au moteur du haut-parleur, le manuscrit présente ensuite une nouvelle structure de moteur de haut-parleur tout aimant réalisée en plasto-aimant. Plusieurs mesures réalisées sur un prototype et sur le même haut-parleur équipé du moteur standard permettent de vérifier les attentes théoriques et de quantifier les avantages et les inconvénients de ce nouveau type de moteur. Ce prototype a été réalisé sur la base d'un haut-parleur automobile standard sur lequel le moteur a été changé. Le moteur a été réalisé par Paulstra/Hutchinson puis assemblé par Faital S.p.A., deux fournisseurs automobiles certifiés. Les méthodes utilisées pour réaliser ce prototype pourraient être directement dérivées pour une production en série. / This PhD work (CIFRE, Renault) deals with the conception, development and pre-industrialization of a new kind of ironless loudspeaker motor using bonded magnets, allowing to highly reduct the distortion due to the motor, as well as making the loudspeaker lighter thanks to an optimization of the useful magnetic mass.After reminding the general laws that describe the functioning of a loudspeaker, the different intrinsic non-linearities, and more particularly those directly linked to the loudspeaker motor, this thesis presents a new ironless structure made of bonded magnet that we developed during these three years. A complete theoretical study of this new structure, presenting the magnetic model and the design of the motor, is proposed and completed with several measurements realized on a prototype and on the standard loudspeaker in order to verify the theoretical expectations, with regard to harmonic and intermodulation distortion reduction, and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of this new kind of motor. This prototype was based on the design of a standard automotive loudspeaker on which the motor was replaced by a bonded magnet motor. The motor was fabricated by Paulstra/Hutchinson and then assembled on the loudspeaker by Faital S.p.A., both of whom are certified automotive suppliers. The methods used to realize this prototype could be directly derivated for mass production. This PhD work is used by the people in charge of the development of this technology with a view to a potential industrialization for mass market.

In live sound reinforcements scenarios, the majority of the audience is placed in a non- optimal listening position and will not experience the stereophonic image as intended by the mixing engineer. This study was conducted to examine the impact of a central loudspeaker source and phantom center, on the stereophonic image from different listening positions. Sixteen subjects, consisting of audio engineering students and professionals, were subjected to an optimal and non-optimal listening position and a three channel and stereo system, and was asked to estimate the perceived location of a stimulus, consisting of a 40 ms 1 kHz tone, placed on five different locations within the panorama. The results of these test were then summarized and analyzed by utilizing three t-tests in order to examine; the difference between perceived and intended location for each combination of system configuration and listening position, the difference between the listening positions and the difference between system configurations. The results show that a three-channel system is less affected by the listening position than a stereo system, indicating that a three-channel system can provide a more similar experience to audience members regardless of their listening position. However, the preference of system configuration is not examined and should be examined before making the claim that one system configuration is superior. The number of t-test conducted may also have impacted the results and provided a false significance. Subsequent studies could be made to confirm or reject the results of this study.

No description available.

Orientadores: José Roberto de França Arruda, Philippe Herzog / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T06:12:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pasqual_AlexanderMattioli_D.pdf: 10340586 bytes, checksum: 74b86a8897be1f1c00e3c13b018e73bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O controle angular da radiação sonora pode ser obtido utilizando um arranjo compacto de alto-falantes independentemente programáveis operando na mesma faixa de frequência. Geralmente, os alto-falantes são dispostos sobre uma estrutura de formato esférico seguindo a geometria de um sólido de Platão a fim de se obter uma configuração altamente simétrica. Recentemente, protótipos de arranjos esféricos compactos de alto-falantes vêm sendo desenvolvidos e aplicados a medições em acústica de salas, performances de música eletroacústica e síntese de padrões de diretividade de fontes acústicas tais como instrumentos musicais. Contudo, muitos aspectos referentes a seu controle, projeto e comportamento eletromecânico, bem como à sua habilidade em proporcionar uma experiência sonora mais realista que sistemas de áudio convencionais, permanecem não esclarecidos. Este trabalho contempla a análise e síntese de campos sonoros através de um arranjo esférico compacto de alto-falantes e pretende contribuir para o esclarecimento de alguns aspectos supracitados. Propõe-se uma estratégia de controle baseada nos modos de radiação acústica do arranjo esférico, a qual apresenta várias vantagens sobre a estratégia usual fundada nos harmônicos esféricos. Uma análise teórica e experimental do comportamento eletromecânico de arranjos compactos de alto-falantes também é apresentada, na qual o acoplamento acústico entre os alto-falantes no interior da estrutura esférica é considerado. Além disso, os sinais ótimos dos alto-falantes correspondentes a um dado padrão de diretividade são calculados utilizando duas funções custo distintas, revelando que o realismo do padrão sintetizado pode ser significativamente ampliado desprezando-se a fase da diretividade alvo. Finalmente, os modelos teóricos propostos são validados por medições de impedância elétrica, velocidade dos diafragmas dos alto-falantes e padrões de diretividade / Abstract: Angular control of the sound radiation can be achieved by using a compact array of independently programmable loudspeakers operating at the same frequency range. The drivers are usually distributed over a sphere-like frame according to a Platonic solid geometry to obtain a highly symmetrical configuration. Prototypes of compact spherical loudspeaker arrays have been recently developed and applied in room acoustics measurements, electroacoustic music performance and synthesis of directivity patterns of acoustical sources such as musical instruments. However, many aspects concerning their control, design, electromechanical behavior and ability to provide a more realistic sound experience than conventional audio systems remain unclear. This work concerns the analysis and synthesis of sound fields by a compact spherical loudspeaker array and aims to contribute to clarifying some aspects mentioned above. A control strategy based on the acoustic radiation modes of the spherical array is proposed, which presents several advantages over the usual strategy based on the spherical harmonics. A theoretical and experimental analysis of the electromechanical behavior of compact loudspeaker arrays is also presented, in which the acoustic coupling between drivers inside the array frame is taken into account. In addition, optimumdriver signals corresponding to a given target directivity pattern are derived using two different cost functions, indicating that the realism of the synthesized pattern may be significantly increased by neglecting the phase of the target directivity pattern. Finally, the proposed theoretical models are validated through measurements of electrical impedance, loudspeaker diaphragm velocity and directivity patterns / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Cette thèse a pour objectif l’étude du comportement vibratoire des suspensions à joint de ferrofluide utilisées dans un nouveau type de haut-parleur. Le moteur de ce haut-parleur, conçu pour réduire les non-linéarités d’origine magnétique, permet l’utilisation de joints de ferrofluide comme alternative aux suspensions viscoélastiques traditionnelles : sous la forme de deux joints annulaires, ils réalisent la liaison entre la partie fixe et la partie mobile du système. L’originalité du travail présenté a trait aux forts niveaux du champ magnétique présent dans le haut-parleur et à la caractérisation en dynamique des joints en terme de masse, raideur et amortissement. La première partie est une analyse expérimentale de la raideur radiale statique d’un joint au sein d’un moteur magnétique. La connaissance de cette raideur est nécessaire pour dimensionner le guidage de l’équipage mobile. Elle est étudiée en fonction du volume et de la saturation magnétique du ferrofluide. Les résultats sont en bon accord avec les simulations. Dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons une étude expérimentale sur le comportement visqueux des ferrofluides en condition de cisaillement oscillatoire et sous champ magnétique homogène et stationnaire. Cette étude s’élargie dans la suite aux conditions magnétiques du moteur, où le champ n’est plus homogène. Les propriétés sont étudiées en fonction du volume, de la viscosité et de la saturation magnétique. Un modèle pour les pertes du haut-parleur est proposé en fonction des propriétés magnétovisqueuses du ferrofluide. / The aim of this thesis is the study of the vibratory behavior of ferrofluid seals suspensions used in a new type of loudspeaker. The motor of this loudspeaker has been designed to reduce magnetic nonlinearities and allows ferrofluid seals, as two annular seals, to be used as an alternative to classical viscoelastic suspensions. Seals serve as a link between mobile to fixed part of the system. The originality of this configuration is the presence of high level magnetic field in the loudspeaker, which require a dynamic characterization of seals in term of mass, stiffness and damping. First part of this thesis is an experimental analysis of static radial stiffness of one seal inside a magnetic engine. This parameter is necessary for centering the moving part. The influence of the volume and saturation magnetization of the ferrofluid are analyzed. There is a good agreement between experimental results and simulations. In the second part, an experimental study of the viscous ferrofluid behavior under an oscillatory shear excitation and homogeneous and stationary magnetic field is presented. It is then broaden to real non homogeneous loudspeaker motor conditions. The influence of ferrofluid seals volume, viscosity and saturation magnetization are analyzed. A model which depends on the magnetoviscous properties of the ferrofluid is suggested for the loudspeaker internal losses.

Small-signal moving-coil loudspeaker driver parameters are traditionally derived through electrical impedance measurement techniques. These parameters are commonly called Thiele/Small parameters, after Neville Thiele and Richard Small who are credited with developing industry-standard loudspeaker modeling techniques. However, because loudspeaker drivers are electro-mechano-acoustical transducers, it should be possible to measure their parameters in physical domains other than the electrical domain. A method of measuring loudspeaker parameters from the acoustical domain will be developed. The technique uses a plane wave tube to measure acoustical properties of a baffled driver under test. Quantities such as the transmission loss through the driver are measured for a driver placed in the tube using the two-microphone transfer-function technique. Models have been developed to curve fit the resulting data, from which small-signal loudspeaker parameters are subsequently derived. This thesis discusses the acoustical measurement theory, apparatus, and system modeling methods (via equivalent circuits). It also compares measured parameters to those derived using electrical techniques. Parameters derived from both approaches are compared with reference values to establish bias errors. Sequential measurements are also compared to reveal random errors in the derivation processes.