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Comparison of dating methods for paleoglacial reconstruction in Central AsiaGribenski, Natacha January 2016 (has links)
Reconstruction of former Central Asian glaciers extents can provide valuable information about past atmospheric circulation variations. These extents, often marked by terminal moraines, need to be chronologically constrained. Cosmogenic nuclide exposure (CNE) dating is widely used to directly date moraines. In addition, there is increasing interest on using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques for dating glacial landforms. This thesis focuses on the methodological aspects of directly dating glacial landforms to perform paleoglacial reconstructions in Central Asia, with an emphasis on OSL dating. For OSL dating of sediments from glacial settings, it is important to measure the luminescence signal at the single grain scale, because the sediments are likely affected by partial bleaching due to short light exposure during glacial or glaciofluvial transport. The use of an Electron Multiplying Charges Coupled Device (EMCCD)-based imaging system for single grain OSL measurements would offer larger flexibility in light stimulation and sediment type, compared to the current Single Grain Risø reader. An automated image processing procedure has been developed to compensate for sample carrier displacement over repeated measurements and for attributing pixels to each grain for signal integration when using this imaging system. However, significant cross talk contamination, demonstrated by laboratory and simulation experiments, prohibits accurate single grain luminescence measurements. Preliminary experiments using a basic image processing algorithm show good potential for software correction solutions. Paleoglacial reconstructions conducted in the Altai Mountains, Central Asia, using both CNE and OSL dating demonstrate that luminescence measurements of glaciofluvial sediments performed at the multi-grain scale result in large age overestimates, and that single grain measurements allow for more accurate dating of glacial landforms. However, uncertainties remain that are related to the model used for extracting equivalent doses for well-bleached grains and to fading corrections when using feldspar minerals. The timing of glaciation can be inferred from scattered CNE moraine boulder ages if most of the ages are concentrated within a few thousand years, with only few ages clearly older or younger. Overall, combining CNE and OSL techniques for dating a glacial landform is a powerful approach for producing robust glacial chronologies, despite uncertainties inherent to each technique. Paleoglacial reconstructions from the Altai Mountains indicate Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 and MIS 4/late MIS 5 local Last Glacial Maximums. In Central Asia, in addition to a regional MIS 2 glaciation, previous studies indicate a period of major glacial advances during MIS 3 that is out of phase with global ice volume records. However, most MIS 3 glacial chronologies from Central Asia are based on too few or too heavily scattered CNE data sets, or on OSL or Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) ages for which partial bleaching has not been properly investigated. Hence, at this stage, chronological evidence is insufficient to demonstrate a regional MIS 3 glaciation in Central Asia. Surge-related glacial features identified in the Russian Altai also highlight the importance of conducting detailed geomorphology and sedimentology studies to understand former ice dynamics, which is essential for inferring appropriate paleoclimate information from paleoglacial reconstructions. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>
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Terminal Pleistocene to early Holocene volcanic eruptions at Zuni Salt Lake, west-central New Mexico, USAOnken, Jill, Forman, Steven 04 January 2017 (has links)
Zuni Salt Lake (ZSL) is a large maar in the Red Hill-Quemado volcanic field located in west-central New Mexico in the southwestern USA. Stratigraphic analysis of sections in and around the maar, coupled with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) C-14 dating, indicate that ZSL volcanic activity occurred between similar to 13.4 and 9.9 ka and was most likely confined to a <= 500-year interval sometime between similar to 12.3 and 11.0 ka. The basal volcanic unit consists of locally widespread basaltic ash fallout interpreted to represent a violent or wind-aided strombolian eruption tentatively attributed to Cerro Pomo, a scoria cone similar to 10 km south of ZSL. Subsequent eruptions emanated from vents near or within the present-day ZSL maar crater. Strombolian eruptions of multiple spatter and scoria cones produced basaltic lava and scoria lapilli fallout. Next, a phreatomagmatic eruption created the maar crater and surrounding tephra rim and apron. ZSL eruptions ended with strombolian eruptions that formed three scoria cones on the crater floor. The revised age range of ZSL is younger and more precise than the 190-24 ka 2-sigma age range derived from previous argon dating. This implies that other morphologically youthful, argon-dated volcanoes on the southern margin of the Colorado Plateau might be substantially younger than previously reported.
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Spectroscopie électronique de complexes du nickel(II), de lor(I), du ruthénium(II) et de certains lanthanides : caractéristiques inhabituelles de leur structure électroniqueBaril-Robert, François January 2008 (has links)
Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
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Spectroscopie sous pression de complexes plans carrés de palladium(II) et de platine(II) : effets intra- et intermoléculairesLevasseur-Thériault, Geneviève January 2006 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
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INVESTIGATION OF INOSINE AND HYPOXANTHINE AS BIOMARKERS OF CARDIAC ISCHEMIA IN PLASMA OF NON-TRAUMATIC CHEST PAIN PATIENTS AND A RAPID ANALYTICAL SYSTEM FOR ASSESSMENTFarthing, Don E 01 January 2008 (has links)
Each year in the U.S., approximately 7-8 million patients with non-traumatic chest pain visit hospital emergency departments (ED) for medical evaluation. It is estimated that approximately 2-5% of these patients are experiencing acute cardiac ischemia, but due to the shortcomings of current test methods, they are incorrectly diagnosed and discharged without appropriate treatment provided, thus leading to poor patient outcome and potential medical malpractice litigation.The goals of this research were to evaluate plasma samples for potential biomarker(s) of acute cardiac ischemia prior to heart tissue necrosis, and to ultimately develop a rapid method for detection of the potential biomarker(s) in human plasma. Initial experiments were performed using the mouse model, with subsequent evaluations on human plasma samples using high performance liquid chromatographic ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The final phase of this research involved the development of a rapid luminometer test method (An HPLC-UV detection method was developed and utilized for inosine, hypoxanthine and other adenosine triphosphate (ATP) catabolic by-products in Krebs-Henseleit (Krebs) buffer solution, with analysis on perfusate samples from isolated mouse hearts undergoing 20 min acute global ischemia. The HPLC-UV method was modified for subsequent use on human plasma samples, obtained from hospital emergency department (ED) patients presenting with non-traumatic chest pain (potential acute cardiac ischemia) and from healthy normal individuals. The HPLC-UV (component quantification) and HPLC-MS (component identification) test methods utilized C18 column technology, mobile phases consisting of aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (0.05% TFA in deionized water pH 2.2, v/v) and methanol gradient to achieve component separation, with both utilizing simple sample preparations (e.g. direct injection of Krebs perfusate samples and centrifugal membrane filtration on plasma samples).Results of the animal experiments using isolated mouse hearts undergoing 20 min acute global ischemia demonstrated significant levels of endogenous inosine effluxed from the heart tissue, indicating its use as a potential candidate biomarker of acute cardiac ischemia. The HPLC results from human plasma representing ED non-traumatic chest pain patients demonstrated elevated levels of inosine (hypoxanthine precursor) and significant levels of hypoxanthine, which provided additional support for the use of these candidate biomarker(s) as a potential diagnostic tool for the initial acute cardiac ischemic event, prior to heart tissue necrosis.The final phase of this research focused on the development of a rapid, simple and sensitive chemiluminescence test method. Using a microplate luminometer with direct injectors and continuous mixing, the measurement of inosine and hypoxanthine in human plasma was achieved for healthy normal individuals and on patients with confirmed acute MI, with an analysis time of less than 5 minutes. The utility of this rapid luminescence technique would be the potential use at point-of-care (POC) services (e.g. hospital clinical laboratory or emergency medical services) as part of the initial ED treatment protocol on patients presenting with non-traumatic chest pain and signs/symptoms of acute myocardial ischemia or acute MI.
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Studium vlivu IgY na interakce bakterií a plicních buněk v podmínkách ex vivo / The effect of IgY on bacterial adhesion on epithelial cells ex vivoVašková, Lucie January 2016 (has links)
0 Abstract Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation in CFTR gene coding for a chloride channel in apical membrane of epithelial cells. This disorder leads to the change in ion transport causing the increase in mucus viscosity in airways as well as changes in glycosylation of saccharide structures on the cells. Because of that these cells are the target for bacterial adhesion. Chronic bacterial infections, which lead to gradual decline of lung function and damage of lung tissue, are the major cause of death of patients suffering with cystic fibrosis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main pathogen causing chronic infections in cystic fibrosis patients. This bacterium produces a biofilm protecting them from host immune system and antibiotics. Once the colonization with PA occurs, it is difficult to get rid of this pathogen. The prophylactic treatment with orally administered hen antibodies against the PA virulence structures could be a prevention of chronic PA infections. In this work we tested the antibody against the bacterial lectin PA-IIL, which is suggested to be involved in the adhesion of the pathogen on epithelial cells. First, it was verified that the prepared antibody from egg yolks of a hen immunized with the bacterial lectin PA-IIL recognizes this antigen expressed...
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Caracterização dosimétrica do BeO em feixes de radiodiagnóstico convencional, mamografia e tomografia computadorizada, pelas técnicas de termoluminescência e luminescência opticamente estimulada / Dosimetric characterization of BeO in standard beams of conventional diagnostic radiology, mammography and computed tomography, by the thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence techniquesAlgarve, Fábio Junqueira 18 August 2017 (has links)
A radiação ionizante é amplamente utilizada em diversas áreas na indústria e na medicina. No campo da medicina, a radiação ionizante é utilizada tanto para fins terapêuticos como para fins diagnósticos, abrangendo assim um grande intervalo de doses de diferentes tipos de radiações. Para certificar que a finalidade da prática esteja sendo alcançada, são necessários estudos detalhados de detectores e dispositivos que atendam aos diferentes tipos de radiações. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo das características dosimétricas de amostras de BeO em feixes padronizados de radiodiagnóstico convencional, mamografia e tomografia computadorizada, utilizando as técnicas de termoluminescência (TL) e luminescência opticamente estimulada (OSL) e propondo um sistema adequado para sua utilização em dosimetria de feixes. Os principais resultados obtidos foram: alta sensibilidade à luz branca durante a irradiação, boa reprodutibilidade das respostas TL e OSL (coeficientes de variação inferiores a 5%), parâmetros cinéticos correspondentes aos valores obtidos em todos os métodos testados, sem fading dentro do período estudado para ambas as técnicas. As características dosimétricas obtidas neste trabalho mostram a possibilidade de aplicação das amostras de BeO em dosimetria da radiação X, considerando os intervalos de dose empregados, pelas técnicas de TL e OSL. Assim, as amostras de BeO apresentaram sua utilização potencial para dosimetria de feixes de radiodiagnóstico convencional, mamografia e tomografia computadorizada. / The ionizing radiation is widely used in several areas in industry and medicine. In the field of medicine, the ionizing radiation is used both for therapeutic purposes and for diagnostic purposes, thus covering a wide range of doses of different types of radiation. To certify that the goal of practice is being achieved detailed studies of detectors and devices that respond to different types of radiation are required. In this work, a study of dosimetric characteristics of BeO samples was performed in standard beams of conventional diagnostic radiology, mammography and computed tomography, using the techniques of thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and proposing a suitable system for its use in beam dosimetry. The main results obtained were: high sensitivity to white light during the irradiation, good reproducibility of responses TL and OSL (coefficients of variation of less than 5%), and kinetics parameters corresponding to the values obtained in all of the tested methods, without fading within the observed period for both techniques. The dosimetric characteristics obtained in this work show the possibility of application of BeO samples for dosimetry of X radiation, considering the tested dose interval, by the TL and OSL techniques. Thus, the BeO samples presented potential use for dosimetry of conventional diagnostic radiology, mammography and computed tomography beams.
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Metodologia dosimétrica para extremidades em indivíduos ocupacionalmente expostos à radiação beta por meio da técnica de luminescência opticamente estimulada / Dosimetric methodology for extremities of individuals occupationally exposed to beta radiation using the optically stimulated luminescence techniquePinto, Teresa Cristina Nathan Outeiro 27 July 2010 (has links)
Uma metodologia dosimétrica foi estabelecida, para determinação das doses recebidas em extremidades por indivíduos ocupacionalmente expostos à radiação beta, com detectores de Al2O3:C e sistema leitor microStar, da Landauer, associados à técnica de luminescência opticamente estimulada (OSL). As principais etapas do trabalho foram: caracterização do material dosimétrico Al2O3:C utilizando a técnica de OSL; estabelecimento de um método para avaliação de dose em extremidades; determinação de taxas de dose de fontes de radiação beta; aplicação do método estabelecido em um teste prático com indivíduos ocupacionalmente expostos à radiação beta durante uma simulação de procedimento de calibração de aplicadores clínicos; validação do método desenvolvido por meio de comparação das doses obtidas no teste prático pela técnica de OSL com doses obtidas pela técnica de TL. Os resultados mostram que os detectores de Al2O3:C e a técnica de OSL podem ser utilizados em monitoração individual de extremidades e radiação beta. / A dosimetric methodology was established for the determination of extremity doses of individuals occupationally exposed to beta radiation, using Al2O3:C detectors and the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) reader system microStar, Landauer. The main parts of the work were: characterization of the dosimetric material Al2O3:C using the OSL technique; establishment of the dose evaluation methodology; dose rate determination of beta radiation sources; application of the established method in a practical test with individuals occupationally exposed to beta radiation during a calibration simulation of clinical applicators; validation of the methodology by the comparison between the dose results of the practical test using the OSL and the thermoluminescence (TL) techniques. The results show that both the OSL Al2O3:C detectors and the technique may be utilized for individual monitoring of extremities and beta radiation.
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Estudo dos centros luminescentes de cristais de quartzo aplicados à datação de sedimentos por luminescência opticamente estimulada / Investigations of luminescence centers of quartz crystals and its application to sediments dating by OSLRocca, René Rojas 20 December 2012 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal o estudo da Termoluminescência (TL) e a Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada (LOE) de cristais de quartzo retirados de sedimentos localizados no litoral do Estado do Maranhão. Foi efetuada uma análise do comportamento da TL e da LOE do quartzo em relação à irradiação com radiação gama e beta, pré-aquecimentos e exposição à luz solar. Esta análise foi feita visando comparar os resultados obtidos por TL e LOE para aplicação na datação de cristais de quartzo. Os centros paramagnéticos da amostra foram analisados e identificados através de medidas de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE), uma correlação dos centros de TL e LOE foi encontrada. Na datação por grão único observamos um comportamento inesperado, sendo um indício de que os centros responsáveis pela TL e a LOE não são os mesmos. As idades obtidas por LOE dependem apenas dos grãos que têm maior intensidade, por outro lado idades obtidas por TL resultam da contribuição de todos os grãos. As medidas de Difração de Raios-X (DRX), feitas no Laboratório Nacional de Luz Sincroton (LNLS), confirmaram que os grãos eram de quartzo apesar de apresentarem propriedades de emissão LOE diferentes, sugerindo que essas propriedades estão relacionadas às impurezas e defeitos pontuais intrínsecos de cada grão. Foram observados os sinais de RPE correspondentes ao quartzo e usando microondas com uma potência de 0,161 mW conseguiu-se isolar o sinal do centro E1 do quartzo. Observou-se que este centro cresce quando aquecido de 120 até 300 oC e para tratamentos acima de 300 oC até 450 oC ele decresce, podendo ser relacionado com os picos TL de altas temperaturas. As medidas de RPE, em baixa temperatura, mostraram a presença dos centros de Al. Foram encontradas Doses Anuais (DA) de 0,7 até 3,0 mGy/ano, e para alguns perfis os valores de DA foram mais constantes (Local B: 1,77-1,95 mGy/ano). As idades obtidas por LOE e TL (Protocolo Multiple Aliquot Regeneration: MAR) são bem próximas. Embora as obtidas por LOE, em geral, são um pouco menores do que as idades obtidas por TL. As profundidades estratigráficas dos sedimentos são diretamente proporcionais às idades obtidas. As três idades do segundo perfil estão dentro do Pleistoceno, já os outros perfis apresentam idades começando no Pleistoceno até o Holoceno. / The principal aim of the present work is to study the Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) of quartz crystals obtained from sediments located at coast of the state of Maranhão. The analysis using OSL and TL properties was carried out after gamma and beta irradiation, pre-heating, and exposure of samples to solar radiation, having in mind the dating of these sediments. EPR measurements were performed to investigate the possible paramagnetic centers in the sample, as well as establishing some correlation with the OSL and TL centers. Measurements of single grain dating showed an unexpected behavior. This result could be an evidence that the centers responsible for TL and OSL are not the same. Ages obtained by OSL depend only on the grain having greater intensity, on the other hand, ages obtained by TL depend on the contribution of multiple grains. The XRD measurements carried out at LNLS confirmed that all the separated grains were quartz grains, although different grains produced different OSL emission, suggesting that these properties are related to different intrinsic point defects and impurities in the grains. EPR signals were measured for quartz grains, using microwave power of 0.161 mW. It was able to isolate the signal of the E\'1-center. This signal is known to increase from 120 to 300 ºC and decreases by treatment beyond 300 ºC up to 450 ºC and may be related to the TL peaks at high temperatures. ESR measurements at 77 K showed the presence of Al centers. Annual Dose values were found to be between 0.7 to 3.0 mGy/year, and for some profiles the values were more constant (Location B: 1.77 to 1.95 mGy/year). The ages obtained by OSL and TL by MAR protocol are quite similar, although those obtained by OSL usually are somewhat smaller than the ages obtained by TL. The stratigraphic depths of sediments are directly proportional to the ages obtained. The three ages of the second profile are within the Pleistocene, since the other profiles show ages starting in the Late Pleistocene to Holocene.
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Luminescência opticamente estimulada com aplicações em radioterapia: dependência da dose absorvida e da energia de fótons produzidos em aceleradores clínicos e Microtron - IFUSP / Optically stimulated luminescence with applications in radiotherapy: dependence of absorbed dose and photon energy produced on clinical accelerators and Microtron - IFUSPFreitas, Carlos Eduardo 28 April 2017 (has links)
Atualmente a utilização de fótons de raios X e gama na Medicina (radiodiagnóstico e radioterapia) gerou a necessidade do conhecimento da dose absorvida nos tecidos dos pacientes. Para isso, utiliza-se detectores com diversas funcionalidades a fim de conhecer a deposição de energia. Para ser possível a utilização destes materiais, é necessário caracterizá-los tanto quanto à resposta em função da dose absorvida, quanto à dependência com a energia. Neste trabalho foi estudada a dependência energética da resposta OSL dos dosímetros compostos por BeO e Al2O3 em feixes de raios X convencional com espectro largo, feixes de raios X de aceleradores clínicos e do acelerador Microtron do Instituto de Física da USP e fontes gama de Cs-137 e Co-60, em uma faixa de doses desde centenas de mGy até aproximadamente 2 Gy. Foram utilizadas em conjunto simulações em Monte Carlo com o código PENELOPE, que simula o transporte de fótons e elétrons na matéria, a fim de conhecer a deposição de energia nos materiais. Os espectros utilizados nas simulações foram validados através da comparação das características dos feixes tais como a deposição de dose com a profundidade, camada semirredutora, energia média e resolução espectral. Utilizando um sistema de varredura por câmara de ionização controlado remotamente, foi estudada a distribuição de doses no campo de irradiação para definir uma região de irradiação com dose uniforme para pode realizar a irradiação de um conjunto de dosímetros simultaneamente. Foram encontrados valores do fator de dependência energética experimental para os feixes mais energéticos (Co-60, Microtron 5 MeV e aceleradores clínicos de 6 e 15 MeV), com desvio menor que 3% para o Al2O3 e 5% para o BeO, indicando independência com a energia do feixe de irradiação. Já nos feixes de baixa energia, os fatores de dependência energética relativos à energia do Co-60 para o Al2O3 foram de 1,68 e 1,42, e, para o BeO, de 0,78 e 0,90 para os feixes W150 e W200 respectivamente. Estes valores indicam que, nesta faixa de energia, a resposta OSL depende mais fortemente da energia do feixe. As simulações em Monte Carlo feitas para os fatores de dependência energética se mostraram bem consistentes com os valores experimentais para o BeO em toda faixa de energia e para o Al2O3, excetuando-se os feixes de baixa energia, possivelmente pelo não completo conhecimento de todos os elementos constituintes do dosímetro empregado (fita de Luxel®). Quanto às curvas de emissão OSL para as diferentes energias de irradiação, foi observado que o sinal decai mais rápido quanto mais elevada é a energia média do feixe para o BeO. Para o Al2O3, o efeito foi mais sutil e oposto. Os estudos do feixe do Microtron mostraram que, desde que a corrente seja monitorada durante as irradiações para posterior correção da dose, é possível realizar estudos utilizando um feixe de fótons de Bremsstrahlung produzido com alvo externo e energias médias (simuladas e ainda não validadas experimentalmente) próximas às energias das fontes gama de Cs-137 e Co-60. Os resultados experimentais para as respostas OSL dos dois materiais foram compatíveis com as simulações. / Nowadays the use of X and gamma-ray photons in Medicine (radiodiology and radiotherapy) has generated the necessity of knowing the absorbed dose to the tissues of patients. For this purpose, detectors with diverse functionalities are used to know the energy deposition. To make possible the use of these materials, it is necessary to characterize the dose response, as well as the energy dependence of the response. In this work the energy dependence of the OSL response of the BeO and Al2O3 dosimeters was studied for conventional X-ray beams with wide energy spectrum, X-ray beams from clinical accelerators and from the Microtron accelerator of the Institute of Physics (University of São Paulo), and for gamma sources of Cs-137 and Co-60, in a dose range from hundreds of mGy to about 2 Gy. Monte Carlo simulations were used with the PENELOPE code, which simulates the photons and electrons transport of in the matter, to know the energy deposition in the materials. The energy spectra used in simulations were validated by comparison with beam characteristics such as depth dose deposition, half-value layer, mean energy and spectral resolution. Using a remotely controlled ionization chamber scanning system, the dose distribution within the irradiation field was evaluated to define a uniform dose region for irradiation or a set of dosimeters simultaneously. Experimental energy dependence factor values were obtained for the high-energy beams (Co-60, Microtron 5 MeV, and clinical accelerators of 6 and 15 MeV), with a deviation of less than 3% for Al2O3 and 5% for BeO, indicating independence with the beam energy. For the low-energy X-ray beams, the energy dependence factors, relative to the Co-60 energy, for Al2O3 were 1.68 and 1.42, and, for BeO, 0.78 and 0.90 for W150 and W200 beams respectively. These values indicate that, in this energy range, the OSL response depends on beam energy. Monte Carlo simulations for the energy dependence factors were consistent with experimental values for the BeO in entire energy range and for the Al2O3, with the exception of low energy beams, possibly due to the incomplete knowledge of all the elements that constitute the Luxel®. As for the shape of OSL emission curves for the different irradiation energies, it was observed that the signal decays faster the higher is the average beam energy for BeO. For Al2O3, the effect was more subtle and opposite. The Microtron beam scanning has shown that, as long as the current is monitored during irradiation for further dose-rate correction, it is possible to carry out studies using a beam of Bremsstrahlung photons produced with external target and mean energies (simulated but still not validated experimentally) close to the energies of the Cs-137 and Co-60 sources. The experimental results for the OSL responses of both materials were compatible with simulations.
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