Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal o estudo da Termoluminescência (TL) e a Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada (LOE) de cristais de quartzo retirados de sedimentos localizados no litoral do Estado do Maranhão. Foi efetuada uma análise do comportamento da TL e da LOE do quartzo em relação à irradiação com radiação gama e beta, pré-aquecimentos e exposição à luz solar. Esta análise foi feita visando comparar os resultados obtidos por TL e LOE para aplicação na datação de cristais de quartzo. Os centros paramagnéticos da amostra foram analisados e identificados através de medidas de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE), uma correlação dos centros de TL e LOE foi encontrada. Na datação por grão único observamos um comportamento inesperado, sendo um indício de que os centros responsáveis pela TL e a LOE não são os mesmos. As idades obtidas por LOE dependem apenas dos grãos que têm maior intensidade, por outro lado idades obtidas por TL resultam da contribuição de todos os grãos. As medidas de Difração de Raios-X (DRX), feitas no Laboratório Nacional de Luz Sincroton (LNLS), confirmaram que os grãos eram de quartzo apesar de apresentarem propriedades de emissão LOE diferentes, sugerindo que essas propriedades estão relacionadas às impurezas e defeitos pontuais intrínsecos de cada grão. Foram observados os sinais de RPE correspondentes ao quartzo e usando microondas com uma potência de 0,161 mW conseguiu-se isolar o sinal do centro E1 do quartzo. Observou-se que este centro cresce quando aquecido de 120 até 300 oC e para tratamentos acima de 300 oC até 450 oC ele decresce, podendo ser relacionado com os picos TL de altas temperaturas. As medidas de RPE, em baixa temperatura, mostraram a presença dos centros de Al. Foram encontradas Doses Anuais (DA) de 0,7 até 3,0 mGy/ano, e para alguns perfis os valores de DA foram mais constantes (Local B: 1,77-1,95 mGy/ano). As idades obtidas por LOE e TL (Protocolo Multiple Aliquot Regeneration: MAR) são bem próximas. Embora as obtidas por LOE, em geral, são um pouco menores do que as idades obtidas por TL. As profundidades estratigráficas dos sedimentos são diretamente proporcionais às idades obtidas. As três idades do segundo perfil estão dentro do Pleistoceno, já os outros perfis apresentam idades começando no Pleistoceno até o Holoceno. / The principal aim of the present work is to study the Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) of quartz crystals obtained from sediments located at coast of the state of Maranhão. The analysis using OSL and TL properties was carried out after gamma and beta irradiation, pre-heating, and exposure of samples to solar radiation, having in mind the dating of these sediments. EPR measurements were performed to investigate the possible paramagnetic centers in the sample, as well as establishing some correlation with the OSL and TL centers. Measurements of single grain dating showed an unexpected behavior. This result could be an evidence that the centers responsible for TL and OSL are not the same. Ages obtained by OSL depend only on the grain having greater intensity, on the other hand, ages obtained by TL depend on the contribution of multiple grains. The XRD measurements carried out at LNLS confirmed that all the separated grains were quartz grains, although different grains produced different OSL emission, suggesting that these properties are related to different intrinsic point defects and impurities in the grains. EPR signals were measured for quartz grains, using microwave power of 0.161 mW. It was able to isolate the signal of the E\'1-center. This signal is known to increase from 120 to 300 ºC and decreases by treatment beyond 300 ºC up to 450 ºC and may be related to the TL peaks at high temperatures. ESR measurements at 77 K showed the presence of Al centers. Annual Dose values were found to be between 0.7 to 3.0 mGy/year, and for some profiles the values were more constant (Location B: 1.77 to 1.95 mGy/year). The ages obtained by OSL and TL by MAR protocol are quite similar, although those obtained by OSL usually are somewhat smaller than the ages obtained by TL. The stratigraphic depths of sediments are directly proportional to the ages obtained. The three ages of the second profile are within the Pleistocene, since the other profiles show ages starting in the Late Pleistocene to Holocene.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal o estudo da Termoluminescência (TL) e a Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada (LOE) de cristais de quartzo retirados de sedimentos localizados no litoral do Estado do Maranhão. Foi efetuada uma análise do comportamento da TL e da LOE do quartzo em relação à irradiação com radiação gama e beta, pré-aquecimentos e exposição à luz solar. Esta análise foi feita visando comparar os resultados obtidos por TL e LOE para aplicação na datação de cristais de quartzo. Os centros paramagnéticos da amostra foram analisados e identificados através de medidas de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE), uma correlação dos centros de TL e LOE foi encontrada. Na datação por grão único observamos um comportamento inesperado, sendo um indício de que os centros responsáveis pela TL e a LOE não são os mesmos. As idades obtidas por LOE dependem apenas dos grãos que têm maior intensidade, por outro lado idades obtidas por TL resultam da contribuição de todos os grãos. As medidas de Difração de Raios-X (DRX), feitas no Laboratório Nacional de Luz Sincroton (LNLS), confirmaram que os grãos eram de quartzo apesar de apresentarem propriedades de emissão LOE diferentes, sugerindo que essas propriedades estão relacionadas às impurezas e defeitos pontuais intrínsecos de cada grão. Foram observados os sinais de RPE correspondentes ao quartzo e usando microondas com uma potência de 0,161 mW conseguiu-se isolar o sinal do centro E1 do quartzo. Observou-se que este centro cresce quando aquecido de 120 até 300 oC e para tratamentos acima de 300 oC até 450 oC ele decresce, podendo ser relacionado com os picos TL de altas temperaturas. As medidas de RPE, em baixa temperatura, mostraram a presença dos centros de Al. Foram encontradas Doses Anuais (DA) de 0,7 até 3,0 mGy/ano, e para alguns perfis os valores de DA foram mais constantes (Local B: 1,77-1,95 mGy/ano). As idades obtidas por LOE e TL (Protocolo Multiple Aliquot Regeneration: MAR) são bem próximas. Embora as obtidas por LOE, em geral, são um pouco menores do que as idades obtidas por TL. As profundidades estratigráficas dos sedimentos são diretamente proporcionais às idades obtidas. As três idades do segundo perfil estão dentro do Pleistoceno, já os outros perfis apresentam idades começando no Pleistoceno até o Holoceno. / The principal aim of the present work is to study the Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) of quartz crystals obtained from sediments located at coast of the state of Maranhão. The analysis using OSL and TL properties was carried out after gamma and beta irradiation, pre-heating, and exposure of samples to solar radiation, having in mind the dating of these sediments. EPR measurements were performed to investigate the possible paramagnetic centers in the sample, as well as establishing some correlation with the OSL and TL centers. Measurements of single grain dating showed an unexpected behavior. This result could be an evidence that the centers responsible for TL and OSL are not the same. Ages obtained by OSL depend only on the grain having greater intensity, on the other hand, ages obtained by TL depend on the contribution of multiple grains. The XRD measurements carried out at LNLS confirmed that all the separated grains were quartz grains, although different grains produced different OSL emission, suggesting that these properties are related to different intrinsic point defects and impurities in the grains. EPR signals were measured for quartz grains, using microwave power of 0.161 mW. It was able to isolate the signal of the E\'1-center. This signal is known to increase from 120 to 300 ºC and decreases by treatment beyond 300 ºC up to 450 ºC and may be related to the TL peaks at high temperatures. ESR measurements at 77 K showed the presence of Al centers. Annual Dose values were found to be between 0.7 to 3.0 mGy/year, and for some profiles the values were more constant (Location B: 1.77 to 1.95 mGy/year). The ages obtained by OSL and TL by MAR protocol are quite similar, although those obtained by OSL usually are somewhat smaller than the ages obtained by TL. The stratigraphic depths of sediments are directly proportional to the ages obtained. The three ages of the second profile are within the Pleistocene, since the other profiles show ages starting in the Late Pleistocene to Holocene.

Cette recherche vise à présenter les grandes lignes des théories qui ont essayé de regrouper et de catégoriser les échelles dans la musique arabe du Machreq depuis le début du 20ème siècle jusqu’à nos jours.De plus, la recherche divise les théories de la catégorisation des échelles musicales arabes du Machreq en deux doctrines : les « théories actuelles » et la théorie de Muhammad SALÂH AL-DÎN.La recherche fait aussi une comparaison entre ces deux théories en présentant leurs points de différence et ceux de convergence.D’ailleurs, cette recherche propose une nouvelle approche de la catégorisation des échelles dans la musique arabe du Machreq. Cette nouvelle approche est basée principalement sur les principes de « la périodicité d’échelles ».De plus, Cette recherche discute les questions relatives au sujet des armatures d’échelles avec les quarts de ton. / This research aims at presenting the outlines of the theories which have tried to collect and to categorize the scales in the Arabic music of the Mashreq since the beginning of the 20th century till nowadays.Moreover, the research divides the theories of the categorization of the Arabic musical scales of the Mashreq into two doctrines: the « actual theories » and the theory of Muhammad SALÂH AL-DÎN.The research also compares these two theories by presenting their points of difference and those of convergence.Besides, this research comes up with a new approach of the categorization of the scales in the Arabic music of the Mashreq. This new approach is principally based on the principles of “the periodicity of scales”.Moreover, this research discusses les questions relative to the subject of the key-signatures with the quarter-tones.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Nous étudions la gestion de centres d'appels multi-compétences, ayant plusieurs types d'appels et groupes d'agents. Un centre d'appels est un système de files d'attente très complexe, où il faut généralement utiliser un simulateur pour évaluer ses performances. Tout d'abord, nous développons un simulateur de centres d'appels basé sur la simulation d'une chaîne de Markov en temps continu (CMTC), qui est plus rapide que la simulation conventionnelle par événements discrets. À l'aide d'une méthode d'uniformisation de la CMTC, le simulateur simule la chaîne de Markov en temps discret imbriquée de la CMTC. Nous proposons des stratégies pour utiliser efficacement ce simulateur dans l'optimisation de l'affectation des agents. En particulier, nous étudions l'utilisation des variables aléatoires communes. Deuxièmement, nous optimisons les horaires des agents sur plusieurs périodes en proposant un algorithme basé sur des coupes de sous-gradients et la simulation. Ce problème est généralement trop grand pour être optimisé par la programmation en nombres entiers. Alors, nous relaxons l'intégralité des variables et nous proposons des méthodes pour arrondir les solutions. Nous présentons une recherche locale pour améliorer la solution finale. Ensuite, nous étudions l'optimisation du routage des appels aux agents. Nous proposons une nouvelle politique de routage basé sur des poids, les temps d'attente des appels, et les temps d'inoccupation des agents ou le nombre d'agents libres. Nous développons un algorithme génétique modifié pour optimiser les paramètres de routage. Au lieu d'effectuer des mutations ou des croisements, cet algorithme optimise les paramètres des lois de probabilité qui génèrent la population de solutions. Par la suite, nous développons un algorithme d'affectation des agents basé sur l'agrégation, la théorie des files d'attente et la probabilité de délai. Cet algorithme heuristique est rapide, car il n'emploie pas la simulation. La contrainte sur le niveau de service est convertie en une contrainte sur la probabilité de délai. Par après, nous proposons une variante d'un modèle de CMTC basé sur le temps d'attente du client à la tête de la file. Et finalement, nous présentons une extension d'un algorithme de coupe pour l'optimisation stochastique avec recours de l'affectation des agents dans un centre d'appels multi-compétences. / We study the management of multi-skill call centers, with multiple call types and agent groups. A call center is a very complex queueing system, and we generally need to use simulation in order to evaluate its performances. First, we develop a call center simulator based on the simulation of a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) that is faster than traditional discrete-event simulation. Using an uniformization method, this simulator simulates the embedded discrete-time Markov chain of the CTMC. We propose strategies to use this simulator efficiently within a staffing optimization algorithm. In particular, we study the use of common random numbers. Secondly, we propose an algorithm, based on subgradient cuts and simulation, to optimize the shift scheduling problem. Since this problem is usually too big to be solved as an integer programming problem, we relax the integer variables and we propose methods to round the solutions. We also present a local search to improve the final solution. Next, we study the call routing optimization problem. We propose a new routing policy based on weights, call waiting times, and agent idle times or the number of idle agents. We develop a modified genetic algorithm to optimize all the routing parameters. Instead of doing mutations and crossovers, this algorithm refines the parametric distributions used to generate the population of solutions. We also develop a staffing algorithm based on aggregation, queueing theory and delay probability. This heuristic algorithm is fast, because it does not use simulation. The service level constraint is converted into a delay probability constraint. Moreover, we propose a variant of a CTMC model based on the waiting time of the customer at the head of the queue. Finally, we design an extension of a cutting-plane algorithm to optimize the stochastic version with recourse of the staffing problem for multi-skill call centers.

Nous étudions la gestion de centres d'appels multi-compétences, ayant plusieurs types d'appels et groupes d'agents. Un centre d'appels est un système de files d'attente très complexe, où il faut généralement utiliser un simulateur pour évaluer ses performances. Tout d'abord, nous développons un simulateur de centres d'appels basé sur la simulation d'une chaîne de Markov en temps continu (CMTC), qui est plus rapide que la simulation conventionnelle par événements discrets. À l'aide d'une méthode d'uniformisation de la CMTC, le simulateur simule la chaîne de Markov en temps discret imbriquée de la CMTC. Nous proposons des stratégies pour utiliser efficacement ce simulateur dans l'optimisation de l'affectation des agents. En particulier, nous étudions l'utilisation des variables aléatoires communes. Deuxièmement, nous optimisons les horaires des agents sur plusieurs périodes en proposant un algorithme basé sur des coupes de sous-gradients et la simulation. Ce problème est généralement trop grand pour être optimisé par la programmation en nombres entiers. Alors, nous relaxons l'intégralité des variables et nous proposons des méthodes pour arrondir les solutions. Nous présentons une recherche locale pour améliorer la solution finale. Ensuite, nous étudions l'optimisation du routage des appels aux agents. Nous proposons une nouvelle politique de routage basé sur des poids, les temps d'attente des appels, et les temps d'inoccupation des agents ou le nombre d'agents libres. Nous développons un algorithme génétique modifié pour optimiser les paramètres de routage. Au lieu d'effectuer des mutations ou des croisements, cet algorithme optimise les paramètres des lois de probabilité qui génèrent la population de solutions. Par la suite, nous développons un algorithme d'affectation des agents basé sur l'agrégation, la théorie des files d'attente et la probabilité de délai. Cet algorithme heuristique est rapide, car il n'emploie pas la simulation. La contrainte sur le niveau de service est convertie en une contrainte sur la probabilité de délai. Par après, nous proposons une variante d'un modèle de CMTC basé sur le temps d'attente du client à la tête de la file. Et finalement, nous présentons une extension d'un algorithme de coupe pour l'optimisation stochastique avec recours de l'affectation des agents dans un centre d'appels multi-compétences. / We study the management of multi-skill call centers, with multiple call types and agent groups. A call center is a very complex queueing system, and we generally need to use simulation in order to evaluate its performances. First, we develop a call center simulator based on the simulation of a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) that is faster than traditional discrete-event simulation. Using an uniformization method, this simulator simulates the embedded discrete-time Markov chain of the CTMC. We propose strategies to use this simulator efficiently within a staffing optimization algorithm. In particular, we study the use of common random numbers. Secondly, we propose an algorithm, based on subgradient cuts and simulation, to optimize the shift scheduling problem. Since this problem is usually too big to be solved as an integer programming problem, we relax the integer variables and we propose methods to round the solutions. We also present a local search to improve the final solution. Next, we study the call routing optimization problem. We propose a new routing policy based on weights, call waiting times, and agent idle times or the number of idle agents. We develop a modified genetic algorithm to optimize all the routing parameters. Instead of doing mutations and crossovers, this algorithm refines the parametric distributions used to generate the population of solutions. We also develop a staffing algorithm based on aggregation, queueing theory and delay probability. This heuristic algorithm is fast, because it does not use simulation. The service level constraint is converted into a delay probability constraint. Moreover, we propose a variant of a CTMC model based on the waiting time of the customer at the head of the queue. Finally, we design an extension of a cutting-plane algorithm to optimize the stochastic version with recourse of the staffing problem for multi-skill call centers.

No description available.