En horticulture, les effets négatifs du déficit hydrique (WD) sur le rendement peuvent être en partie compensés par des effets positifs sur la qualité des fruits et la stimulation des défenses de la plante face à d’autres stress. L'objectif de la thèse était d'explorer un certain nombre de pistes permettant d'évaluer les effets positifs et négatifs du WD, et d'appréhender les facteurs de variations. Après avoir établi un état des connaissances actuelles des effets du WD sur la qualité des fruits, plusieurs questions ont été abordées: 1) quels sont les effets de WD appliqués à des stades précis du développement de la plante ou du fruit, 2) existe-t-il une mémoire du stress en cas d’alternance de période de WD et de récupération, 3) les défenses de la plante sont-elles stimulées par un WD lors d'une infection par un pathogène, et enfin 4) quelle est la variabilité génétique associée aux réponses au WD au travers des objectifs précédents. Pour cela, plusieurs expérimentations ont été réalisées en serres et en phytotrons. Les parents de la population MAGIC de la tomate (ayant une forte variabilité allélique) ont été étudiés, ainsi que deux tomates commerciales (pour l’étude de l’interaction WD – Botrytis cinerea). Les mécanismes de réponses induits lors du WD ont été caractérisés aux stades végétatif et reproductif à l’échelle de la plante, puis lors des phases de développement du fruit (division cellulaire, expansion cellulaire et maturation). Les stades végétatif et reproductif se distinguent par les mécanismes de gestion du stress oxydatif engendré par le WD. Les plantes végétatives seraient plus affectées au niveau des photosystèmes II alors que les plantes reproductives modulent plutôt leur besoin en eau et sont plus sensibles à l’approche des photosystèmes I. L’impact du WD sur la qualité des fruits diffère en fonction de leurs phases de développement. De forts effets génotypes ont été observés avec une amélioration de la qualité dite gustative (par rapport aux teneurs en sucres et acides) pour un génotype dont les caractéristiques initiales étaient plus faibles que le second génotype testé. L’alternance de périodes de WD et de récupérations constitue un bon compromis entre économie d’eau et adaptation des plantes (via une bonne gestion du stress oxydatif). Cette alternance de stress a des effets neutres à positifs sur les teneurs en sucres des fruits en fonction des génotypes et des réponses très variables pour les teneurs en acides organiques, caroténoïdes et acide ascorbique en fonction des génotypes. L’interaction entre un WD et B. cinerea génère une diminution du ratio C/N associé à une stimulation des défenses de la plante. Cependant l'interaction favorise le développement du pathogène dans les tiges. Cet effet délétère de l'interaction semble lié aux régulations hormonales mises en jeu avec la stimulation de l'ABA (par le WD) et de la voie SA (par B. cinerea et indirectement par le WD) qui sont antagonistes aux voies JA/ET de réponse aux pathogènes nécrotrophes. Toutefois, un effet positif a été observé pour les infections sur feuilles détachées qui constituent un instantané des défenses de la plante, et ce, uniquement pour les plantes déjà infectées sur tige. Ces résultats suscitent de nouvelles interrogations sur la stimulation des défenses de la plante. Ainsi, le WD permet une augmentation du pool de sucres solubles, sans impact notable sur le rendement, avec des effets variables sur les composés secondaires. Le WD permet également dans une certaine mesure de stimuler les défenses de la plante mais de nouvelles recherches sont nécessaires. Enfin, la variabilité génétique des réponses à l’échelle de la plante et du fruit est importante et interagit avec le WD. / In horticulture, yield losses associated to water deficit (WD) could be compensated by positive effects on fruit quality and stimulation of plant to others stresses. The aim of the thesis was to explore a number of questions to assess the positive and negative effects of the WD, and to understand factors variations after setting a current knowledge of the effects of WD quality fruit. The questions were: 1) to characterize the effects of WD applied at specific stages of development of plant or fruit, 2) to understand the stress memory effect by alternating period of WD and recovery, 3) to test the stimulation of plant defences by WD during an infection by a pathogen, and 4) to study the genetic variability associated with responses to WD through the previous objectives. For this, several experiments were conducted in greenhouses and growth chambers. The parents of the MAGIC population of tomato (with rich allelic variability) were studied, as well as two commercial tomatoes (for the study of the interaction between WD and Botrytis cinerea). Plant response mechanisms induced during a WD were characterized in both plant vegetative and reproductive stages, and then during the fruit development stages (cell division, cell expansion and maturation). The plant vegetative and reproductive stages are distinguished by different mechanisms of oxidative stress management generated by WD. Vegetative plants are more affected at the photosystem II while reproductive plants rather modulate their water needs and responses at the photosystem I. The impact of WD on fruit quality differs according to fruit developmental stages. Strong genotypes effects were observed with an important increase in fruit taste quality (according to the concentrations in sugars and acids) for one genotype, which had poorer initial fruit quality than the second. Alternating periods of WD and recovery is a good compromise between water saving and plant adaptation (through proper management of oxidative stress). This alternation of stress has neutral to positive effects on fruit sugar content according to the genotypes and highly variable responses for contents of organic acids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid according to the genotypes. The interaction between a WD and B. cinerea generates a decrease of C/N ratio that can be associated to a stimulation of the pool of plant defence. However, the interaction between B. Cinerea and this WD promote pathogen development in stems. This deleterious effect of interaction seems attributable to hormonal regulation with the stimulation of the ABA pathway (by WD) and the SA pathway (by B. cinerea), which are antagonistic to the JA / ET pathway involved in response to necrotroph pathogens. However, a positive effect was observed for infections in detached leaves of infected plants, detached leaves represent a snapshot of plant defences and these results raise new questions. Overall, these data provide that WD improve fruit taste (sugars and acids) without yield losses but had variables effects on health promoting compounds. WD could permit the stimulation of plant defence but more research is needed. To finish, the genetic variability induced important variability in plant and fruit responses and interact with WD.

Currently looking for alternative approaches to crop production which would be in accord with sustainable development. The present thesis was aimed on testing of organic cultivation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and leek (Allium porrum L.) by using amendment with organic maize biomass (Zea mays L.), mycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophic fungi. The effects of different combinations of microbial inoculations on nitrogen uptake, plant growth and yield were investigated in greenhouse conditions. Supplied 15 N-labelled organic matter was separated from the root system by a nylon mesh which permitted only fungal hyphae to pass through but not plant roots. In the first year experiments the treatments differed in the presence or absence of three factors: organic matter, saprotrophic fungus Agrocybe sp. and mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicolaj & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe. Plant inoculation with Agrocybe sp. alone or together with G. mosseae increased plant growth of tomato in the presence of organic matter. Tomato yield were not increased significantly. Shoot dry weight of leek increased when plants were treated with mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae and organic matter. Microbial inoculation did not influence nitrogen (15 N) uptake from the organic source. In following experiments, all treatments contained...

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-20T16:50:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Dediel.pdf: 766607 bytes, checksum: 1d7fec62b5b0587e0accd22056511b85 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-21T18:58:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Dediel.pdf: 766607 bytes, checksum: 1d7fec62b5b0587e0accd22056511b85 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-21T18:58:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Dediel.pdf: 766607 bytes, checksum: 1d7fec62b5b0587e0accd22056511b85 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A busca por alternativas no controle de doenças em substituição ao uso intensivo de agrotóxicos tem sido objeto da pesquisa agrícola. Rizobactérias são conhecidas pelo biocontrole de doenças e promoção de crescimento em diversos cultivos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a eficácia de seis rizobactérias, pré- selecionadas, no controle de Ralstonia solanacearum e Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), em casa de vegetação e relacionar este comportamento a produção de compostos “in vitro”, bem como avaliar a proteção de plantas de tomate contra doenças da parte aérea que ocorreram naturalmente em condições de campo. Foi avaliada a capacidade destas rizobactérias em produzir quitinases, amilases, lipases, compostos antibióticos e de solubilizar fosfato. A microbiolização das sementes com a rizobactéria DFs1420 (Bacillus sp.) reduziu a severidade da murcha bacteriana em 66% aos 14 dias após a inoculação, no primeiro ensaio e valores de AACPD em 70%, no segundo ensaio. Este controle pode ser associado à produção de compostos responsáveis pela antibiose observada “in vitro”. Streptomyces (DFs1296 e DFs1315) e Bacillus sp. (DFs1414) reduziram significativamente a murcha de fusário. O controle observado pode ser atribuído à atividade quitinolítica e/ou antibiótica por compostos voláteis. Foram instalados três ensaios de campo. A severidade das doenças foliares foi monitorada ao longo do tempo. As rizobactérias foram capazes de proteger as plantas contra Septoria lycopersici. DFs1414 e DFs1421 (Pseudomonas sp.) foram as mais estáveis, proporcionando proteção em dois ensaios consecutivos. As rizobactérias DFs1296 e DFs1420 foram capaz de controlar a requeima (Phytophthora infestans) em dois ensaios. A bactéria DFs1296 também apresentou capacidade de proteção contra estas e outras doenças quando pulverizada semanalmente na parte aérea. De modo geral, o controle alcançado por estas bactérias, microbiolizadas às sementes ou em aplicação foliar, não diferiu dos tratamentos utilizando produtos químicos recomendados para a cultura em aplicações semanais. / The search on alternative control of diseases to replace the use of pesticides has been the subject of agricultural research. Rhizobacteria are known by controlling diseases and promoting growth in several crops. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the efficacy of six rhizobacteria pre-selected for the control of Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) in greenhouse, and to relate this behavior with the production of compounds "in vitro", as well as evaluate the protection of tomato plants against foliar diseases under field conditions. It was evaluated the ability of these rhizobacteria to produce chitinases, amylases, lipases, antibiotic compounds and to solubilize phosphate. The seed microbiolization with rhizobacterium DFs1420 (Bacillus sp.) reduced the severity of the bacterial wilt 66% at 14 days after inoculation and AUDPC 70%, respectively, the first and second assays. This control may be associated with the production of compounds responsible for the antibiosis observed "in vitro". Streptomyces (DFs1296 and DFs1315) and Bacillus sp. (DFs1414) significantly reduced fusarium wilt. The control observed can be attributed to the chitinolytic activity and/or antibiosis in the presence of volatile compounds. Three field trials were carried out in field. The foliar diseases severity was monitored over time. The rhizobacteria were capable of protecting plants against Septoria lycopersici. DFs1414 and DFs1421 (Pseudomonas sp.) were the most stable, providing protection in two consecutive trials. The rhizobacteria DFs1296 and DFs1420 were able to control late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in two trials. DFs1296 also had the ability to protect against these and other diseases when sprayed weekly in the plant canopy.In general, the control achieved by these rhizobacteria, by seed microbiolization or by foliar application, did not differ from treatments using recommended chemical in weekly applications.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-20T16:17:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas da Silva Santos.pdf: 797064 bytes, checksum: c0db6a54d580614585740db051e28ad9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T16:17:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas da Silva Santos.pdf: 797064 bytes, checksum: c0db6a54d580614585740db051e28ad9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Adverse environmental conditions, particularly high temperatures in tomato cause lower fertilization of the flowers, reducing fruit set and consequently the productivity. The ideal temperature for a better development and fruiting plant is 25 to 28ºC during the day and 15 to 18ºC overnight, outside these limits, the plant has trouble setting fruit. Thus, the aim of this work was to select F5 lines of tomato high temperature tolerance and genetic stability and adaptability in two culture environments. We evaluated 20 lines F5, and two controls Yoshimatsu and hybrid SE 1055 F1. The maximum mean temperature during the experiment inside the greenhouse and in the field were 37.46ºC and 32.55ºC, respectively, considered out of range to the ideal development of tomato, especially in the greenhouse, where the average maximum temperature was far above the ideal. Lines 08, 12 and 13 showed the highest percentage of fruit in a greenhouse, however in the field, there was no difference between lines. In field experiment, the cultivar Yoshimatsu and lines 06 and 08, showed average mass commercial fruit per plant more than 4.0 kg. Lines 06 and 08 showed high adaptability and stability and productivity for mass marketable fruits per plant, in the two environments, and for purposes of selection, the most suitable. / As condições ambientais adversas, principalmente temperaturas elevadas ao qual o tomateiro é submetido, provocam menor fertilização das flores, diminuindo o pegamento dos frutos e consequentemente a produtividade. A temperatura ideal para o melhor desenvolvimento e frutificação da planta é de 25 a 28ºC durante o dia e 15 a 18ºC durante a noite, fora desses limites, a planta passa a ter problemas na fixação de frutos. Desse modo, objetivou-se com esse trabalho selecionar linhagens F5 de tomateiro quanto à tolerância a altas temperaturas e a adaptabilidade e estabilidade genética em dois ambientes de cultivo. Foram avaliadas 20 linhagens F5, e como testemunhas a cultivar Yoshimatsu e o híbrido SE 1055 F1. Os valores médios da temperatura máxima durante o período do experimento no interior da casa de vegetação e no campo foram de 37,46ºC e 32,55ºC, respectivamente, considerados fora dos limites ideais ao desenvolvimento do tomateiro, principalmente em casa de vegetação, onde a média da temperatura máxima ficou muito acima da ideal. As linhagens 08, 12 e 13 apresentaram maior porcentagem de pegamento de frutos na casa de vegetação, já no campo, não houve diferença entre as linhagens. As linhagens 06 e 08 e a cultivar Yoshimatsu, no experimento de campo, apresentaram média de massa comercial de frutos por planta superior a 4,0 kg. As linhagens 06 e 08 apresentaram maior adaptabilidade e estabilidade e produtividade para massa de frutos comerciais por planta, aos dois ambientes, sendo, para efeito de seleção, as mais indicadas.

Orientador: Renate Krause Sakate / Banca: Carlos Frederico Wilcken / Banca: Arlete Marchi Tavares de Melo / Banca: Marcelo Agenor Pavan / Banca: Antonio Carlos Maringoni / Resumo: Considerando o aumento de begomovírus e mosca-branca no campo o presente trabalho teve como objetivos a detecção, a caracterização molecular e a análise da diversidade genética de begomovírus em pimentão e tomateiro em diferentes municípios do Estado de São Paulo: Piraju, Tejupá, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Pedro do Turvo, São Miguel Arcanjo, Itapetininga, Lins, Sabino, Timburí, Iacanga, Pirajuí, Avaí, Reginópolis e Salto; a identificação de biótipos de B. tabaci por meio da amplificação do gene mitocondrial (citocromo oxidase I - mtCOI) seguido de seqüenciamento ou RFLP utilizando a enzima Taq I e a avaliação para resistência de acessos de Capsicum spp. a dois isolados de ToSRV. A análise da variabilidade foi realizada por meio de seqüenciamento da região da capa protéica (DNA-A) com oligonucleotídeos universais e, paralelamente, as mesmas amostras foram testadas por amplificação por círculo rolante (RCA) sendo, posteriormente, clivadas com a enzima de restrição HpaII. Um total de 812 amostras foi analisado, sendo 709 de pimentão e 103 de tomate. Por PCR tradicional, foram detectadas positivas para presença de begomovírus 98 amostras provenientes de pimentão e 39 de tomateiro, e por RCA-PCR, foram 332 e 82 respectivamente, evidenciando maior sensibilidade desta técnica. Dessas amostras, foram seqüenciadas 39 de pimentão e 25 de tomateiro, verificando-se ocorrência prevalente da espécie ToSRV no estado de São Paulo. Infecção mista com ToSRV e ToYVSV foi observada tomateiro. Por RCA-RFLP, foram observados quatro padrões de clivagem com a enzima HpaII e todos foram confirmados como sendo da espécie ToSRV indicando variabilidade molecular intraespecífica. Para tomateiro, foram observados 18 padrões de restrição, dois idênticos aos verificados em plantas de pimentão indicando, possivelmente, infecção pelos mesmos isolados de ToSRV, porém... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Considering the high incidence of begomoviruses and the whitefly on the field, the objetives of this work were to analyze the genetic diversity of begomoviruses infecting pepper and tomato plants in different counties of São Paulo State: Piraju, Tejupá, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Pedro do Turvo, São Miguel Arcanjo, Itapetininga, Lins, Sabino, Timburí, Iacanga, Pirajuí, Avaí, Reginópolis and Salto; the identification of biotypes of B. tabaci through the amplification of the mitochondrial gene (cytochrome oxidase I) 4 followed by sequencing the gene or analysis by RFLP using the enzyme TaqI and the evaluation of Capsicum spp. for the resistance source for two isolates of ToSRV. The coat protein from the DNA A of the begomovirus was amplified and sequenced, and the same samples were amplified by rolling circle amplification (RCA) followed by analysis by RCA-RFLP using the HpaII enzyme. A total of 812 samples were analyzed, 709 from pepper and 103 from tomato. By PCR, 98 samples from pepper and 39 from tomato were positives for the presence of begomoviruses, while by RCA-PCR 332 and 82 respectively. Thirty-nine samples from pepper and 25 from tomato were sequenced indicating the prevalence of the ToSRV species in São Paulo State. Mixed infections with ToSRV and ToYVSV were found in tomato plants. By RCA-RFLP four restriction profiles were found for ToSRV in pepper plants. In tomato 18 profiles were observed: two identical as observed for ToSRV in pepper, indicating possible infection with the same ToSRV isolates, a profile for ToSRV and ToYVSV mixed infections and also different profiles for ToSRV isolates didn't found in pepper plants. The sequencing of 17 samples of B. tabaci mitochondrial citochrome oxidase I gene and analysis by Taq I digestion of whiteflies collected in growers areas of pepper and tomato indicated only the presence of the B biotype... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-02-09T19:14:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Evandro Silva Pereira Costa.pdf: 2009437 bytes, checksum: cf64a3e8f7e3e004841a52c65f4c6626 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T19:14:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Evandro Silva Pereira Costa.pdf: 2009437 bytes, checksum: cf64a3e8f7e3e004841a52c65f4c6626 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-21 / CNPq / Defining methods of quantification of tomato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is important to many researches about strategies of management of the disease. The aim of this present study was to assess and to validate the diagrammatic grading keys - Simplified, James-modified and Broad - and to determinate the possible correlations between the measures of severity and plants? physiological and nutritional state and biomass accumulation. Two simultaneous experiments were carried out: one in greenhouse and the other in field conditions. Two cultivars were studied in greenhouses, Super Sweet and ?Perinha ?gua Branca?, a resistant and a susceptible to late blight genotypes, respectively. The plants were inoculated or not with a sporangia suspension, and submitted to ten evaluations: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 17 and 24 days after inoculation. The avaliations were performed in the fifth oldest leaf, and eighth and eleventh leaves, by visual estimation of severity, using three diagrammatic grading keys, Simplified, Broad and James-modified, but also measuring photosynthetic potential (Fv/Fm), by chlorophyll ?a? fluorescence emission. In field conditions, four cultivars were evaluated ? ?Perinha ?gua Branca?, Super Sweet, Santa Clara and Carmen F1. Periodically, late blight severity was quantified using the same three grading keys in leaves of different plant parts, at 51, 62, 74, 94 and 102 days after transplant (DAT). At the day following each severity disease evaluation, one plant was harvested per plot to measure the accumulation of biomass and macronutrients of different plant organs. Fruit yield was determined by summing fruits harvested between 68 and 114 DAT. In greenhouse conditions, the estimative of late blight severity with the three diagrammatic grading keys proved to be adequate to the disease?s quantification, enabling the discrimination between inoculation effects and differences between the cultivars in four and in nine days after inoculation, respectively, which were confirmed by measures of the photosynthetic potential of the leaves. In field conditions, the diagrammatic grading keys Simplified and Broad were more adequate to tomato late blight quantification. Quantifications in the youngest leaves, in the medium and superior third part of the plant, were the most representative of the disease progress and also discriminated the cultivars regarding disease resistance. Negative correlations were observed between severity, estimated with the three grading keys considering the whole plant and its medium third part, and leaf dry mass and leaf concentrations of K and P. The cultivar ?Perinha ?gua Branca? showed the lowest stem and leaf dry mass at the beginning of plant evaluations, and also late fruit yield, but had the higher stem and leaf mass and at the end of the experiment. The cultivar Perinha ?gua Branca and the hybrid Carmen F1 had higher commercial fruit yield. Based in the results, it is recommended the use of Simplified diagrammatic grading key and evaluations in the medium or superior tomato third to quantify the late blight disease. / A defini??o de m?todos de quantifica??o da requeima no tomateiro, causada por Phytophthora infestans, ? importante para v?rias pesquisas sobre estrat?gias de manejo da doen?a. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo aferir e validar as escalas diagram?ticas, Simplificada, James-modificada e Detalhada e determinar as poss?veis correla??es entre as medidas de severidade e o estado fisiol?gico e nutricional da planta e o ac?mulo de biomassa. Realizaram-se dois experimentos simult?neos, um sob condi??es de ambiente protegido e o outro sob condi??es de campo. Em casa de vegeta??o, utilizaram-se duas cultivares de tomate cereja, ?Perinha ?gua Branca? e Super Sweet, suscet?vel e resistente ? requeima, respectivamente. As plantas foram inoculadas ou n?o com suspens?o de espor?ngios de P. infestans e em seguida, avaliadas aos 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 17 e 24 dias ap?s a inocula??o. As avalia??es foram feitas na quinta, oitava e d?cima primeira folha, contadas do ?pice para a base, usando as tr?s escalas acima citadas e medi??es do potencial fotossint?tico (Fv/Fm) pela emiss?o da clorofila ?a?. No campo, utilizaram-se quatro cultivares, ?Perinha ?gua Branca?, Super Sweet, Santa Clara e Carmen F1. Periodicamente, quantificou-se a severidade da requeima utilizando-se as mesmas escalas acima citadas em folhas de diferentes partes da planta, aos 51, 62, 74, 94 e 102 dias ap?s o transplante (DAT). No dia seguinte a cada avalia??o de severidade, foi coletada uma planta por parcela para mensurar o ac?mulo de biomassa e de macronutrientes nos diferentes ?rg?os da planta. A produ??o de frutos foi determinada pelo somat?rio das colheitas realizadas entre 68 e 114 DAT. Em condi??es de casa de vegeta??o, a estimativa da severidade da requeima com as tr?s escalas se mostrou adequada para quantifica??o da doen?a tendo permitido discriminar efeito de inocula??o e diferen?as entre as cultivares aos quatro e nove dias ap?s a inocula??o, respectivamente, que foram confirmadas pelas medidas do potencial fotossint?tico das folhas. Em condi??es de campo, as escalas Simplificada e Detalhada, foram mais adequadas para a quantifica??o da requeima do tomateiro. Quantifica??es feitas nas folhas mais jovens, no ter?o m?dio e superior da planta, foram as que melhor representaram o progresso da doen?a e discriminaram as cultivares quanto a resist?ncia ? doen?a. Observaram-se correla??es negativas entre a severidade, estimada com as tr?s escalas, considerando a planta inteira e o ter?o m?dio, e a massa seca de folhas e os teores foliares de K e P nas quatro cultivares. A cultivar ?Perinha ?gua Branca? apresentou menor massa seca de caule e de folha no in?cio das avalia??es e produ??o de frutos mais tardia, por?m ao final do ciclo destacou-se pela maior massa seca de caule e de folha. A cultivar ?Perinha ?gua Branca? e o h?brido Carmen F1 apresentaram maior produ??o de frutos comerciais. Com base nos resultados pode-se recomendar o uso da escala simplificada e avalia??es no te?o m?dio ou superior do tomateiro para quantifica??o da requeima.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica das Gracas Carvalho Nasu.pdf: 620647 bytes, checksum: 4225cd19a1f151776cb1c9ac1db4498f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The tomato crop is strongly affected by the root Knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. This nematode species is widespread in the Western region of Paraná State, Brazil. The strategies currently adopted on the control of this nematode emphasize the search for alternative methods specially those that contributes to the environmental preservation. Manipueira is a waste liquid residue produced by the cassava industry and found in large amounts at Western Paraná. The aim of this work was to study the chemical composition of the manipueira produced in Western Paraná and its nematicide effect on M. incognita, parasite of tomato crop. The chemical analyses were performed with homemade manipueira and industrial manipueira. The industrial manipueira were collected from three cassava industries in the Western Paraná. The homemade manipueira were extracted from four cassava cultivars. The chemical analysis showed presence of nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn in different concentrations from samples of different sources. The pH of the samples ranged from 6.0 to 6.6, DBO from 1.600 to 1.986 mg L-1 and free cyanide (CN-) from 25 to 40 ppm. The nematicide effect of manipueira on M. incognita was tested in vitro, in pots and in the field. in vitro tests followed the completely randomized statistical design with 12 replications. The treatments were manipueira 100%, and manipueira diluted in water at 75%, 50%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 4% and 2%, besides water as the negative control and the nematicide Carbofuran 50 mg L-1 as the positive control. Each replication was composed of one eppendorf containing 1 ml of each solution and 500 second stase juvenile stages (J2). After 24 hours, the living and dead nematodes were counted and inoculated on tomato plants cv. Santa Cruz Kada. In total, it was inoculated 1.500 J2/pot in four replications per treatment. The evaluation 45 days after inoculation was based on the number of galls formed per tomato. The in vitro tests showed that the manipueira treatments until 10% dilution had 100% mortality, being statistically different from the other solutions. The nematicide had a better performance than the negative water control. The essay developed in pots was carried out with the treatments manipueira 10%, 25%, 50%, water control and Carbofuran 2 g per pot. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications. Tomato plants were inoculated with 5.000 J2 and rested for 60 days before starting the treatments. After adding the solutions into the pots the tomato plants were cut at the soil level, being replaced by new ones. Variables such as plant height, dry mass, root length, number of galls and eggs per root and the reproduction factor (RF) were analyzed. The results showed that the manipueira treatments had a better performance than the others considering the most of features studied. The best treatments from the pot test were manipueira 10 and 25%. However, manipueira 50% was superior to the others as a nutritional source. The field experiment with tomato plants cv. Santa Cruz Kada,was performed from May to August 2007 in an area infested with M. incognita. The experimental design was completely randomized containing 4 treatments and 4 replications. The assessed variables were plant height, dry and fresh shoot weight, number of galls and eggs per root and fruit yield (g). The best treatments against M. incognita, in the field experiment, were manipueira 10 and 25%. The treatment manipueira 50% was also the most effective in field conditions as a nutritional source. In terms of crop yield, no statistical difference was detected among the manipueira treatments, which were statistically different from the water control and the nematicide. The results suggest that manipueira at 10 or 25% should be alternated with manipueira 50% in order to maximize its effect on M. incognita / A cultura do tomateiro é fortemente afetada por Meloidogyne incognita. As dificuldades de controle deste nematóide enfatizam a necessidade de obtenção de métodos alternativos de controle, os quais contribuam para a preservação do meio ambiente. Manipueira é um resíduo líquido gerado pela indústria da mandioca e encontrada em grande quantidade no Oeste do Paraná. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho estudar a composição química da manipueira produzida na região Oeste do Paraná, bem como o seu efeito nematicida sobre M. incognita, parasita do tomateiro nesta região. As análises químicas foram realizadas com manipueira caseira e industrial. As amostras de manipueira industrial foram coletadas em três fecularias do Oeste Paranaense e as de manipueira caseira foram extraídas de quatro cultivares de mandioca brava. As análises químicas revelaram teores variados de macro e micronutrientes como N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe e Mn nas amostras analisadas. O pH das amostras variou de 6,0 a 6,6, a DBO de 1.600 a 1.986 mg L-1 e o teor de CN- de 25 a 40 mg L-1. A ação nematicida da manipueira sobre M. incognita foi testada em ensaios in vitro, em vasos em casa de vegetação e a campo. Ensaios in vitro seguiram o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 12 repetições. Os tratamentos foram manipueira industrial 100%, e diluições em água a 75%, 50%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 4% e 2%, além da testemunha com água e o nematicida Carbofuran a 50 mg L-1. Cada repetição foi constituída por um tubo eppendorf contendo 1 ml das respectivas soluções e 500 formas infestantes J2 de M. incognita raça 3. Após 24 h da montagem do experimento, procedeu-se à contagem de nematóides vivos e mortos e a inoculação em vasos contendo duas plantas de tomate Santa Cruz Kada para os tratamentos até 25% de diluição. Foram inoculados 1.500 J2/vaso em quatro repetições. As avaliações em vaso ocorreram 45 dias após a inoculação, tendo-se contado o número total de galhas por sistema radicular de tomateiro. Os resultados demonstraram que os tratamentos com manipueira até 10% de diluição foram superiores aos demais, não diferindo estatisticamente ente si e apresentando 100% de mortalidade in vitro. A suspensão nematicida mostrou-se superior à testemunha com água. Os ensaios em vasos, contendo plantas de tomate Sta Cruz Kada, previamente inoculadas com M. incognita, foram realizados com os tratamentos manipueira a 10%, 25% e 50%, além da testemunha com água e o nematicida Carbofuran 2 g por vaso. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado com 4 repetições. Foram analisadas variáveis como altura de plantas, massa seca da parte aérea, comprimento de raízes, número de galhas e de ovos por raiz e o fator de reprodução (FR) em vasos. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos com manipueira foram superiores aos demais para a maioria das variáveis avaliadas. Os melhores tratamentos em vaso para o controle de M. incognita foram manipueira a 10 e 25%. No entanto, manipueira a 50% foi superior aos demais como fonte nutricional. O ensaio a campo foi realizado no período de maio a agosto de 2007 em área infestada com M. incognita e cultivada com tomateiro cv. Sta Cruz Kada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições. As variáveis avaliadas a campo foram altura de plantas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, número galhas e ovos por raiz e peso de frutos (g). Os melhores tratamentos a campo no controle de M. incognita foram manipueira a 10 e 25%. O tratamento manipueira 50% foi o mais relevante como fonte nutricional. Em termos de produtividade a campo, não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos com manipueira, mas sim dos mesmos em relação à testemunha com água. Os resultados sugerem que em futuros ensaios sejam intercaladas aplicações de manipueira a 10 ou 25% com manipueira mais concentrada a 50%, com o objetivo de maximizar o efeito da mesma no controle de M. incognita em tomateiro

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-14T12:35:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Cristiana Maia de Oliveira.pdf: 3631492 bytes, checksum: d4d9d115590b3750ed24bebb16823dea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T12:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Cristiana Maia de Oliveira.pdf: 3631492 bytes, checksum: d4d9d115590b3750ed24bebb16823dea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Among the main diseases which affects tomato plants there is Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Control of this disease is difficult due to the farmer?s specialization in the crop, pathogen ability to survive in the soil for long periods and physiological specialization of the pathogen in races. Three races of the pathogen have been described in Brazil, 1, 2 and 3, being the 3 of more restricted occurrence. The main strategy to control this disease is the use of resistant cultivars to the races present in the region. Nova Friburgo, RJ, an important tomato producing region during the summer, shows serious problems with plant diseases caused by common soil pathogens and soil management. For this reason, the present work was developed based on the collection of soil and plants samples in 41 farm family units, aiming to study different aspects related to Fusarium wilt in the region. The presentation of the work and the results obtained was divided into four chapters. In Chapter 1, a survey on the occurrence of the disease in the farm unities and identification of the predominant races was presented. In Chapter 2, studies on the incidence and distribution of the disease, as well as, evaluation of the most planted cultivars for resistance to the three races of FOL was presented. In the Chapter 3, we have showed studies on the management practices adopted by the farmers and their relations with soil fertility, plant nutrition and disease severity. Finally, in Chapter 4, 100 tomato accessions were evaluated regarding cultivar resistance to the three races of the pathogen. The accessions were obtained in the germplasm collection of the Department of Crop Science of the UFRRJ. Among the main results, we could identify the generalized occurrence of race 3 of FOL in the region, as well as, that most of the planted cultivars are susceptible to this race. The management practices adopted by the farmers contribute to the dissemination and survival of the pathogen the selection of race 3 due to the use of resistant cultivars to races 1 and 2 only. Finally, from the tomato accessions evaluated, five were resistant to races 1 and 2 of FOL and no resistant access to race 3 was identified / Dentre as principais doen?as do tomateiro est? a murcha-de-fus?rio causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). O seu controle ? dificultado pelo cultivo sucessivo do tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L.) por produtores especializados na cultura, pela capacidade de sobreviv?ncia do pat?geno no solo por longos per?odos e pela presen?a de ra?as do pat?geno. At? ent?o j? foram descritas tr?s ra?as do pat?geno no Brasil (1, 2 e 3) sendo a ra?a 3 de ocorr?ncia mais restrita. A principal estrat?gia para controle da doen?a ? o uso de cultivares resistentes ?(s) ra?a(s) presentes na regi?o. O munic?pio de Nova Friburgo, RJ, importante regi?o produtora de tomate no ver?o, apresenta s?rios problemas com doen?as causadas por pat?genos habitantes do solo, que se intensificam devido a pr?ticas inadequadas de manejo de solo. Diante disto, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho tendo como base a coleta de amostras de solo e de plantas em 41 unidades familiares visando estudar diferentes aspectos relacionados ? murcha-de-fus?rio na regi?o. A apresenta??o do trabalho e dos resultados obtidos foi dividida em quatro cap?tulos. No Cap?tulo 1, s?o apresentados estudos com o levantamento sobre a ocorr?ncia da doen?a nas propriedades e de identifica??o das ra?as predominantes. No Cap?tulo 2, s?o apresentados estudos sobre a incid?ncia e distribui??o da doen?a e avalia??o das cultivares mais plantadas quanto a resist?ncia ?s tr?s ra?as de FOL. No Cap?tulo 3, s?o apresentados os estudos sobre as pr?ticas de manejo adotadas pelos produtores e as suas rela??es com a fertilidade do solo, nutri??o das plantas e severidade da doen?a. E finalmente, no Cap?tulo 4 ? descrita a avalia??o de cerca de 100 acessos de tomateiro da cole??o de germoplasma do Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFRRJ quanto ? resist?ncia ?s tr?s ra?as do pat?geno. Entre os principais resultados obtidos pode-se destacar a constata??o de ocorr?ncia generalizada da ra?a 3 de FOL na regi?o e a confirma??o de que a maioria das cultivares plantadas s?o suscet?veis a esta ra?a. Constatou-se, ainda, que as pr?ticas de manejo adotadas pelos produtores contribuem para a dissemina??o e sobreviv?ncia do pat?geno e para sele??o da ra?a 3 devido ao uso de cultivares resistentes ?s ra?as 1 e 2. Por fim, na avalia??o dos acessos de tomateiro da UFRRJ, identificaram-se cinco acessos resistentes ?s ra?as 1 e 2 de FOL e nenhum acesso resistente ? ra?a 3.

Les fruits et légumes constituent la principale source de vitamine C dans l'alimentation humaine, mais leur concentration en vitamine C varie fortement en fonction de la saison et des conditions de culture. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons testé successivement différentes hypothèses afin de mettre en évidence le rôle de la lumière dans ces variations, en prenant comme modèle le fruit de tomate. Nous avons supposé i) un effet direct du rayonnement intercepté par les fruits sur le métabolisme de la vitamine C (synthèse, recyclage, dégradation), ou ii) un effet du rayonnement sur les feuilles augmentant le transport de molécules (sucres, vitamine C, ...) favorisant l'accumulation de vitamine C dans le fruit. Nos résultats ont souligné la complexité de la régulation de la teneur en vitamine C dans les fruits par la lumière, qui dépend principalement du microclimat radiatif du fruit et dans une moindre mesure du rayonnement intercepté par les feuilles, en interaction avec le stade de développement du fruit. L'étude de la relation sucres/vitamine C dans les fruits a montré que les sucres n'étaient pas limitants pour la synthèse de vitamine C. L'impact du rayonnement sur le métabolisme de la vitamine C a été étudié, en interaction avec la température, sur fruits détachés. Le rayonnement augmente les teneurs en vitamine C des fruits pour les températures inférieures ou égales à 23°C en liaison avec l'augmentation des expressions des gènes de la voie de biosynthèse et des activités des enzymes de recyclage, particulièrement à 12°C. À forte température (31°C), la lumière ne modifie pas la teneur en vitamine C du fruit malgré l'augmentation de l'expression de certains gènes de la voie de synthèse, mais on observe une diminution du recyclage de la vitamine C (DHAR) et une augmentation d'un produit de dégradation de la vitamine C (thréonate). Les données recueillies ont permis d'initier un modèle d'accumulation de la vitamine C au cours du développement du fruit qui dans le futur prendra en compte les facteurs de l'environnement

Resumo: O consumo de mini tomate tem crescido nos últimos anos, devido à maior exigência dos consumidores em qualidade e diversidade de produtos. Dessa forma, o manejo da solução nutritiva é um fator crucial para a obtenção de elevada produção e qualidade do tomateiro, incluindo as concentrações e as relações entre os elementos. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar seis relações entre K, Ca e Mg na produção e na qualidade de duas cultivares de mini tomate cultivadas em substrato, sob ambiente protegido, em duas épocas de cultivo. Os experimentos foram realizados na área experimental do Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Ciência do solo, pertencente à Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/Campus Botucatu-UNESP, no município de Botucatu, SP. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e doze tratamentos, compostos por duas cultivares de mini tomate (Sweet Million e Sweet Grape) e seis relações K:Ca:Mg (4:3:1, 6:3:1, 6:4,5:1, 2,7:3:1, 2,7:2:1, 4:2:1) nas soluções nutritivas. Observou-se que as diferentes relações K:Ca:Mg não influenciaram na produção e nas características de qualidade das diferentes cultivares de mini tomate cultivadas em substrato. Foi verificado aumento da CE da solução do substrato ao longo do ciclo de cultivo. O ICV apresentou tendência crescente ao longo dos ciclos de cultivo, sendo que o índice SPAD variou de 35,8 a 56, 1. Os teores de macro e micronutrientes apresentaram valores semelhantes em ambos os experimentos. A cultivar Sweet Million apresentou maior produção, maior número de frutos, porém a cultivar Sweet Grape apresentou frutos com peso médio maior. A cultivar Sweet Million apresentou maior eficiência no uso da água / Abstract: Mini tomato has grown in recent years due to increased consumer demand for quality and product diversity. Thus, the management of nutrient solution is a crucial factor for obtaining high yield and quality of the tomato, including the concentrations and the relationships between elements. This study was carried out to evaluate six relationships among K, Ca and Mg on yield and quality in mini tomato grown in substrate, in a greenhouse, in two cropping seasons. The experiments were conducted at the experimental area of the Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Ciência do Solo, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu, em Botucatu, SP. The design was a randomized block design with four replicates and twelve treatments in two tomato cultivars (Sweet Grape and Sweet Million) and six ratios K:Ca:Mg (4:3:1; 6:3:1; 6:4,5:1; 2,7:3:1; 2,7:2:1; 4:2:1) in nutrient solutions. It was observed that the various K: Ca: Mg did not influence the production and quality characteristics of different cultivars of mini tomato grown in substrate. The EC of the solution of the substrate showed an increase during the crop cycle. The ICV showed increasing trend during the crop cycles, and the SPAD index ranged from 35.8 to 56, 1. The contents of macro and micronutrients were very similar in both experiments. Sweet Million cultivar showed higher yield, more fruit, but the Sweet Grape cultivar showed higher average fruit weight. Sweet Million cultivar showed greater efficiency in water use / Orientador: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Coorientador: Leonardo Theodoro Bull / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Simone da Costa Melo / Mestre