Η δραστικότητα των λυοσωματικών ενζύμων είναι αυξημένη στο εξωκυττάριο υγρό ασθενών με μηνιγγίτιδα και περιτονίτιδα μικροβιακής αιτιολογίας. Ο σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να ερευνήσουμε αν η δραστικότητα αυτών των ενζύμων ήταν αυξημένη στο περιτοναϊκό υγρό ασθενών με πυελική φλεγμονή και γυναικολογικό καρκίνο. Η δραστικότητα της β-γλυκουρονιδάσης, β-γαλακτοσιδάσης και α-μαννοσιδάσης μετρήθηκε στο περιτοναϊκό υγρό 5 ασθενών με PID, 10 ασθενών με γυναικολογικό καρκίνο, 10 ασθενών που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν σαν σημείο αναφοράς και το υγρό 7 ασθενών με καλοήθεις κύστεις ωοθηκών. Η μέση τιμή της +/-SD της δραστικότητας της β- γλυκουρονιδάσης , β-γαλακτοσιδάσης, και της α- μανοσιδάσης στην PID ήταν 148+/-82, 278+/ -112, και 291+/-140 nmol 4 -methylummbelliferone/ ml / h αντίστοιχα. Στα δείγματα αναφοράς ήταν 22+/-9, 48+/-10 και80+/-23 , αντίστοιχα (p<=0,003 - 0.00001). Στο γυναικολογικό καρκίνο η δραστικότητα ήταν 113+/-35, 210+/- 82, και 243+/-123 αντίστοιχα ( διαφορά από τα δείγματα αναφοράς p<=0,0006-0,000001). Υπήρξε θετική συσχέτιση μεταξύ της δραστικότητας της β- γλυκουρονιδάσης και του σταδίου του καρκίνου. Η μέτρηση της δραστικότητας των ενζύμων στο υγρό των ωοθηκικών κύστεων δεν διέφερε σημαντικά σε σχέση με αυτή των δειγμάτων αναφοράς. Η δραστικότητα των λυοσωματικών ενζύμων είναι αυξημένη στο περιτοναϊκό υγρό ασθενών με (PID), πυελική φλεγμονή και γυναικολογικό καρκίνο. Η απουσία επικάλυψης των μετρηθέντων τιμών δραστικότητας των ανωτέρω ενζύμων μεταξύ ασθενών με γυναικολογικό καρκίνο και PID σε σχέση με τα δείγματα αναφοράς δείχνει οτι κάποιες μετρήσεις πρέπει να αρχίζουν να εφαρμόζονται για διαγνωστικούς σκοπούς. / The activity of lysosomal enzymes is increased in extracellular fluids οf patients with bacterial maningitis and peritonitis. Our objective was to investigate whether the activity of these enzymes is increased in the peritoneal fluid of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and gynecologic cancers. The activity of β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase and α-mannosidase was measured in the peritoneal fluid of 5 patients with PID, 10 with gynecologic cancer, 10 control subjects, and the flouid of 7 benign ovarian cysts. The mean +/- SD β-glucoronidase, β-galactosidase, and α-mannosidase activity in PID was 148+/-82, 278+/-112, and 291+/-140 nmol 4- methylumbelliferone/ ml/h, respectively; in the controls it was 22+/-9, 48+/-10 and 80+/-23, respectively ( p<=0,003-0,00001). In the gynecologic cancers the activity was 113+/-35, 210+/-82, and 243+/-123, respectively (difference from controls p<=0.0006-0.000001). There was a positive correlaton between β-glucoronidase activity and stage of cancer.The activity of the ovarian cysts fluid did not differ significantly from the controls. The lysosomal enzyme activity is increased in the peritoneal fluid of PID and gynecologic cancers. The absence of overlapping values between patients and controls indicates that such measurements may be applied for diagnostic purposes.

Σκοπός. Η δραστηριότητα της β-γλυκουρονιδάσης στο εγκεφαλονωτιαίο υγρό (ΕΝΥ) είναι αυξημένη στην βακτηριακή μηνιγγίτιδα, αλλά η πορεία της κατά τη διάρκεια της θεραπείας είναι άγνωστη. Σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν η μέτρηση της δραστηριότητας της β-γλυκουρονιδάσης κατά τη διάρκεια της θεραπείας και η σύγκρισή της με άλλες κυτταρικές και βιοχημικές παραμέτρους του ΕΝΥ. Μέθοδος. H δραστηριότητα της β-γλυκουρονιδάσης, ο αριθμός κυττάρων, η συγκέντρωση πρωτεΐνης και ο λόγος γλυκόζης ΕΝΥ/αίματος μετρήθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια της θεραπείας σε 47 ασθενείς με βακτηριακή μηνιγγίτιδα, από τους οποίους 4 ήταν νεογνά και 97 μάρτυρες. Οι ασθενείς υποβλήθηκαν σε 1 ή 2 επαναληπτικές οσφυονωτιαίες παρακεντήσεις. Επίσης η δραστηριότητα της β-γλυκουρονιδάσης μετρήθηκε σε 8 ασθενείς με πυελονεφρίτιδα και στείρα πλειοκυττάρωση ΕΝΥ. Αποτελέσματα. Πριν τη θεραπεία η διάμεση δραστηριότητα της β-γλυκουρονιδάσης σε ασθενείς βρεφικής μέχρι εφηβικής ηλικίας ήταν 136 moles 4-methylumbelliferone/ml/ώρα (με διακύμανση από 44 έως 826), ενώ στους μάρτυρες ήταν 14 nmoles/ml/ώρα (με διακύμανση 7 έως 23) (p<0,000001). Σε όλους τους ασθενείς με κλινική βελτίωση, η δραστηριότητα της β- γλυκουρονιδάσης ήταν χαμηλότερη σε δείγματα ΕΝΥ, τα οποία ελήφθησαν μετά πάροδο τουλάχιστον 6 ωρών από την έναρξη της θεραπείας. Έξι μέχρι 12 ώρες μετά την έναρξη της θεραπείας η διάμεση δραστηριότητα της β-γλυκουρονιδάσης είχε ήδη μειωθεί κατά 59%. Αντιθέτως, οι υπόλοιποι παράμετροι του ΕΝΥ έδειξαν μεταβλητότητα των τιμών τους, κατά τις πρώτες 24 ώρες της θεραπείας, η οποία ήταν ανεξάρτητη από την πορεία της νόσου. Σε 1 ασθενή με πνευμονιοκοκκική μηνιγγίτιδα, ο οποίος ενεμφάνισε επιδείνωση των συμπτωμάτων του 22 ώρες μετά την έναρξη της θεραπείας, η δραστηριότητα της β-γλυκουρονιδάσης αυξήθηκε κατά 89%. Στη νεογνική μηνιγγίτιδα η δραστηριότητα της β-γλυκουρονιδάσης πριν τη θεραπεία ήταν αυξημένη, αλλά η παρακολούθηση της πορείας της νόσου απαιτεί παρατεταμένη περίοδο ενζυμικών μετρήσεων, για έγκαιρη ρύθμιση της θεραπείας επί υποτροπών και αναμολύνσεων. Συμπεράσματα. Η δραστηριότητα της β-γλυκουρονιδάσης του ΕΝΥ είναι αξιόπιστος δείκτης βακτηριακής μηνιγγίτιδας, που μπορεί να προσδιορίσει, νωρίς στην πορεία της νόσου, την ανταπόκριση στην θεραπεία. / Aim: β-Glucuronidase activity is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with bacterial meningitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the β-glucuronidase activity in the cell-free CSF of bacterial meningitis, its course during treatment and compare it to other CSF parameters. Methods: The β-glucuronidase activity, cell number, protein concentration and CSF/blood glucose ratio were measured in 47 consecutive infants and children with bacterial meningitis, and 97 control subjects. Patients had 1 or 2 follow-up lumbar punctures. Results: The β-glucuronidase activity was increased early in bacterial meningitis, even when the other CSF parameters were undisturbed. Before treatment, the median activity in affected children was 136 moles 4-methylumbelliferone/L/h (range 44-826) and in controls 14 (7-23). In all patients who improved, the activity was lower in the follow-up CSF samples. Six to 12 hours after starting treatment, the median activity was already reduced by 59%. The other CSF parameters showed a variability during the first 24 hours of treatment independently of the course of the disease. Multiple comparisons of the CSF parameters in 17 patients who had 2 follow-up punctures showed that the β-glucuronidase activity was the best prognostic index. Conclusion: β-Glucuronidase activity in the CSF is a reliable indicator of bacterial meningitis, which can identify the response to treatment early in the course of illness. The enzyme activity is increased early in the disease, even when the other laboratory parameters from the CSF remain normal.

Introdução: As Doenças lisossômicas (DLs) são condições genéticas, herdadas na sua maioria de forma autossômica recessiva, caracterizadas usualmente pela deficiência de enzimas lisossômicas específicas, envolvidas na síntese, degradação, armazenamento ou transporte de macromoléculas necessárias para o funcionamento normal do organismo. Nas situações mais típicas, o substrato não degradado acumula-se progressivamente nos lisossomos, com repercussões estruturais e funcionais, levando a sinais e sintomas característicos. Os pacientes apresentam um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas, que podem incluir disfunção de órgãos, anormalidades esqueléticas, envolvimento neuronal, entre outras. O diagnóstico é usualmente obtido pela identificação da deficiência enzimática específica em leucócitos obtidos do sangue periférico, usualmente realizado em laboratórios de referência. O transporte da amostra pode ser um obstáculo quando o serviço requisitante está situado longe do centro de referência ou em outro país, situação em que a amostra de sangue pode chegar ao laboratório já sem condições de ser analisada. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo principal, tornar disponível um método mais simples, seguro e acessível que utiliza amostras de leucócitos impregnados em papel filtro (LIPF) como uma nova ferramenta para o diagnóstico bioquímico de pacientes com DLs. Métodos: O estudo envolveu amostras de pacientes com diagnóstico previamente confirmado de DLs (amostra de conveniência, por se tratarem de doenças raras, com incidências individuais ao redor de 1:100.000 recém-nascidos vivos). Foram incluídos no estudo os pacientes com diagnóstico já estabelecido de DLs selecionadas (MPS IVA, Doença de Krabbe, Doença de Gaucher e Doença de Pompe), independente do sexo e/ou idade, atendidos no Serviço de Genética Médica do HCPA, que concordaram em participar do estudo. O grupo de referência negativo foi constituído pelas amostras de 50 indivíduos hígidos, adultos, de ambos os sexos. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios enzimáticos de pacientes com MPS IVA, Doença de Krabbe, Doença de Gaucher e Doença de Pompe, indicaram que as enzimas analisadas em amostras de LIPF permitiram a identificação de todos os pacientes, com sensibilidade de 100%. Os testes de estabilidade realizados nas amostras de LIPF indicaram que as amostras, quando mantidas a 4ºC, se mostram estáveis por pelo menos 30 dias. Conclusões: Nas condições utilizadas, amostras de LIPF se mostraram adequadas para a identificação segura de pacientes com MPS tipo IVA, Doença de Krabbe, Doença de Gaucher e Doença de Pompe. As amostras de leucócitos secos em papel filtro são mais estáveis e seguras para o transporte, indicando que possa ser esta uma importante ferramenta para facilitar a identificação de pacientes com DLDs, especialmente daqueles que vivem em áreas que tem dificuldades para a remessa de amostras líquidas para serviços de referência. / Background: Lysosomal Disorders (LDs) are genetic conditions, mostly inherited in autosomal recessive fashion, usually characterized by a deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes involved in the synthesis, degradation, storage or transportation of macromolecules necessary for normal functioning of the organism. Typically, the non-degraded substrate is progressively accumulated in lysosomes, with structural and functional repercussions, leading to characteristic signs and symptoms. Affected patients present a wide range of clinical manifestations, which may include organ dysfunction, skeletal anomalies, neuronal involvement, etc. The diagnosis is normally made through identification of the specific enzyme deficiency in white blood cells from a sample of peripheral blood, usually performed in reference laboratories. The transporting of a liquid sample can be a problem when the test orderer is located far from the reference center or in a foreign country, as often the blood sample arrives at the laboratory in poor condition and cannot be properly analyzed. Aim: The main aim of this study was to make available a new technique that is simpler, safer and more accessible, using leukocytes impregnated on filter paper (LIFP) as a new tool for the biochemical diagnosis of patients with LSDs. Methods: This study involved samples of patients with previously confirmed diagnosis of selected LSDs (a convenience sample, as these are rare diseases, with individual incidences around 1:100.000 live newborns). Patients with an established diagnosis of MPS IVA, Krabbe Disease, Gaucher’s disease and Pompe disease regardless of sex and/or age, cared for at the Genetics Service of HCPA and who agreed to participate were included in the study. The negative reference group comprised blood samples from 50 healthy adults of both genders. Results: The results obtained in the enzymatic assays of patients with MPS IVA, Krabbe Disease, Gaucher’s disease, and Pompe disease indicated that the analyzed enzymes in LIFP samples allowed the identification of all patients, with sensitivity of 100%. The stability tests performed in LIFP samples indicated that samples, when maintained at 4ºC, were stable for at least 30 days. Conclusions: In the conditions used, LIFP samples were shown to be adequate for a reliable identification of patients with MPS IVA, Krabbe Disease, Gaucher’s disease, and Pompe disease. Blood samples on filter paper are more stable and reliable for transportation, indicating that this may be an important tool to facilitate the identification of patients with LSDs, particularly those living in areas with difficulties for the shipment of liquid samples to reference cervices.

Introdução: As Doenças lisossômicas (DLs) são condições genéticas, herdadas na sua maioria de forma autossômica recessiva, caracterizadas usualmente pela deficiência de enzimas lisossômicas específicas, envolvidas na síntese, degradação, armazenamento ou transporte de macromoléculas necessárias para o funcionamento normal do organismo. Nas situações mais típicas, o substrato não degradado acumula-se progressivamente nos lisossomos, com repercussões estruturais e funcionais, levando a sinais e sintomas característicos. Os pacientes apresentam um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas, que podem incluir disfunção de órgãos, anormalidades esqueléticas, envolvimento neuronal, entre outras. O diagnóstico é usualmente obtido pela identificação da deficiência enzimática específica em leucócitos obtidos do sangue periférico, usualmente realizado em laboratórios de referência. O transporte da amostra pode ser um obstáculo quando o serviço requisitante está situado longe do centro de referência ou em outro país, situação em que a amostra de sangue pode chegar ao laboratório já sem condições de ser analisada. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo principal, tornar disponível um método mais simples, seguro e acessível que utiliza amostras de leucócitos impregnados em papel filtro (LIPF) como uma nova ferramenta para o diagnóstico bioquímico de pacientes com DLs. Métodos: O estudo envolveu amostras de pacientes com diagnóstico previamente confirmado de DLs (amostra de conveniência, por se tratarem de doenças raras, com incidências individuais ao redor de 1:100.000 recém-nascidos vivos). Foram incluídos no estudo os pacientes com diagnóstico já estabelecido de DLs selecionadas (MPS IVA, Doença de Krabbe, Doença de Gaucher e Doença de Pompe), independente do sexo e/ou idade, atendidos no Serviço de Genética Médica do HCPA, que concordaram em participar do estudo. O grupo de referência negativo foi constituído pelas amostras de 50 indivíduos hígidos, adultos, de ambos os sexos. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios enzimáticos de pacientes com MPS IVA, Doença de Krabbe, Doença de Gaucher e Doença de Pompe, indicaram que as enzimas analisadas em amostras de LIPF permitiram a identificação de todos os pacientes, com sensibilidade de 100%. Os testes de estabilidade realizados nas amostras de LIPF indicaram que as amostras, quando mantidas a 4ºC, se mostram estáveis por pelo menos 30 dias. Conclusões: Nas condições utilizadas, amostras de LIPF se mostraram adequadas para a identificação segura de pacientes com MPS tipo IVA, Doença de Krabbe, Doença de Gaucher e Doença de Pompe. As amostras de leucócitos secos em papel filtro são mais estáveis e seguras para o transporte, indicando que possa ser esta uma importante ferramenta para facilitar a identificação de pacientes com DLDs, especialmente daqueles que vivem em áreas que tem dificuldades para a remessa de amostras líquidas para serviços de referência. / Background: Lysosomal Disorders (LDs) are genetic conditions, mostly inherited in autosomal recessive fashion, usually characterized by a deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes involved in the synthesis, degradation, storage or transportation of macromolecules necessary for normal functioning of the organism. Typically, the non-degraded substrate is progressively accumulated in lysosomes, with structural and functional repercussions, leading to characteristic signs and symptoms. Affected patients present a wide range of clinical manifestations, which may include organ dysfunction, skeletal anomalies, neuronal involvement, etc. The diagnosis is normally made through identification of the specific enzyme deficiency in white blood cells from a sample of peripheral blood, usually performed in reference laboratories. The transporting of a liquid sample can be a problem when the test orderer is located far from the reference center or in a foreign country, as often the blood sample arrives at the laboratory in poor condition and cannot be properly analyzed. Aim: The main aim of this study was to make available a new technique that is simpler, safer and more accessible, using leukocytes impregnated on filter paper (LIFP) as a new tool for the biochemical diagnosis of patients with LSDs. Methods: This study involved samples of patients with previously confirmed diagnosis of selected LSDs (a convenience sample, as these are rare diseases, with individual incidences around 1:100.000 live newborns). Patients with an established diagnosis of MPS IVA, Krabbe Disease, Gaucher’s disease and Pompe disease regardless of sex and/or age, cared for at the Genetics Service of HCPA and who agreed to participate were included in the study. The negative reference group comprised blood samples from 50 healthy adults of both genders. Results: The results obtained in the enzymatic assays of patients with MPS IVA, Krabbe Disease, Gaucher’s disease, and Pompe disease indicated that the analyzed enzymes in LIFP samples allowed the identification of all patients, with sensitivity of 100%. The stability tests performed in LIFP samples indicated that samples, when maintained at 4ºC, were stable for at least 30 days. Conclusions: In the conditions used, LIFP samples were shown to be adequate for a reliable identification of patients with MPS IVA, Krabbe Disease, Gaucher’s disease, and Pompe disease. Blood samples on filter paper are more stable and reliable for transportation, indicating that this may be an important tool to facilitate the identification of patients with LSDs, particularly those living in areas with difficulties for the shipment of liquid samples to reference cervices.

Introdução: As Doenças lisossômicas (DLs) são condições genéticas, herdadas na sua maioria de forma autossômica recessiva, caracterizadas usualmente pela deficiência de enzimas lisossômicas específicas, envolvidas na síntese, degradação, armazenamento ou transporte de macromoléculas necessárias para o funcionamento normal do organismo. Nas situações mais típicas, o substrato não degradado acumula-se progressivamente nos lisossomos, com repercussões estruturais e funcionais, levando a sinais e sintomas característicos. Os pacientes apresentam um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas, que podem incluir disfunção de órgãos, anormalidades esqueléticas, envolvimento neuronal, entre outras. O diagnóstico é usualmente obtido pela identificação da deficiência enzimática específica em leucócitos obtidos do sangue periférico, usualmente realizado em laboratórios de referência. O transporte da amostra pode ser um obstáculo quando o serviço requisitante está situado longe do centro de referência ou em outro país, situação em que a amostra de sangue pode chegar ao laboratório já sem condições de ser analisada. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo principal, tornar disponível um método mais simples, seguro e acessível que utiliza amostras de leucócitos impregnados em papel filtro (LIPF) como uma nova ferramenta para o diagnóstico bioquímico de pacientes com DLs. Métodos: O estudo envolveu amostras de pacientes com diagnóstico previamente confirmado de DLs (amostra de conveniência, por se tratarem de doenças raras, com incidências individuais ao redor de 1:100.000 recém-nascidos vivos). Foram incluídos no estudo os pacientes com diagnóstico já estabelecido de DLs selecionadas (MPS IVA, Doença de Krabbe, Doença de Gaucher e Doença de Pompe), independente do sexo e/ou idade, atendidos no Serviço de Genética Médica do HCPA, que concordaram em participar do estudo. O grupo de referência negativo foi constituído pelas amostras de 50 indivíduos hígidos, adultos, de ambos os sexos. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios enzimáticos de pacientes com MPS IVA, Doença de Krabbe, Doença de Gaucher e Doença de Pompe, indicaram que as enzimas analisadas em amostras de LIPF permitiram a identificação de todos os pacientes, com sensibilidade de 100%. Os testes de estabilidade realizados nas amostras de LIPF indicaram que as amostras, quando mantidas a 4ºC, se mostram estáveis por pelo menos 30 dias. Conclusões: Nas condições utilizadas, amostras de LIPF se mostraram adequadas para a identificação segura de pacientes com MPS tipo IVA, Doença de Krabbe, Doença de Gaucher e Doença de Pompe. As amostras de leucócitos secos em papel filtro são mais estáveis e seguras para o transporte, indicando que possa ser esta uma importante ferramenta para facilitar a identificação de pacientes com DLDs, especialmente daqueles que vivem em áreas que tem dificuldades para a remessa de amostras líquidas para serviços de referência. / Background: Lysosomal Disorders (LDs) are genetic conditions, mostly inherited in autosomal recessive fashion, usually characterized by a deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes involved in the synthesis, degradation, storage or transportation of macromolecules necessary for normal functioning of the organism. Typically, the non-degraded substrate is progressively accumulated in lysosomes, with structural and functional repercussions, leading to characteristic signs and symptoms. Affected patients present a wide range of clinical manifestations, which may include organ dysfunction, skeletal anomalies, neuronal involvement, etc. The diagnosis is normally made through identification of the specific enzyme deficiency in white blood cells from a sample of peripheral blood, usually performed in reference laboratories. The transporting of a liquid sample can be a problem when the test orderer is located far from the reference center or in a foreign country, as often the blood sample arrives at the laboratory in poor condition and cannot be properly analyzed. Aim: The main aim of this study was to make available a new technique that is simpler, safer and more accessible, using leukocytes impregnated on filter paper (LIFP) as a new tool for the biochemical diagnosis of patients with LSDs. Methods: This study involved samples of patients with previously confirmed diagnosis of selected LSDs (a convenience sample, as these are rare diseases, with individual incidences around 1:100.000 live newborns). Patients with an established diagnosis of MPS IVA, Krabbe Disease, Gaucher’s disease and Pompe disease regardless of sex and/or age, cared for at the Genetics Service of HCPA and who agreed to participate were included in the study. The negative reference group comprised blood samples from 50 healthy adults of both genders. Results: The results obtained in the enzymatic assays of patients with MPS IVA, Krabbe Disease, Gaucher’s disease, and Pompe disease indicated that the analyzed enzymes in LIFP samples allowed the identification of all patients, with sensitivity of 100%. The stability tests performed in LIFP samples indicated that samples, when maintained at 4ºC, were stable for at least 30 days. Conclusions: In the conditions used, LIFP samples were shown to be adequate for a reliable identification of patients with MPS IVA, Krabbe Disease, Gaucher’s disease, and Pompe disease. Blood samples on filter paper are more stable and reliable for transportation, indicating that this may be an important tool to facilitate the identification of patients with LSDs, particularly those living in areas with difficulties for the shipment of liquid samples to reference cervices.